Saliva substitutes: how effective and safe are they?
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Animals↗
SEARCH · PubMed Health
Results for “Tooth Remineralization”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Remineralisation of carious lesions in enamel by exposure to a fluoride-containing toothpaste in vitro.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Dental Caries↗
Soluble pyrophosphates and remineralisation.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Dental Enamel↗
The effect of three commercially available saliva substitutes on enamel in vitro.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium↗
New formulation for 'Luborant' saliva substitute.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Humans↗
Sugar substitutes, chewing gum and dental caries--a review.
The prevalent use of chewing gum has prompted interest in its dental effects. Important defining aspects are the ability to use sugar substitutes in gum manufacture and the prolonged stimulation of a protective flow of saliva. The main sugar substitutes used are sorbitol and xylitol. Because it is not fermented by oral bacteria, xylitol is considered to be non-cariogenic, and while sorbitol in solution can be fermented slowly by mutants streptococci, chewing sorbitol-sweetened gum does not cause a fall in plaque pH. Effects of chewing sugar-free gum on the ability of plaque to form acid from sucrose are equivocal, although the tendency is for the plaque acidogenicity to be reduced with the use of xylitol gum for 2-3 weeks, due to its inhibitory effects on mutants streptococci. Gum-chewing also stimulates a protective salivary flow when used after an acidogenic stimulus, and may enhance salivary function, especially in subjects with low flow rates. Sorbitol and xylitol gums have similar beneficial effects in promoting enamel remineralisation in short-term in-situ experiments. Clinical trials indicate that xylitol gum has a useful anticaries role, superior to the effects of sorbitol gum. In conclusion, both sorbitol and xylitol chewing gums are non-cariogenic in contrast to sugared gum, and exhibit beneficial anticaries properties through salivary stimulation. In addition, xylitol's antibacterial properties seem likely to lead to caries reductions superior to the more modest reductions with sorbitol gum.
Acids↗
Briefing paper: xylitol, caries and plaque.
Xylitol is a naturally occurring sweetener. Beyond being non-cariogenic, it exhibits both passive and active anti-caries properties and is used in confectionery and oral care products.
Cariostatic Agents↗
Effect of high fluoride concentration on bovine dentin demineralization in narrow grooves in vitro.
Previously, a dentin groove model was developed to investigate caries at plaque retention sites, such as marginal gaps, and pits and fissures. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro effect of fluoride on the demineralization of dentin in the depth of the grooves at various distances from a freshly prepared resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC), which was used as the source of high fluoride release. Three parallel grooves (280 microm wide x 500 microm deep) were cut in the labial surface of 20 bovine coronal dentin discs. In 10 discs, the surface area (approximately 6 mm2) between the first groove and the edge of the disc was covered with RMGIC. The discs were exposed to an acidified methylcellulose gel system for 1 or 2 wk. Changes in mineral content were obtained by transverse microradiographic analysis. The results showed that integrated mineral loss (IML) was reduced up to 60% in the RMGIC groups, although the lesion depth was not significantly influenced by RMGIC. The pattern of demineralization differed between groups: the subsurface lesions in RMGIC groups did not decrease in IML towards the base of the groove to the same degree as in the control groups. It is concluded that high amount of fluoride inhibits loss of mineral, while not affecting the lesion depth. The homogeneity of the lesions with depth in the RMGIC group may be explained by a fluoride-induced inhibition of demineralization at the entrance of the grooves.
Analysis of Variance↗
Arresting dentine caries in Chinese preschool children.
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the incidence of rehardening of caries lesions in children in Southern China taking part in a preventive programme. DESIGN: Longitudinal study. SAMPLE AND METHODS: A prevention programme was established for 168 3-6-year-old children in a kindergarten (KG1), which included regular oral health education sessions and a daily toothbrushing exercise using fluoridated toothpaste (1000 ppm F). A group of 121 children studying in two other kindergartens without a preventive programme formed the controls. Due to lack of resources and dental personnel, restorative and other curative treatments were not provided. RESULTS: Rehardening of dentine caries (arrested caries) was found in children in both test and control groups. At the third annual examination, 45% of the caries lesions on the proximal surfaces of primary anterior teeth in KG1 children found at the baseline and previous annual examinations had become arrested. A multiple linear regression analysis indicated that baseline ds score and its interactions with the prevention programme, gender and the child's oral hygiene all had significant effect on the number of tooth surfaces with arrested caries at the third annual examination. CONCLUSION: Results from this study support the use of simple prevention programmes to stabilize the caries situation in communities where intensive use of trained dental personnel is not feasible.
Chi-Square Distribution↗
A quantitative study of the effect of pumicing and etching on the remineralisation of enamel opacities.
AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pumicing and acid etching on the remineralisation of enamel opacities using quantitative measurement methods. METHODS: Teeth with diffuse opacities were subjected to a treatment sequence of: (a) pumicing for 30-35 seconds (b) etch with 37.5% phosphoric acid for 2 minutes, (c) pumicing for 30-35 seconds and (d) etch for 1 minute, or served as controls. Both groups were then placed in a remineralising solution containing 1.5 mmol/L Ca2+ for 3 weeks. Mineral content changes were measured using contact microradiography and x-ray microtomography. In addition, the reflectivity of the opacities was monitored with infrared reflectance. RESULT: The treatment sequence removed 34 +/- 4 microns of the surface enamel but no mineral loss was observed in the subsurface layer. The treatment sequence enhanced the formation of a new remineralised surface layer with a mean thickness of 22 +/- 3 microns. This new surface layer was less reflective. CONCLUSION: Pumicing and acid etching can be used as a simple technique for the conservative treatment of enamel opacities.
Acid Etching, Dental↗
Effect of fluoride-releasing adhesive system on decalcified dentin.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fluoride-releasing adhesive systems on human decalcified dentin in vitro. Two fluoride-releasing adhesive systems, Reactmer bond (RB, Shofu) and ABF (AF, Kuraray), an experimental system, and a commercial adhesive system without fluoride release, SE bond (SE, Kuraray), were used in this study. The amount of fluoride release from adhesive in deionized water was measured every week for 10 weeks. Class V cavities were prepared on extracted human pre-molars and decalcified dentin was promoted by using a bacterial caries induction system at the cavity floor. The cavities preserving decalcified dentin were restored with resin composite (AP-X, Kuraray) after treatment by each adhesive system. The specimens without treatment by adhesive system and restoration were used for control. The specimens with restoration were then incubated for 4 weeks at 37 degrees C, 100% humidity. Microradiographs of the specimens showed that the radiopacities of the decalcified dentin layers in RB and AF groups with fluoride release were significantly higher than those in SE or control groups without fluoride release. This result suggested that the fluoride-releasing adhesive systems enhanced mineralization of decalcified dentin.
Bicuspid↗
Clinical monitoring of the effect of fluorides on long-existing white spot lesions.
The aim of this examiner-blind, clinical monitoring was to observe long-existing white spot lesions over a period of 6 months and to evaluate the effectiveness of fluoridated toothpastes on these lesions. Thirty-nine subjects with at least one lesion participated in the study. They were randomly divided into two groups (n=20 and n=19) and instructed to brush their teeth either with toothpaste containing sodium fluoride (1500 ppm) (group 1) or with toothpaste containing amine fluoride (1250 ppm) (group 2). Lesions were measured with quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) and alterations were quantified by DeltaQ as fluorescence loss integrated over the lesion area (% x mm(2)). All QLF images were taken by one examiner at baseline (DeltaQ1) and follow-up visits after 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks, and after 4, 5, and 6 months (DeltaQ10). The results showed a slight but not significant progression of DeltaQ (% x mm(2)) in group 1 ((p>0.05; t-test), DeltaQ1 -20.31 (+/-41.06); DeltaQ10 -26.2 (+/-47.69)) and in group 2 ((p>0.05), DeltaQ1 -22.28 (+/-43.86); DeltaQ10 -26.39 (+/-46.4)). The results indicated no significant differences regarding the influence of the fluoridated toothpastes (p>0.05). It can be concluded that within 6?months the long-existing white spot lesions are stable concerning fluorescence loss over the lesion area. Moreover, fluoride does not seem to have any effect on long-existing white spot lesions.
Adolescent↗
Longitudinal microradiography: a non-destructive automated quantitative method to follow mineral changes in mineralised tissue slices.
This paper presents a new powerful method, longitudinal microradiography (LMR), with which it is possible to follow the mineral content in a de- or remineralizing carious tooth sample as a function of position on the surface of the mineralizing tissue independent of the sample thickness. Planoparallel tooth slices (thickness 300-400 microns) are cut parallel to the labial tooth surface and then fixed on a PMMA holder. Repeated microradiographic images of the same tissue slice together with an aluminium step wedge are made on photographic film at different times of mineralisation. The images are scanned under a densitometer with a microcomputer and the mineral content per unit tooth area at the same discrete tooth-slice surface positions is calculated (maximum predefined area is 5 mm x 5 mm, 15 x 15 positions). The change of mineral in one tooth slice per unit tooth surface area can be calculated at different times of mineralisation locally, as well as averaged over the total tooth-slice surface area. The SD in average mineral change is 0.009 kg m-2, which corresponds approximately to the mineral loss involved with a 8 microns deep tooth enamel carious lesion. All results are stored on disc. In an example, the enamel surfaces (6 mm2) of five human tooth enamel slices were exposed to an acetic acid buffer solution (pH 4.8) containing Ca, P and F. The mineral content variations in the enamel sample were followed in time by longitudinal microradiography. Mineral content evaluation shows in all cases a gradual increase in mineral loss. 3D plots of the mineral loss per unit area against tooth surface position at different stages of demineralisation of the same sample show an excellent uniform local behaviour in time with all tooth slices.
