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At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Erythrocytosis, glomerulomegaly, mesangial hyperplasia, sialyl hyperplasia, and arteriosclerosis induced in rats by nickel subsulfide.

Histopathological examinations were performed upon groups of male Fischer rats killed at intervals from 1 h to 18 weeks after unilateral intrarenal (ir) injection of nickel subsulfide (2.5 or 5 mg of Ni3S2/rat). Consistent with previous findings, erythroid hyperplasia of bone marrow and spleen occurred from 2 to 18 weeks after Ni3S2-treatment, resulting in pronounced erythrocytosis. Hitherto unreported effects of Ni3S2-treatment include: (a) marked glomerulomegaly and hyperplasia of mesangial cells in both kidneys; (b) hyperplasia of submandibular salivary glands, and (c) widespread arteriosclerotic lesions. The present study suggests that mesangial cells of renal glomeruli produce erythropoietin. Discovery that ir injection of Ni3S2 induces arteriosclerotic lesions in rats furnishes a new experimental model to investigate the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Coronary arteriosclerosis and risk factors in coronary heart disease (author's transl)].

A large number of cases were tested for the relevance of clinical risk factors in coronary heart disease with regard to coronary arteriosclerosis (atheroma, fibrosis; five different locations). The method applied was VARIMAX-rotated factor analysis. The resulting factors were interpreted as the multiple variables structures which are in different relationships to the risk criterion, coronary heart disease, and morphological vascular diagnosis of the coronary arteries. The importance of the known risk of the vascular diagnosis was estimated and the reterance of the clinically influencing criterion was discussed. It appears that in spite of limited methodology additional morphological criteria are required in order to be able to explain heart infarction which does not involve the epicardial branches of the coronary vascular system.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Long-term prognosis for reconstruction of arterial lesions due to arteriosclerosis.

Out of 769 patients with arterial diseases, reconstructive surgery was performed on 100 limbs of 79 patients for arteriosclerosis. The overall patency rate was 59 per cent over a period of 3 to 8 years. Long-term patency was influenced by the condition of the run-off arteries, the site of the operation, and the method of surgery. No relation was found between patency rate and hypertension, cardiac insufficiency, total serum cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, or age. The survival rate was 62 per cent at 5 years and 48 per cent at 7 years. These rates were significantly poor (p less than 0.001), compared with those in the normal population. Mortality was related to the degree of hypertension, with cardiac and renal failure being responsible for 72 per cent of deaths. Aggressive reconstruction may be indicated in cases with hypertension of stage 2 or below based on the WHO classification. However, especially in patients with associated diabetes mellitus close long-term observation of the cardiovascular system is necessary.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Hyperlipidemia and premature arteriosclerosis.

In the last decade, understanding of the relationship between plasma lipoprotein concentrations and arteriosclerosis has advanced considerably. Prospective and case-control epidemiologic studies in the general population have established a direct correlation between low density lipoprotein and an inverse correlation between high density lipoprotein concentrations and the risk of coronary disease. Detailed studies of patients and families with genetic hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and combined hypercholesterolemia hypertriglyceridemia have identified subpopulations at particular risk. Skin fibroblast lines from patients with genetic hyperlipidemias have been used to provide important new information on the regulation by plasma lipoproteins of cellular cholesterol metabolism. We are entering a phase of investigation where epidemiological and biochemical data supplement each other in such a way that the old hypothesis linking plasma lipids to atherosclerosis has new life.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

[Arteriosclerosis as a sequela of chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection].

