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Of 80 patients given alprazolam, eight became hostile early in treatment. The authors suggest that alprazolam-induced hostility may be more likely in patients with well-suppressed chronic anger and resentment and cite reports of hostility associated with other benzodiazepines.
OBJECTIVE: This study compared the specific antiaggressive effects of clozapine with those of olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol. METHODS: A total of 157 inpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and a history of suboptimal treatment response were randomly assigned to receive clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, or haloperidol in a double-blind 14-week trial. The trial was divided into two periods: eight weeks during which the dosage was escalated and then fixed, and six weeks during which variable dosages were used. The hostility item of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was the principal outcome measure. Covariates included the items that reflect positive symptoms of schizophrenia (delusions, suspiciousness or feelings of persecution, grandiosity, unusual thought content, conceptual disorganization, and hallucinations) and the sedation item of the Nurses Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation (NOSIE). RESULTS: Patients differed in their treatment response as measured by the hostility item of the PANSS. The scores of patients taking clozapine indicated significantly greater improvement than those of patients taking haloperidol or risperidone. The effect on hostility appeared to be independent of the antipsychotic effect of clozapine on other PANSS items that reflect delusional thinking, a formal thought disorder, or hallucinations and independent of sedation as measured by the NOSIE. Neither risperidone nor olanzapine showed superiority to haloperidol. CONCLUSION: Clozapine has a relative advantage over other antipsychotics as a specific antihostility agent.
The possible relationship between hostility and criminality was investigated in a sample of 134 schizophrenic patients at the public psychiatric hospital in Athens. The sample consisted of two groups of patients (n = 67 each); an offenders groups and a non-offenders group. No significant differences in hostility were found between the groups. Moreover, degree of hostility bore no relationship to severity of criminal offence.
The present study examined empathy and hostility toward women among 32 rapists, 28 nonsex offenders, and 40 nonoffender males. Results indicated that rapists were significantly less empathic than either of the other two groups toward women who had been sexually assaulted by an unknown assailant. They were also significantly less empathic toward their own victims than toward any other women, and they were markedly more hostile toward women than were the other subjects. Finally, among the rapists, hostility toward women was significantly negatively related to their empathy toward their own victims.
BACKGROUND: Dysregulation of central nervous system serotonergic (5-HT) activity is implicated in behavioral states and psychological traits associated with depression and aggression, with some studies suggesting possible gender-related differences. PURPOSE: This study examined the relation of free plasma tryptophan (TRP) to aggression and depression in a sample of 138 nonsmoking adults recruited from the general community. It was hypothesized that TRP would be associated with anger, hostility, and aggression. METHODS: To minimize effects of diurnal variation and menstrual cycle, fasting blood samples were collected in the morning, and, for women, during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Participants were administered questionnaires following blood draw. Plasma TRP was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: In women, but not men, higher levels of TRP were associated with trait hostility, propensity for anger, a tendency to express anger outwardly, and an antagonistic interpersonal style. For men and women, greater severity of depressive symptoms, anger, and the verbal expression of anger were associated with higher TRP. These associations were independent of age, body mass index, fasting albumin, and race and ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that in women, but not men, higher plasma levels of TRP, the precursor to 5-HT, are associated with anger-hostility-aggression and that these associations are independent of various potential confounds. Implications of these observations to studies employing acute TRP depletion studies are discussed.
The assessment of violence potential was studied using the following scales: The Novaco Anger Inventory, the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, the MMPI Hostility Control Scale (Hc), the MMPI Overt Hostility Scale (Ho), and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. The five measures were evaluated for their ability to discriminate between violent and nonviolent criminals, and between criminal and normal population samples. Normative data was collected for 204 adult male felons. A correlation matrix presents interrelationships among the five scales. A comparison of mean scale scores between violent and nonviolent groups resulted in a significant discrimination in the expected direction for all but the Hc scale. A discriminant analysis procedure applied to individual items from the Novaco Anger Inventory resulted in the selection of 25 variables which identified violence prone individuals with 90% accuracy. Clinical implications are noted and recommendations for future research are made.
The effects of race and the validity of Megargee, Cook, and Mendelsohn's (1967) Overcontrolled-Hostility (O-H) Scale were examined using 412 male forensic psychiatric inpatients. Regression analysis using the total study sample indicated that the only predictor of O-H score was race, with Black patients scoring higher than White patients. In fact, Black patients scored at least 5 T scores higher than the White patients, and approximately 43% of the Black patients received O-H scores greater than 69. The race effect could not be explained by prehospitalization employment status or education. Pattern of criminal history and clinical problems were examined via analyses of variance (ANOVAs) in a subsample of 224 subjects. None of the descriptors of the overcontrolled-hostile personality were identified as related to O-H scores. The results of this study suggest that Black patients are more likely to be incorrectly labeled as overcontrolled-hostile personalities.
We administered the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (Buss & Durkee, 1957) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Hathaway & McKinley, 1967) to 82 alleged child molesters. Denial of hostility was significantly associated both with minimization of psychopathology and with denial of charges of sex offense. No subjects who denied charges acknowledged psychopathology, whereas one third of admitters acknowledged psychopathology. Our results suggest that alleged sex offenders may show complex patterns of impression management and that self-report hostility inventories are highly vulnerable to response bias.
