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PubMed1984

Prognosis of fertility in women with unexplained infertility and sperm agglutinins in the serum.

From 1967 to 1973 serum samples of 1709 infertile women were tested for antispermatozoal antibodies with the gelatin agglutination test. In 110 cases sperm agglutinins were demonstrated in titers ranging from 4 to 1024. The clinical data of 99 couples were evaluable, and in 65 there appeared to be unexplained infertility. Out of these 65 women, 44 became pregnant in the posttesting follow-up period of 6 to 13.5 years (median, 10 years). With increasing titers there was a significant decrease in the probability of becoming pregnant. Of the women who became pregnant, in general, those with higher titers had to wait longer for their pregnancy than those with lower titers. Moreover, with increasing titers there was a tendency toward a longer duration of infertility before the serum was tested. This latter observation supports the contention that the agglutinin titer influences the fecundability rate. The titers of those becoming pregnant and those remaining infertile, however, showed considerable overlap. Favorable results in the postcoital test were associated with a better prognosis, but this was independent of the titers.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1978

Secretory antibody responses in axenic mice to perorally administered Staphylococcus aureus.

Topical oral immunization of axenic mice with non-replicating Staphylococcus aureus resulted in the production of both serum and salivary agglutinins. A latent period of approximately 5 days was noted before salivary antibodies were detected against both a carbohydrate (ChoA) and a protein (PrA) antigen isolated from this micro-organism. The local response to ChoA exhibited a linear increase until day 9 when the reciprocal titres reached a plateau [32 (16--64)]. Salivary antibodies to PrA peaked by day 13 at a mean reciprocal titre of 60 (32--128). The agglutinin response in saliva was found to be initially IgG; however, by day 9 of a 14-day-immunization regimen, IgA became the predominant class of exocrine anti-S. aureus antibodies. The serum agglutinin response followed that found in saliva by approximately 2--4 days. By day 14, all sera (6/6) contained PrA agglutinins, while 4/6 sera agglutinated sheep erythrocytes coated with ChoA. Serum antibodies to ChoA were exclusively IgM, in contrast to IgM and IgA agglutinins elicited by PrA. Absorption studies provided evidence of a specific local and systemic immune response to both ChoA and PrA antigens of perorally administered S. aureus.

Agglutinins↗
PubMed1986

Isolation and characterization of a 60-kilodalton salivary glycoprotein with agglutinating activity against strains of Streptococcus mutans.

A bacterial agglutinin specific for strains of Streptococcus mutans was isolated from human saliva. Physiochemical analyses showed the agglutinin to be a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 60,000. The agglutinin aggregated four of the eight strains of Streptococcus mutans tested but did not aggregate the strains of Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis, and Streptococcus mitis tested. Chemical modification of carbohydrate moieties of the agglutinin with sodium metaperiodate had no effect on aggregation, whereas modification of the polypeptide portion with trypsin abolished aggregating activity. A set of five murine hybridoma antibodies was employed to further analyze the agglutinin. Two carbohydrate-specific antibodies, directed against D-mannose and N-acetylgalactosamine moieties, respectively, failed to block agglutinin- or whole saliva-mediated aggregation of S. mutans cells. In contrast, two antibodies directed against pronase-sensitive antigenic sites blocked both agglutinin- and saliva-mediated aggregation of S. mutans cells. Western blot analysis with the agglutinin-specific hybridoma antibodies demonstrated the agglutinin in whole saliva and in artificial tooth pellicles formed on hydroxyapatite beads incubated with saliva. These results suggest that a 60-kilodalton glycoprotein of human saliva is a bacterial agglutinin with specificity for certain strains of S. mutans. They further suggest that aggregation is mediated by polypeptide rather than carbohydrate determinants of the glycoprotein.

Agglutination↗
PubMed1979

Purification, characterization and identification of an agglutinin in human serum.

A serum protein named agglutinin is able to induce mitochondria to agglutinate. The protein has been purified from human serum by chromatography on DE-52. Sephadex G-200 and immunoglobulin-Sepharose 4B columns. Agglutinin is a glycoprotein that migrates electrophoretically as a gamma-globulin. Its molecular weight was determined to be 50,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Monospecific antiserum prepared against the agglutinin was found to be identical with anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I and agglutinating activity could be adsorbed on anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I-Sepharose 4B columns. Thus, the agglutinin has been identified as beta 2-glycoprotein I. The reaction between mitochondria and agglutinin shows positive cooperativity, which is independent on the stage of purification of agglutinin. The agglutinating activity could be diminished (inhibited) by acidic non-soluble lipids such as oleic acid, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl inositol.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1982

Hydroxyproline-rich bacterial agglutinin from potato : extraction, purification, and characterization.

