SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Body Composition”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

Aging-related decline of gonadal function in healthy men: correlation with body composition and lipoproteins.

OBJECTIVE: To assess if androgen decline in physiological aging contributes to the concomitant changes in body composition and lipoprotein levels. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, observational study. SETTING: A university-based outpatient center. SUBJECTS: The study comprised 206 healthy volunteers (aged 18-95 years). MEASUREMENTS: Blood samples were drawn after an overnight fast for the assay of hormones (free testosterone (FT), estradiol (E2), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)) and lipids (total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and lipoprotein Lp(a)). At the same time, body composition was assessed by both anthropometry (fat mass percentage (FM%) estimated from four measures of skinfold thickness using the Durnin and Womersley equation and the Siri equation) and by bioimpedance analysis (FM% estimated using the Segal or Deurenberg equations, respectively, for subjects younger or older than 62 years). RESULTS: A significant age-related decline was found for FT and E2 concentrations, whereas SHBG levels were related positively with age. No significant association was apparent between hormonal changes and the concomitant modifications of body composition and lipoproteins. Only SHBG showed a significant inverse association between FM% and the waist-to-hip ratio, independent of age. The comparison between older hypogonadal (with FT levels below the lower limit of the normality range assessed in younger subjects) and eugonadal men did not show any significant differences in body composition or lipid profile. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that, in men, androgen decline caused by normal aging does not significantly affect some targets of testosterone action, such as body composition and lipid metabolism. Therefore, androgen supplementation in hypogonadal older men cannot be expected to influence nutritional status and body composition to the same extent that it does other main targets of testosterone action, such as sexual activity and muscle strength. However, we cannot exclude that selected subsets of older patients with low testosterone levels, especially if affected by catabolic disease, could benefit from the effects of androgen administration on nutritional status.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

Effect of parenteral nutrition on body composition in the critically ill patient.

The efficacy of intravenous hyperalimentation in the critically ill patient was evaluated by body composition measurements performed with a multiple isotope dilution technic. The size of the body cell mass was evaluated by measuring the total exchangeable potassium and the intracellular water volume. The total exchangeable sodium and the extracellular water volume were both measured to evaluate the extracellular supporting component of body composition. These measurements were performed in two groups of severely ill patients who were in a chronic catabolic state. The first group of sixteen patients received intravenous hyperalimentation and the second group of eighteen patients served as controls in that they were not hyperalimented. Similar measurements were performed in sixteen normal volunteers to define the normal range for the various body composition parameters. In the nonalimented patients, there was a significant decrease in the body cell mass accompanied by an expansion of the extracellular supporting component of body composition. Similar changes occurred in the patients receiving intravenous hyperalimentation. However, the magnitude of these changes was not great. Thus, intravenous hyperalimentation tended to preserve the body cell mass and prevent expansion of the extracellular component of body composition.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Influence of sports on development of 10 and 11-year-old boys. I. Body composition, anthropometry and creatinine excretion].

We compared body composition (measured by total-body water determination), skinfolds, body circumferences and diameters and the muscle arm area of 10 to 11-year-old boys (n = 21) at the beginning and the end of a 9-months training period (track-and field athletics) with data obtained in 12 control subjects of corresponding ages. Urinary creatinine excretion was measured as a parameter of muscle mass at the end of the training period. Boys engaged in training gained (mean: + 2,6 kg) significantly less (p less than 0,05) weight than controls (mean: + 3,9 kg). Fat-free mass (FFM) as percentage of weight significantly increased in boys engaged in training (mean: + 1,8%; p less than 0,005) at the expense of fat whereas in controls (mean: + 0,6%; p: n.s.) there was no significant change. Decreasing skinfold thickness in boys engaged in training indicated reduction of subcutaneous fat. In controls, subcutaneous fat increased at the trunk and decreased at the periphery. Regression analysis indicated that changes of triceps skinfold thickness did not reflect changes in body fat content (r = 0.30; p: n.s.). A significant relation was established between changes of the subcapular skinfold thickness (r = 0,46; p less than 0,005) and of the sum of 5 skinfolds on the one hand (r = 0,51; p less than 0,005) and the changes of body fat content on the other hand. High standard deviations from the regression lines, however, indicated that accurate prediction of changes in body fat content was not possible in an individual subject.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Arm↗

PubMed1996

Ethnic differences in body composition and their relation to health and disease in women.