Dental Caries↗
Combined effects of acidulated phosphate fluoride and argon laser on sound root surface morphology: an in vitro scanning electron microscopy study.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this in vitro scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study was to evaluate the effects of combining low fluence argon laser (AL) irradiation and acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) treatment on the surface morphology of sound human root surfaces. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Previous in vitro investigations have shown that combined APF and AL irradiation of root surfaces provided a protective effect against cariogenic challenges. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve extracted human molars were sectioned into quarters, and each quarter assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups: (1) no treatment/control; (2) low fluence (11.5 J/cm2) AL irradiation; (3) 1.23% APF for 4 minutes; (4) APF treatment followed by low fluence AL irradiation. Surface morphology alterations were compared among groups using SEM techniques. RESULTS: AL irradiation alone produced irregular textured surfaces with adherent globular material and fine microporsities in the background. APF treatment, alternatively, only created relatively smooth surface coatings that masked the original underlying root surface. Combining APF treatment followed by AL irradiation resulted in a surface coating composed of relatively small (2 to 3 microns) spherical to avoid precipitates, morphologically resembling calcium fluoride. CONCLUSION: Combining APF with AL irradiation may create a more reactive surface that possesses fluoride-rich mineral deposits and protects the underlying root surface from cariogenic challenges.
Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
Effect of fluoride exposure on cariostatic potential of orthodontic bonding agents: an in vitro evaluation.
AIMS: The aims of this in vitro study were to compare the cariostatic potential of a resin modified glass ionomer cement (Fuji Ortho LC) to that of a resin control (Transbond) for bracket bonding and to compare the effect of extrinsic fluoride application on the cariostatic potential of each material. SETTING: Ex vivo study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Orthodontic brackets were bonded to 40 extracted premolars, 20 with Fuji Ortho LC and 20 with Transbond. The teeth were subjected to pH cycling, pH 4.55, and pH 6.8, over a 30-day period. Ten teeth bonded with each material were immersed in a 1000 ppm fluoride solution for 2 minutes each day. Fluoride release was measured throughout the study from all teeth. After 30 days, the teeth were assessed visually for signs of enamel decalcification. RESULTS: Significant differences in decalcification existed macroscopically between all four groups of teeth, with the exception of those bonded with Fuji Ortho LC alone compared with Transbond alone (P = 0.22), and Fuji Ortho LC alone compared with Transbond with added fluoride (P = 0.3). Fluoride release from Fuji Ortho LC alone fell to minimal values, but with the addition of extrinsic fluoride the levels fell initially and then followed an upward trend. There was minimal fluoride release, from Transbond alone, but with daily addition of extrinsic fluoride, subsequent fluoride release was increased. Significant differences existed in the amount of fluoride released between all groups, except comparing Fuji Ortho LC alone and Transbond with added fluoride. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study have indicated that with an in vitro tooth-bracket model, the creation of white spot inhibition could best be achieved by the use of a resin-modified glass ionomer cement, supplemented with fluoride exposure. The least protection was afforded by the composite control. The resin-modified glass ionomer cement alone and the composite with added fluoride demonstrated equivalent protection.
Acrylic Resins↗
Review of calcium hydroxide.
Calcium hydroxide is a material which has been used for a variety of purposes since its introduction into dentistry in the early part of the twentieth century. In its pure form, the substance has a high pH, and its dental use relates chiefly to its ability to stimulate mineralization, and also to its antibacterial properties. A range of products has been formulated with different therapeutic actions, the effects of which are partially dependent upon the tissue to which they are applied. The material is reviewed under the following general headings: biochemical actions; dental formulation; uses.
Calcium Hydroxide↗
Is there life after Buckley's Formocresol? Part I -- a narrative review of alternative interventions and materials.
OBJECTIVES: (1) To present a narrative review of the currently available alternative interventions and materials to formocresol pulpotomy for the management of extensive caries in the primary molar, and (2) to produce a clinical protocol for pulp therapy techniques in the extensively carious primary molar. INTRODUCTION: The International Agency for Research on Cancer has recently classified formaldehyde as carcinogenic to human beings. Since Buckley's Formocresol contains 19% formaldehyde in its full strength and, therefore, 1% in a 20% dilution, a safer alternative should be identified. METHODS: A narrative review of the published literature for primary molar pulp therapy techniques was undertaken following an extensive and appropriate literature search. A specialist group of paediatric dentists was formed to arrive at a consensus and establish an evidence-based protocol for the management of extensively carious primary molar teeth. Part I of this paper explores the currently available alternative interventions and materials to formocresol in the form of a narrative review. The second part of the paper will present the formation of a specialist group to arrive at a consensus and establish an evidence-based protocol for the management of the extensively carious primary molar. CONCLUSIONS: After consideration of a review of extensively searched literature, a protocol and key points document have been developed to assist clinicians in their treatment planning. Further long-term studies with the highest level of evidence (i.e. randomized controlled trials) are required to enable us to identify acceptable alternatives which can replace formocresol.
Aluminum Compounds↗