In the last years several new data allow a controversial but convincing interpretation of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (arteriosclerosis). Atherosclerosis can be apparently the result of ultrachronic persistent infection by Chlamydia pneumoniae and not the result of different risk factors. The main arguments for the chlamydial genesis are: 1. Correlation of coronary heart disease and other atherosclerotic disease with antibodies against C. pneumoniae. 2. C. pneumoniae could be detected with different techniques (PCR, immunohistology, electromicroscopy, culture) in a high percentage in atheromas from different sites. 3. Three international studies with macrolides in coronary heart disease were successful. 4. The target cells of atherosclerosis (endothelia, macrophages, muscle cells) can be infected by C. pneumoniae in vitro. 5. Positive animal experiments. The Koch-Henle criteria for the proof of the etiology are largely fulfilled--even if there are doubts about the validity of these criteria in chronic local infections. A number of unexplainable aspect of atherosclerosis can be seen in a new light. The higher incidence of coronary heart disease in young males has a parallel in the remarkable androtropism of many bacterial diseases (pneumococcal pneumonia, tuberculosis). The reduction of incidence of atherosclerotic diseases since 1965 can be explained by the much higher intake of doxycyclin and macrolides. The low incidence of coronary heart disease in France--sometimes regarded as an effect of red wine--can be explained as a result of a much higher use of antichlamydial antibiotics. The increase of inflammatory parameters (C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, leucocytes) before acute coronary infarction are not risk factors but signs of an active chronic infection. The interpretation is possible, that atherogenic changes in lipids like increase of LDL and decrease of HDL are not risk factors but consequence of chronic arterial infection by chlamydia. The low incidence of atherosclerosis in the tropics--despite high frequency of chlamydial infection--is difficult to explain. Vascular infection can be related with the age of the patient at the primary infection. With low hygiene, intestinal primary infections in early childhood can be possible. Arterial infection would be thus a result of a primary infection in adolescence ("yet another poliomyelitis story"). There are good arguments for the thesis that C. pneumoniae is the primary cause of atherosclerosis and not a secondary invader. The consequence, nevertheless, is similar: Antibiotics get a key role. The macrolides roxithromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin and the tetracyclin doxycyclin fulfill the criteria as potential antichlamydial agents. In general a longer treatment (6 to 8 to 12 weeks) seems advisable. It is necessary to start international studies with antibiotics in coronary infarction and other clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis. The relevant antibiotics licensed for chlamydial infections are cheap and safe. Despite of the urgent need for controlled studies, it seems already justified to treat high-risk patients with antibiotics. Meticulous protocols and long-term control of patients are necessary to evaluate the therapeutic effects. Preventive studies in patients without clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis are urgently needed. The risks of resistance or side effects are neglectable, but the organisation of such studies would be very difficult.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Premature arteriosclerosis in HIV-infected patients? Current status].

Complex lipodystrophic body changes in association with metabolic abnormalities such as dyslipidemia and insulin resistance have become a common feature in HIV patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). If these metabolic changes will lead to an epidemic of cardiovascular events within the next decades, however, remains to be seen. The incidence of myocardial infarctions in HIV-infected patients continues to be low. Current data on changes of the incidence in the HAART era remains somewhat conflicting, probably due to methodological issues. In this review the key studies concerning the incidence of premature arteriosclerosis in HIV-infected patients are discussed.

Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active↗
PubMed2004

Three cases of ischemic ulcer due to arteriosclerosis obliterans responding to basic fibroblast growth factor spray.

The management of the chronically ischemic leg with ulcer formation that is not suitable for either surgical or interventional treatment is still a matter of controversy. We describe three cases of ischemic ulcer treated with basic fibroblast growth factor spray. Ulcer healing was accelerated and complete epithelialization was achieved in all cases. Basic fibroblast growth factor spray is useful in the treatment of the ischemic ulcer in patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans, especially in high-risk surgical patients.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2006

Autoperipheral blood mononuclear cell transplantation improved giant ulcers due to chronic arteriosclerosis obliterans.

We report the case of a 74-year-old man with Fontaine stage IV chronic arteriosclerosis obliterans who had been suffering from inveterate giant skin ulcers on the dorsum and heel of the right foot. As conventional medical treatments had not improved these ulcers and surgical treatment was considered unfeasible, amputation of the right lower limb below the knee appeared to represent the only option. The patient was admitted to Tottori University Hospital to attempt a new angiogenic therapy using auto-mononuclear cell transplantation to avoid amputation. On admission, neither right ankle blood pressure nor transcutaneous partial pressure of oxygen at the right toe were detectable. The patient had a history of multiple cerebral infarctions, and collection of mononuclear cells from bone marrow was considered too difficult, so collection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was selected. Transcutaneous partial pressure of oxygen and skin temperature in the treated limb started to improve from 2 weeks after implantation. Ulcer size was recognizably reduced by 1 month after treatment. Partial auto-skin implantation on the right heel was performed 2 months after treatment, and the giant skin ulcer was finally completely covered. No adverse effects were noted during follow-up lasting 1 year. These results suggest that peripheral blood mononuclear cell implantation may offer a suitable alternative rescue therapy for patients with critical limb ischemia whose general condition is not good.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

[Primary and secondary prevention of arteriosclerosis. Risk stratification of hypertension].