Differences in body composition between black and white women have been well established. Black women have more bone and muscle mass, but less fat, as a percentage of body weight, than white women, after controlling for ethnic differences in age, body weight, and height. In addition, black women have more upper-body fat than white women. These ethnic differences in body composition appear to be associated with disease risk in women. The greater skeletal and muscle mass in black compared to white women appears to protect them from osteoporosis. The relationship between fat distribution and cardiovascular disease also appears to be influenced by ethnicity. This review has two purposes: (1) To examine previous research investigating ethnic differences in body composition between black and white women; and (2) To demonstrate the relationship between body composition and disease in women as a function of ethnicity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Muscular strength, body composition and health responses to the use of testosterone enanthate: a double blind study.

To determine the effect the steroid, testosterone enanthate (TE) had on upper body strength, body composition and health. Twenty one male weight training subjects were randomly assigned in a double blind method to either a 3.5 mg(-1) x kg(-1) TE (n=11) or placebo (n=10) weight training group. The subjects were monitored during a 12 week administration phase and a subsequent 12 week follow up phase. Subjects were tested on a number of strength and size measurements, whilst having their health monitored. The results from the study revealed that the testosterone/weight training group improved significantly (p<0.05) more than the placebo/weight training group during and immediately after the administration phase on a 1 repetition maximum bench press. With regards to body composition, body weight, arm girth and rectus femoris circumference all increased significantly greater in the TE group compared to the placebo. Furthermore, the abdomen skinfold showed significant decreases in the TE group compared to the placebo group at post testing, follow up mid testing and the follow up post testing occasions. With the exception of the abdomen skinfold no within or between group differences were evident following a cycling off period of 12 weeks. Changes to baseline health indicators were reported in some subjects following testosterone usage. This included an average elevation in systolic blood pressure in all TE subjects by 10 mm Hg, a mild increase in hereditary frontal alopecia, increased muscle tightness (hamstrings and pectorals), a mild increase in libido over the first two weeks with a subsequent fall to normal, mild acne, subjective changes to personality including an increase in aggression, irritability and positive mood responses. Consequently, moderate doses of TE combined with weight training can result in short term significant changes in upper body strength and body composition, with corresponding changes to baseline health in some individuals.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Early detection of protein depletion in alcoholic cirrhosis: role of body composition analysis.

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is common in alcoholic cirrhosis. Bedside nutritional assessment techniques may be unreliable in patients with chronic liver disease. The aim of this study was to quantify changes in body composition and compare methods for measuring body composition in alcoholic cirrhosis. METHODS: Thirty-eight men with alcoholic cirrhosis were compared with 16 age-matched healthy men. Body composition was assessed using anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance to determine fat-free mass and body fat, deuterium oxide dilution to measure total body water, in vivo neutron activation analysis to measure total body protein, and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry to measure bone mineral content and total body fat mass. RESULTS: With increasing severity of cirrhosis, total body water increased, whereas total body protein decreased with a significant decrease in serum albumin levels. Total body protein levels, expressed as an index, were a more sensitive indicator of protein depletion than serum albumin levels. When patients were assessed by anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance for fat-free mass, there was no reduction compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: Anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance do not accurately reflect changes in body composition associated with chronic liver disease. Quantification of body composition changes in alcoholic cirrhosis requires the use of direct methods such as in vivo neutron activation analysis, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, or deuterium oxide dilution.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Ultrasonographic estimation of fetal body composition for children of diabetic mothers.