A protein, extracted from Katahdin potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv ;Katahdin') tubers and purified by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration, agglutinates avirulent strains of the bacterial wilt pathogen, Pseudomonas solanacearum, but only weakly agglutinates virulent strains. The agglutinin has very low hemagglutinating activity (in contrast to potato lectin) and is a glycoprotein containing about 61% carbohydrate. The carbohydrate moiety contains 91% (weight%) arabinose, 5% galactose, 3% glucose, and 1% glucosamine. The protein portion is rich in hydroxyproline (42%), lysine (16%), serine (9%), and proline (9%). The entire agglutinin has a molecular weight of 91,000 +/- 5,000 and is very basic (pI > 11). Shape estimations based on the concentration dependence of the sedimentation coefficient, the high viscosity ([eta] = 92.7), the frictional coefficient (f/f(o) = 2.15), and axial ratio (a/b = 25) indicate that the agglutinin is a prolate ellipsoid.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1984

Haemagglutinins and parasite agglutinins in haemolymph and gut of Glossina.

Agglutinating activity was found in the haemolymph and in extracts of midgut and hindgut of Glossina austeni against calf, guinea pig and chicken erythrocytes for the first time. Trypanosoma brucei procyclic forms were also agglutinated by midgut and hindgut extracts, but not by haemolymph. The 3 fractions tested failed to react with erythrocytes of four other vertebrates and other trypanosomatids (Leishmania hertigi and Crithidia fasciculata) examined. The reciprocal titre of agglutinating activity of the 3 fractions against calf, guinea pig and chicken erythrocytes were approximately the same at a dilution of 64. Both midgut and hindgut agglutinins showed higher titres against T. brucei at reciprocal dilutions of 128 and 256 respectively. Sialidase treatment, reduced the agglutinating activity to half its normal range while trypsinisation had no effect. The results of attempts to inhibit the agglutinating activity using a variety of sugars and glycoproteins revealed that midgut and hindgut were specific for D+glucosamine suggesting that midgut and hindgut agglutinin were possibly of the same origin. This is the first report of haemagglutinating and parasite agglutinating activity in Glossina tissues which may play a role not only in insect defence reactions but also in the determination of parasite establishment and infection in vectors.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1988

Evaluation of the direct and indirect mixed antiglobulin reaction with latex particles for the diagnosis of immunological infertility.

The direct Mixed Antiglobulin Reaction (MAR test) is a simple method for the detection of auto-antibodies attached to spermatozoa in fresh semen. The test was improved by using IgG-coated latex particles (SpermMAR) instead of coated red blood cells. A positive direct MAR test with adherence of latex particles to 40% or more of the motile spermatozoa was found in 16 out of 312 men (5%) consulting for infertility, but never in fertile controls. The percentage of motile spermatozoa reacting with the coated latex particles was correlated significantly with the serum titre of sperm agglutinins assessed by the tray agglutination test. The direct MAR test on semen was highly specific but rather insensitive, particularly if the serum titre of agglutinins was low. The same kit (SpermMAR) can be used to detect circulating sperm antibodies in serum of male or female patients with the indirect mixed antiglobulin reaction. The indirect MAR test discriminated clearly between serum with low (less than 1/32) or high (greater than 1/32) titres of circulating agglutinins assessed by the tray agglutination test. Considering their simplicity and accuracy, both the direct test on semen and the indirect spermMAR test on serum should be included in the routine evaluation of the infertile couple.

Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic↗
PubMed1973

Variants of simian virus 40-transformed 3T3 cells that are resistant to concanavalin A.

By treating populations of simian virus 40 (SV40)-transformed 3T3 cells with concanavalin A, variants have been isolated which are resistant to the killing action of the lectin. The variants (i) resemble 3T3 cells morphologically and in some of their growth characteristics; (ii) are not agglutinated by high concentrations of concanavalin A or wheat germ agglutinin, but can be rendered agglutinable by treatment with low concentrations of trypsin; (iii) bind the same number of concanavalin A molecules as 3T3 or SV3T3 cells; (iv) cannot be transformed by SV40 and are resistant to focus formation after infection with murine sarcoma virus; (v) contain SV40-specific T antigen and RNA and; (vi) yield wild-type SV40 virus after heterokaryon formation with BS-C-1 cells.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1975

Antigenic relationships between Candida albicans and various yeasts as reflected by immunoglobulin-class specificity.

A group of guinea pigs was inoculated into the foot pads with a single dose of Candida albicans in complete Freund's adjuvant, while another group was similarly inoculated once in the foot pads but also several times intramuscularly, with Candida alone. All guinea pigs were bled at different intervals after immunization and sera were separated chromatographically into IgG and IgM fractions. In order to study the antigenic relationships as reflected by immunoglobulin-class specificity, IgG and IgM fractions and whole sera obtained from guinea pigs differently immunized, were tested for the presence of agglutinins against C. albicans, six other species of Candida, and species of the ascosporogenous genera Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces and Schizosaccharomyces. The results show that (1) only IgG fractions of the different sera prepared contained the specific anti-C. albicans antibodies; (2) IgG and IgM fractions of the sera obtained from a single inoculation did not reveal a specific pattern expressing antigenic relationships of the yeast studied, and (3) the IgM fractions of the sera obtained from several inoculations had a more homogenous pattern of reactivity, since mainly these contained the agglutinins against the ascosporogenous yeast species.

Agglutination Tests↗