Hypertension is one of the important risk factors in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. The differences between primary and secondary prevention in diagnosis and therapeutic strategies are reviewed from international studies. The optimal therapy for hypertension and risk stratification, including all other risk factors, will reduce the incidence and mortality of coronary heart disease and stroke.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Platelet scintigraphy in the diagnosis of arteriosclerosis obliterans.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the efficacy of platelet scintigraphy using autologous platelets labeled with 111In-oxine, to assess the degree of arteriosclerotic activity in arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO). METHODS: Thirty-three patients with clinical signs of ASO, seen between January 1996 and August 1999, were enrolled in this study. Scintigraphic imaging results were compared with the findings of contrast angiography in 26 patients, 17 of whom were taking antiplatelet and/or anticoagulant drugs during the platelet imaging study. RESULTS: Angiography demonstrated atherosclerotic lesions at 38 sites from the abdominal aorta to the popliteal arteries in 23 patients. There was an accumulation of platelets at 17 of these sites (45%) and at 6 other sites without definite angiographic abnormalities. Lesions that resulted in less than 50% stenosis were detected slightly, but not significantly, less often than lesions with higher degrees of stenosis and occlusion (50% vs 30%, P = 0.73). The frequency of true-positive scintigraphic results was statistically higher in patients not taking antithrombotic agents than in those taking antithrombotic agents (70% vs 32%, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that imaging with 111In-oxine-labeled platelets may be useful for evaluating the pathophysiologic characteristics of atherosclerotic lesions in patients with ASO.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Observation of atherosclerotic lesions by an intravascular microscope in patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans.

The magnification power of conventional fiberscopes for intravascular use is up to x30, and therefore they are not feasible for observation of fine structures of vascular changes. We devised a microscope that enables percutaneous transluminal observation of the vascular luminal changes of cellular order. Thus we examined its feasibility in patients. The microscope was 8F in diameter with a rod lens inside, and its magnification power was from x150 to x350. The microscope was introduced into the iliac or femoral artery for observation of vascular lesions during angioplasty in seven patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans. With the aid of vital staining individually damaged endothelial cells, fibrin threads, foam cells, collagen, elastic fibers, and structure of microthrombi were discriminated clearly. The results indicate that structures of human vascular lesions of cellular order can be observed percutaneously by the intravascular microscope.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Arteriographic findings in EDTA chelation therapy on peripheral arteriosclerosis.

In a randomized, double-blind, controlled study, 153 patients with claudication were each given either 20 infusions of Na2EDTA or 20 infusions of saline. Walking distances and ankle/brachial indices were measured before, during, and after treatment. In 30 patients, angiograms and transcutaneous oxygen tensions were obtained before, during, and after treatment. The patients' subjective evaluations of the effect of treatment were also recorded. It is concluded that EDTA chelation therapy has no effect in patients with intermittent claudication in the legs caused by arteriosclerosis.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Homocysteine theory of arteriosclerosis.

Arteriosclerotic plaques were found in the aorta and arteries of rabbits given homocysteine thiolactone, methionine or homocysteic acid, both parenterally and in a synthetic diet. Animals given large doses of parenteral methionine or homocysteine thiolactone died of pulmonary embolism and pulmonary infarct. Pyridoxine prevented thrombosis and pulmonary embolism but did not prevent arteriosclerotic plaques. These findings and previous work, showing a new matabolic pathway for sulfate ester synthesis from methionine, the somatotrophic activity of homocysteic acid, and control of cellular growth and intercellular matrix synthesis by homocysteine derivatives, suggest a theory to explain aspects of the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) on a rabbit model of athero-arteriosclerosis.

The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of various doses of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) in an experimental rabbit model of athero-arteriosclerosis designed by Hass et al. (Amer. J. Pathol., 49 (1966) 739). This model, which involves the feeding of a hypercholesterolemic diet in conjunction with the administration of moderately high doses of vitamin D and nicotine, results in an extensive arterial disease with complicated lesions. EHDP was administered daily by subcutaneous injection at levels of 0.25, 1.0 and 2.5 mg/kg body weight beginning with the initiation of the atherogenic regimen. Results of chemical and histopathological analyses after 8 and 12 weeks of treatment indicate the following: (1) There was a dose-related inhibition of arterial calcification at 8 weeks. At 12 weeks, only the 2.5 mg/kg dose of EHDP resulted in reduced calcification. (2) EHDP administration appeared to influence arterial lipid-containing plaque formation in medium sized arteries at 12 weeks. There was no apparent effect of EHDP administration on serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. (3) EHDP, at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg/day, inhibited the vitamin D induced hypercalcemia. (4) EHDP administration at 2.5 mg/kg/day almost totally inhibited the thromboarteritis accompanying this disease. (5) The data thus indicate that if arterial calcification is inhibited, the other morphological effects of this treatment regime are also inhibited. This effect occurred even though serum lipid levels were unaffected. The data therefore emphasize the role of calcification in the pathogenesis of this type of experimental atherosclerosis and perhaps in human disease as well.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Arteriosclerosis in the African elephant: Part 2. Medial sclerosis.