The authors hypothesized that ultrasound-generated measurements of the fetus could be used to predict body composition for children of diabetic mothers. Seven ultrasonically identifiable fetal morphometric parameters were measured on 21 fetuses of diabetic mothers within 7 days of delivery. These seven individual measurements were then matched to neonatal morphometric estimations of body composition by means of stepwise regression analysis. Ultrasound variables which were found to show significant correlation to the newborn estimates of body composition were combined to generate an equation that could predict neonatal lean body mass and fat mass. Neonatal lean body mass could be predicted with R = .93 (P less than .001, 95% confidence limits .80-.98). Neonatal fat mass could be predicted with R = .81 (P less than .001, 95% confidence limits .55-.92). Prospective evaluation of the regression equations in an additional 18 patients showed no significant difference between ultrasound-predicted body composition and newborn morphometric estimation of body composition. The authors conclude that estimations of fetal body composition are possible, and may provide a valuable tool in the identification of fetal growth abnormalities.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Differences in resting metabolic rate between paraplegic and able-bodied subjects are explained by differences in body composition.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the relation between body composition and energy metabolism in paraplegia. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the relation between body composition and energy metabolism in healthy paraplegics as compared with able-bodied control subjects. We hypothesized that paraplegics would have lower fat-free mass (FFM), body cell mass (BCM), resting metabolic rate (RMR), and thermic effect of feeding (TEF). DESIGN: This cross-sectional study included 34 control subjects and 28 paraplegics (mean age: 29.1 +/- 7.6 and 33.9 +/- 9.2 y, respectively) with body mass indexes (in kg/m(2)) of 23.5 +/- 1.8 and 24.3 +/- 6.0, respectively. We measured RMR and TEF with indirect calorimetry, total body water with deuterium dilution, and extracellular water with corrected bromide space. We calculated FFM (total body water/0.732) and BCM [(total body water - extracellular water)/0.732)]. RESULTS: FFM was higher in control subjects than in paraplegics (77.2 +/- 7.2% and 69.2 +/- 8.7%, respectively; P = 0.0002), as were BCM (47.4 +/- 6.7% and 35.9 +/- 8.1%, respectively; P < 0.0001) and RMR (7016 +/- 935 and 6159 +/- 954 kJ/d, respectively; P = 0.0007). FFM was the single best predictor of RMR in both groups (r(2) = 0.83 for control subjects and 0.70 for paraplegics, P < 0.0001 for both). RMR adjusted for FFM did not differ significantly between control subjects and paraplegics (6670 +/- 504 and 6588 +/- 501 kJ/d, respectively). TEF also did not differ significantly between control subjects and paraplegics (6.25 +/- 2.2% and 5.53 +/- 1.8% of energy intake, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: FFM, BCM, and RMR, but not obligatory TEF, are lower in paraplegics than in control subjects. RMR does not differ between control and paraplegic subjects after adjustment for FFM, indicating similar metabolic activity in the fat-free compartment of the body.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1986

Evaluation of urea dilution as a technique for estimating body composition of beef steers in vivo: validation of published equations and comparison with chemical composition.