PURPOSE: The birth of a premature or critically ill infant can result in debilitating parental responses. This study identifies correlates of parental anxiety, hostility, depression, and psychosocial adjustment so that nurses can identify parents likely to need special attention or intervention. DESIGN: An explanatory, correlational design was used. SAMPLE: The study involved 469 parents (mothers = 299, 65 percent; mean age 29.1 +/- 6.8 years) of infants hospitalized in five Level III NICUs. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLE: The main outcomes were those variables which correlated with the independent variables and included: parent status (mother or father), ethnicity, employment status, and education. RESULTS: Parents experienced high levels of anxiety, hostility, and depression. Poorer family functioning, lower levels of social support, and lower perceived control were associated with higher levels of anxiety, hostility, and depression and with poorer adjustment. Parental status (mother or father), ethnicity, employment status, and education were significantly related to parental responses.
OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between multi-dimensional aspects of hostility and coronary heart disease among middle-aged urban Japanese. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We conducted a case-control study. Cases were consecutive patients with acute coronary syndrome admitted to a hospital in Japan. Fifty-three patients (45 men and 8 women) aged 35 to 65 were enrolled. For each case, two sex and age (+/-2 years) matched controls were recruited from among participants in a health check-up program at a health promotion center located in the same area as the hospital. Two questionnaires, both with four components, were used to measure hostility and coping with anger: the one was for anger, hostility, physical aggression and verbal aggression, and the other for aggression, social inhibition, guilt, and controlled affect. RESULTS: The scores of all components from two questionnaires were higher for cases than controls, but the differences were not significant. Multivariate analysis showed that anger, fat intake, alcohol consumption and house size were significantly associated with the etiology of acute coronary syndrome. CONCLUSION: Anger, lifestyle, and socioeconomic status play important roles for the etiology of coronary heart disease in middle-aged urban Japanese.
In a previous study ten women with hyperprolactinemia and amenorrhea had significantly higher Symptom Questionnaire scores for depression, hostility and anxiety than patients with amenorrhea only and a matched nonpatient employees group. The hyperprolactinemic patients and employees were compared with ten women on their seventh day after childbirth who had been matched for sociodemographic variables and had similar prolactin levels. Hostility was significantly higher in postpartum patients than employees and did not differ significantly from that of women with hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea. Postpartum hyperprolactinemic women did not differ significantly from the employees for anxiety and depression, which was significantly lower than in the amenorrheic patients. In several mammals aggression occurs concurrently with lactation. The studies in humans suggest an association of high prolactin levels with hostility.
100 male subjects were selected from a midwestern university and categorized into 5 jogging groups, advanced, intermediate, beginning, drop-out joggers and nonexercisers, who were administered the Commitment to Running Scale, the Buss-Durkee inventory measuring hostility and aggression, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Analysis of covariance with age as a covariate was performed using a 5 x 2 design with the 5 levels of jogging and status of the jogger (student/nonstudent) as independent variables. Fisher's LSD was used for multiple comparisons. Joggers scored higher than drop-outs or nonexercisers on the Commitment to Running Scale. Nonexercisers had higher mean scores on trait anxiety than advanced, intermediate, and drop-out joggers; advanced joggers had a lower mean trait-anxiety score than any other group. Nonexercisers had higher mean aggression and hostility scores than drop-out or advanced joggers; drop-out and advanced joggers did not differ significantly but their scores were significantly lower than those of other groups of joggers. These findings confirm that jogging affects trait anxiety, hostility, and aggression positively, which supports use of exercise preventively.
Analyses of questionnaire responses from 166 young women on the Cook-Medley Hostility scale of the MMPI, Beck Depression Inventory, and Wahler Physical Symptoms Inventory indicated significant differences between hostile and nonhostile women on depression scores, ranging from mild mood disturbance to borderline clinical depression. Hostile women also endorsed more items which indicated pervasive somatic complaints such as nausea, fatigue, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular distress. These results are discussed in the context of negative emotion and degenerative disease.
Buss and Durkee's Hostility-Guilt Inventory was given to 23 white and 23 Native American college students. The Native American subjects scored significantly higher on the Resentment Hostility subscale while the white students scored higher on the Indirect Hostility and Guilt subscales. Implications for research are discussed.
The recent work of Hart and Joubert (1996) who reported correlations between scores on narcissism and hostility is commented upon with respect to expressions of hostility in narcissistic persons. Characteristics of the narcissistic personality observed in psychotherapy are noted, and suggestions are made regarding Hart and Joubert's call for research comparing the personality dimensions of hostile and nonhostile narcissistic persons.
Problems in temperament and hostility have been implicated in alcohol use disorders. This study investigated the relationships among temperament, hostility, and adverse consequences of alcohol consumption in a sample of 180 healthy young social drinkers. Rigid behavior pattern and antagonistic hostility were positively correlated with adverse consequence of drinking.
The self-control theory of psychopathology has contributed to the understanding and treatment of unipolar depression. This paper explores the relationship between self-control skills as measured by the Frequency of Self-reinforcement Questionnaire and other negative emotional states, with a focus on hostility. In Study 1, scores on the Brief Symptom Inventory were inversely related to self-control skills among a sample of 53 college students, suggesting potential generalizability of the theory. In Study 2, self-control skills were inversely related to hostility, anger, and aggression among a sample of 68 college students. The role of self-control skills in the regulation of hostility deserves further investigation.
We examined the effect of hostility on smoking and alcohol consumption using data from a three-generation study of Mexican Americans. The irritability subscale of the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory was used as the measure of hostility. Moderate associations were found between alcohol consumption and irritability scores among middle- and younger-generation females, with generally weaker or nonsignificant associations found in males. Smoking was moderately associated with irritability in middle- and younger-generation females and in younger-generation males. Differences in results by generation and gender are discussed as well as implications for future research.