SUMMARY: A type of spontaneous arteriosclerosis, described as medial sclerosis and quite distinct from atherosclerosis, was found in the aortas, coronary arteries and aortic branch arteries of free-living elephants (Loxodonta africana) in Uganda and Kenya. The lesions took the form of calcified fibrotic plaques in the inner tunica media. The calcification appeared to commence in the internal elastic lamina and was associated with atrophy of medial smooth muscle fibres and their replacement by fibrous tissue. In the aorta, medial sclerosis was found to be associated with aortic dilatation, decreased wall thickness and decreased extensibility. These changes were shown to result in substantial increases in the tangential stresses carried by the tissues of the aorta and coronary arteries. As with atherosclerosis, medial sclerosis increased progressively with age; and the approximate involvement of the aorta at different ages could be predicted from linear regression equations. There was no difference in the severity of lesions between male and female animals. Biochemically, the lesions of medial sclerosis were associated with decreased amounts of elastin and increased amounts of collagen in arterial walls. Arterial tissue showing medial calcification always contained less than 30% elastin by weight. In addition, the severity of medial sclerosis in individual elephants was found to be positively correlated with the concentration of calcium in their sera. The pathogenesis of these lesions is discussed and it is suggested that mechanical stress, medial anoxia and high serum calcium levels all contribute to the aetiology of medial sclerosis.

Africa, Eastern↗
PubMed1976

Increased collagen synthesis and the kinetic characteristics of prolyl hydroxylase in tissues of rabbits with experimental arteriosclerosis.

Increased aortic and liver prolyl hydroxylase activity has been suggested as an early biochemical indicator of the fibrotic changes which occur in rabbits with injury induced arteriosclerosis. Daily administration of epinephrine (0.025-0.050 mg/kg, i.v.) and thyroxine (0.050 mg/kg, i.p.) to rabbits for 3 weeks produced aortic fibrous plaques with a 4-fold increase in aortic prolyl hydroxylase and also a 5-fold increase in liver prolyl hydroxylase. Histopathologically, the livers of these rabbits show subcapsular areas of necrosis. When total prolyl hydroxylase related antigen was measured. the increase in liver prolyl hydroxylase activity accounted for only a small portion of the total prolyl hydroxylase antigen. However, in the aorta a majority of the increase in antigen is due to the increased amount of enzyme. DNA content per aorta was unchanged and RNA content increased in the aortic tissue of the arteriosclerotic rabbits. However DNA and RNA levels increased 60% in the livers of arteriosclerotic rabbits. In vitro incorporation of radioactively labeled proline into collagenase digestable protein was at least 2-fold greater in aorta and liver minces from arteriosclerotic rabbits. Michaelis--Menten kinetic parameters were obtained for the liver prolyl hydroxylase purified by affinity chromatography from arteriosclerotic rabbits. The Km for the enzyme from treated animals was not significantly different from control. However, the Vmax of the enzyme purified from diseased liver was 4-fold greater when compared to controls.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Clofibrate retardation of naturally-occurring arteriosclerosis in repeatedly-bred male and female rats.

Repeatedly-bred, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats which develop hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and arteriosclerosis spontaneously were killed at sequential time intervals, i.e., when the females had completed 1, 2, 3 and 4 pregnancies. The control breeders received no treatment; the experimental animals were given 113 mg of clofibrate/100 g of b.w., subcutaneously, daily, 5 times per week. Clofibrate-treated breeders manifested reduction in blood pressure and in the incidence and severity of arterial disease characteristic of repeatedly-bred rats. The aortic lesions of the clofibrate-treated breeders showed attenuation of the usual severe ground substance alterations, the degenerative changes in connective tissue elements, e.g., fibrosis and elastosis, and absence of calcification and cartilaginous metaplasia. Clofibrate-treated breeders did not show any unusual elevation in serum enzymes, e.g., CPK, SGOT, SGPT and LDH, or significant reduction of their hyperlipidemia. They manifested a definite reduction in adrenocortical and medullary histopathology and their circulating corticosterone levels were subnormal compared to non-treated breeders. It is suggested that the protective effect of clofibrate was mediated through its ability to block normal adrenal steroidogenic pathways rather than through its antilipemic action.

Adrenal Cortex↗