Urea dilution equations for prediction of empty body water in live cattle, developed by three separate groups of investigators, were evaluated by comparing empty body water calculated by these equations with that measured chemically in 6-, 12- and 18-mo-old crossbred beef steers (n = 10, 9 and 9, respectively). Of four equations for prediction of percent empty body water, one derived from mixed-breeds of steers overestimated empty body water in the 6-mo-old steers by 7.59% (P less than .05). For the 12- and 18-mo-old steers, calculated and measured percent empty body water did not differ (P greater than .05). Of seven equations for calculation of empty body water volume, two derived from Angus steers with an without live weight in the equation, and one derived from a combination of Angus and mixed-breeds of steers overestimated empty body water (P less than .05) in the 6-mo-old steers. No differences (P greater than .05) between calculated and measured empty body water volume were observed for either the 12- or 18-mo-old steers. When calculated empty body water values were regressed against that measured directly, all regression slopes were not different from 1 (P greater than .05). Intercepts from regressions involving percent empty body water (four equations) were not different from 0. Three of the seven equations for calculation of empty body water volume, one derived from bulls and the others from Angus steers had intercept estimates not different (P greater than .05) from 0. Validity required that these regressions have slopes not different from 1 and intercepts not different from 0. Empty body water calculated from equations that combined live weight and urea space were more highly correlated with directly measured empty body water than that calculated from equations derived only from urea space. Urea space correlations with body composition of our steers also were improved when live weight was included with urea space in multiple regression models. Results of this study suggest that before using any prediction equation for calculating body composition of cattle in vivo, equations should be tested with a sub-sample of cattle from the population for which its use is intended.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Assessment of body composition in cats and dogs.

The assessment of body composition in any species is important to the understanding of subjects such as the control of obesity, the realimentation of sick animals and the evaluation of energy requirements. In most cases our requirement is to assess the chemical constituents of the body by the measurement of the fat and fat-free mass (FFM) of the subject. There may also be a requirement to break down the FFM mass into its component parts and measure the tissue distribution within the body. Clearly in the understanding of the causes and effects of obesity in companion animals, the evaluation of the actual level of obesity is fundamental. Similarly, whilst classifying the effectiveness of a weight loss programme it is vital that the reduction in weight loss and the distribution of tissue types can be accurately recorded by the veterinary surgeon or clinician. This review covers the theory of body composition measurement and the techniques which have been developed, together with their relevance to studies with companion animals. Most techniques are based on indirect methods which use the model of the body being at least two chemically distinct compartments, the fat and the FFM. In more complex analyses four and even six compartment models are considered which include concepts such as protein content, cell and osseous mineral content. The techniques to be covered include the measurement of total body water (for example by the use of isotope dilution), anthropometric techniques (skinfold thickness and dimensional evaluation), densitometry, total body potassium, muscle metabolite markers, absorptiometry, neutron activation analysis, electrical conductance, ultrasound, near infrared interactance, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2000

Epidemiological applications of body composition. The effects and adjustment of measurement errors.

The amounts of fat and fat-free mass (FFM) are functions of lifestyle, diseases, increasing age, and genetics. The levels of these body compartments are established risk factors for cardiovascular and related chronic diseases. Body composition can be assessed by several methods. The measurements for each method have inherent variations, which can be due to error in the measurement or biological variation. This presentation focuses on the reliability and precision of body composition measurements and the impact of these errors on epidemiological and population-based studies. The effects of these errors in applying body composition to epidemiological studies include the following: (1) the association of cardiovascular risk factors with body composition in cross-sectional studies; (2) changes in body composition in longitudinal or intervention studies; (3) association of changes in body composition with cardiovascular risk factors; and (4) comparison of levels of body composition among subgroups in cross-sectional studies and in intervention studies.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1999

Body composition of healthy 7-and 8-year-old children and a comparison with the 'reference child'.

BACKGROUND: There are few longitudinal data on body composition in healthy children. This has prompted a reliance on notional standards such as the 'reference child', to validate new methods of determining body composition and comparing cross-sectional height, weight and fatness data. OBJECTIVES: These were twofold-to provide normative longitudinal data on changes in body composition in healthy pre-pubertal children, and to compare measures of growth and body composition with the appropriate age-specific reference child. DESIGN: A sample of healthy Scottish children aged 7-8y (n = 257) was recruited during 1991/1992. Data on height, weight, skinfold thickness and resistance from bioelectrical impedance analysis were collected twice, 12 months apart. Percentage body fat was estimated from both skinfolds and bioelectrical impedance. RESULTS: Fat and fat-free mass, but not body mass index, differed between boys and girls. All measurements increased significantly over the 12 month period except percentage body fat from skinfolds in boys. The reference child comparison revealed that our sample was taller, heavier and fatter and gained weight and fat mass at a greater rate than the Fomon standards. CONCLUSIONS: Data from the children in this study suggest that the reference child has a body composition which is now out of date. This may have important implications for body composition methodology. New references for height and weight may be required, but an upgrading of the body fat reference may conflict with public health aims to reduce obesity.

Body Composition↗

PubMed1984

Research progress in validation of clinical methods of assessing body composition.

Anthropometry is the method of choice for estimating body composition in the clinical setting. The method can be accurate, and requires little time, space, equipment, or financial outlay. Although used extensively in epidemiological research, height/weight indices are not as accurate as skinfold and circumference measures for estimating body composition. The validity of estimating body density is enhanced by using a combination of skin-fold and circumference measures in a multiple-regression model. Some recently developed generalized equations may have a broader application for use in varied populations than several population-specific equations. The newer equations take into account the potential change in ratio of internal to external fat and bone density with age, and the nonlinear relationship between skinfold fat and body density. The validity of using skinfolds for estimating body density can be significantly affected by caliper selection and measurement procedures. Inter-observer errors appear to be the most problematic, with improper skinfold site selection causing the greatest variation among observers. To improve the validity of the anthropometric technique for use in the clinical setting, more precise standards and description of methods need to be developed.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

[Post-therapeutic changes in body composition of patients with Graves' disease].

Changes in patients' body composition following therapy for Graves' disease were assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The subjects were 21 patients (6 males, 15 females) who were treated with 131I. Their ages ranged from 24 to 75 years (median 51.2 years). Changes in body composition were analyzed by evaluating the fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM). Both FM and LM were significantly increased after therapy. The increase in LM was greater in the males, whereas in females, no significant difference was noted between the changes in FM and LM. The distributions of FM and LM were examined in the arms, legs and trunk after therapy, and FM was significantly increased in the trunk, while LM was increased in the legs. DXA is useful for the assessment of body composition as well as bone mineral content in follow-up study of Graves' disease.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1992

Long-term effect of physical activity on energy balance and body composition.

We studied the effect of an increase in physical activity on energy balance and body composition without interfering with energy intake (EI). Sixteen women and sixteen men, aged 28-41 years, body mass index 19.4-26.4 kg/m2, not participating in any sport before the start of the experiment, prepared to run a half-marathon competition after 44 weeks. Measurements of body composition, EI and energy expenditure (EE) were performed before (0 weeks), and 8, 20, and 40 weeks after the start of training. Body composition was measured with hydrodensitometry and isotope dilution, and EI with a 7 d dietary record. EE was measured overnight in a respiration chamber (sleeping metabolic rate (SMR)) and in a number of subjects over 2-week intervals with doubly-labelled water (average daily metabolic rate (ADMR)). ADMR showed an average increase of 30% in both sexes from the start of training onwards while SMR tended to decrease. EI showed a tendency to drop from week 20 to week 40 in the men and a tendency to increase from week 20 to week 40 in the women. Body mass (BM) did not change in both sexes until the observation at 40 weeks when the median value of the change in men was -1.0 kg (P < 0.01; Wilcoxon signed-rank) while the corresponding change of -0.9 kg in the women was not statistically significant. Body composition changes were most pronounced in men as well. Based on changes in BM, body volume and total body water, men lost 3.8 kg fat mass (FM) (P < 0.001; Wilcoxon signed-rank) and gained 1.6 kg protein mass (P < 0.01; Wilcoxon signed-rank) while the corresponding changes in women were 2.0 kg (P < 0.05; Wilcoxon signed-rank) and 1.2 kg (P < 0.05; Wilcoxon signed-rank). In men the loss of FM was positively correlated with the initial percentage body fat (Pearson r 0.92, P < 0.001). In conclusion, body fat can be reduced by physical activity although women tend to compensate for the increased EE with an increased EI, resulting in a smaller effect on BM and FM compared with men.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Effects of recombinant mouse growth hormone treatment on growth and body composition in GHRH knock out mice.

OBJECTIVE: GH deficiency (GHD) causes growth failure and alterations in body composition both in humans and mice. Mouse models of GHD are used to study the effect of GH replacement therapy on these parameters. As the administration of human GH to mice causes development of antibodies and progressive reduction of its effectiveness, the use of species-specific GH is recommended. To determine the optimal GH replacement schedule in GHD mice, and to study its effect on body composition, we treated mice with targeted ablation of the GHRH gene (GHRH knock out-GHRHKO) with recombinant mouse GH (rmGH). DESIGN: One week-old GHRHKO male animals received either placebo or one of two different regimens of escalating doses of rmGH: R1: 30 microg/daily (1st week), 50 microg/daily (2nd week), 70 microg/daily (3rd-4th week); R2: 15 microg/twice a day (1st week), 25 microg/twice a day (2nd week), 35 microg/twice a day (3rd-4th week). Sex- and age-matched wild-type (WT) animals served as controls. At the end of the study we measured body length and weight, tibia and femur length, and body composition. RESULTS: While R1 normalized all growth parameters (TBW, N-A, femur, tibia length), R2 mice achieved significantly higher TBW, N-A and femur length when compared to WT. Body composition abnormalities (increased subcutaneous fat and reduced lean mass) were completely reverted by both treatment schedules. None of the GH-induced parameter modification described above was reflected in parallel changes in circulating serum IGF-1 and liver IGF-1 mRNA. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that in GHD mice body composition changes are reverted by rmGH and that twice/daily is more effective than daily administration.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Body composition in childhood: effects of normal growth and disease.

Body composition in children is of increasing interest within the contexts of childhood obesity, clinical management of patients and nutritional programming as a pathway to adult disease. Energy imbalance appears to be common in many disease states; however, body composition is not routinely measured in patients. Traditionally, clinical interest has focused on growth or nutritional status, whereas more recent studies have quantified fat mass and lean mass. The human body changes in proportions and chemical composition during childhood and adolescence. Most of the weight gain comprises lean mass rather than fat. In general, interest has focused on percentage fat, and less attention has been paid to the way in which lean mass varies within and between individuals. In the general population secular trends in BMI have been widely reported, indicating increasing levels of childhood obesity, which have been linked to reduced physical activity. However, lower activity levels may potentially lead not only to increased fatness, but also to reduced lean mass. This issue merits further investigation. Diseases have multiple effects on body composition and may influence fat-free mass and/or fat mass. In some diseases both components change in the same direction, whereas in other diseases, the changes are contradictory and may be concealed by relatively normal weight. Improved techniques are required for clinical evaluations. Both higher fatness and reduced lean mass may represent pathways to an increased risk of adult disease.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1975

Body composition in control, alcoholic and depressive individuals using a multiple isotope technique and whole body counting of potassium.

(1) Height, weight, total body potassium, exchangeable sodium, bromide space, total body water and concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride in plasma were measured in control subjects and individuals suffering from alcoholism, with techniques which included body counting and a multiple isotope method using 24Na, 82Br and 3H2O. (2) No differences were found between control and alcoholic subjects so there was no evidence that chronic alcoholism altered body composition. In particular there was no eficence of cellular damage or loss which would have been reflected in changes in KT or KIN. (3) The data were combined and were analysed to give information on the relationships of the variates. (4) On-going work by the author on tryptophan metabolism in primary alcoholics is compared to Shaw's findings on the kinetic behaviour of tryptophan in affective disorder. The possible prophylactic value of L-tryptophan (Optimax) in preventing both recurrent depression and recurrent alcohol abuse is outlined. (5) Data on body composition in normal subjects not hitherto available in the literature is provided.

Adult↗