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A method is described for assaying 5-fluorocytosine levels in serum or other body fluids. It is simpler and less expensive than the standard cylinder plate assay and is therefore more practical for routine diagnostic laboratory testing.
Although recent studies indicate a high prevalence (12-92%) of TT virus (TTV) DNA in sera of healthy Japanese individuals, there is a paucity of information regarding the route of transmission of this virus. Analyzing the nucleotide sequences of the existing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers of TTV DNA, we developed a set of noble primers (HM-1) and looked for the prevalence of TTV DNA in sera from 39 normal healthy Japanese individuals using PCR. The existence of TTV DNA was also checked in saliva, urine, sweat, stool, and tears from 11 and in semen from 10 serum TTV-positive normal subjects. TTV DNA was detected in sera from 23 of 39 (59.0%) normal subjects. TTV DNA was also detected in saliva, stool, semen and tears from all cases with TTV-DNA-positive serum, but not in body fluids from subjects with TTV-DNA-negative serum. TTV DNA remained undetected in urine and sweat from all cases. Data from these experiments showing the existence of TTV DNA in different body fluids suggest that the high rates of prevalence of TTV among normal healthy subjects might be due to a possible fecal-oral, droplet, or sexual route of transmission of TTV.
Stability of beta-Lactamase Inhibitors and beta-Lactam Antibiotics in Parenteral Formulations as Well as in Body Fluids and Tissue Homogenates/Comparative studies with sulbactam, clavulanic acid, ampicillin and amoxicillin. The beta-lactamase inhibitors and the beta-lactam antibiotics are markedly different in chemical stability. The comparative examination of 4 different infusion solutions at 4 degrees C, 25 degrees C and 37 degrees C gives the following sequence of decreasing stability: sulbactam (CAS 68373-14-8), ampicillin (CAS 69-53-4), amoxicillin (CAS 61336-70-7) and clavulanic acid (CAS 58001-44-8). It is particularly striking that the two beta-lactamase inhibitors, sulbactam and clavulanic acid, behave very differently. Sulbactam is also much more stable than clavulanic acid to incubation at 37 degrees C in body fluids or in tissue homogenates. The differences in the stability of the individual drugs should be born in mind during clinical use of combination formulations such as sulbactam/ampicillin (Unacid) and clavulanic acid/amoxicillin.
The risk of accidental blood and body fluid (BBF) exposure is a daily concern for health care workers throughout the world, and various strategies have been introduced during the past decade to help reduce that risk. To assess the impact of multifocal reduction strategies introduced in hospitals affiliated with the Northern France network, we recently examined data from 4 years of BBF-exposure reports filed by network employees. A total of 7,649 BBF exposures were reported by health care workers to occupational medicine departments in 61 hospitals. Nurses and nursing students accounted for 4,587 (60%) of exposures, followed by nurses' aides and clinicians. Most (77.6%) of the reports were related to needlestick injury (NSI). In addition, we examined BBF exposure trends over time by analyzing data from 18 hospitals (29.5%) with data available for the time period of 1995 to 1998. These were assessed in nurses, who have the highest and most consistent reporting rate. We noted that the BBF-exposure incidence rate for all BBF exposures in nurses decreased from 10.8 to 7.7 per 100 nurses per year between 1995 and 1998 (P <.001), whereas the NSI rate decreased 8.9 per 100 nurses per year in 1995 to 6.3 in 1998 (P <.001). The percentage of NSIs that resulted from noncompliance with universal precautions also decreased significantly (P =.04). Widespread improvements in procedures and engineering controls were implemented in the Northern France network before and during the study period. Significant reductions were observed in reports of BBF exposures and NSIs, particularly in nurses. These findings are similar to those in other countries and reflect the overall improvement in the management of occupational risk of BBF in health care workers.
On-line combination of capillary isotachophoresis and zone electrophoresis performed in two coupled capillaries (ITP-CZE) is used for the trace analysis of L-ascorbic acid in human serum, urine and stomach fluid. At the ITP stage, anionic sample components are separated into individual zones and macrocomponents are detected and driven out of the migration path. In the CZE stage, only a small segment of the sample zones containing L-ascorbic acid is analyzed. High sensitivity of this hyphenated method (limit of detection, 0.09-0.15 mg/L), low sample volume consumption (2 microL), and acceptable reproducibility of the results (relative standard deviation, 8%) in the concentration range 0.1-15 mg/L demonstrate that the method is applicable for the study of the relation between the content of L-ascorbic acid in body fluids and the state of health of a person, in which lower amounts of L-ascorbic acid than the normal levels (i.e., 5.1-15.1 mg/L in human serum and 12.5-26.8 mg/L in urine) are expected. Possible interferences of other components of the body fluids are excluded by good correlation of the results obtained by the ITP-CZE method and a routine colorimetric method.
A new assay was developed to determine the concentration of amphotericin B in body fluids. The Bactec radiometric system was used to measure CO(2) production by a test strain, Candida albicans MDA 448, in the presence of amphotericin B. After 5-h incubation, drug concentrations as low as 0.2 mug/ml could be detected. The results are comparable to those of the commonly used agar diffusion assay with Paecilomyces varioti.
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Few data assess the exposure of students to blood or other potentially infectious body fluids during medical school. Fourth-year medical students completed a written survey immediately before graduation describing exposures during their last 2 years. Nearly one half of all graduating students recalled at least one exposure, with only 40% of these exposures reported to supervising house staff or faculty. Clerkships with the highest exposure rates were emergency medicine, surgery, and obstetrics-gynecology.
Body fluid compartments at different levels of graded hypohydration and partial rehydration were determined using radiotracers in 28 heat-acclimated, male volunteers from tropical regions of India, in hot dry conditions in a climatic chamber. These subjects were hypohydrated to varying degrees (i.e., 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% body mass deficit) by moderate work in hot conditions in a climatic chamber maintained at 45 degrees C dry bulb temperature and 30% relative humidity. Rehydration study was carried out only in those subjects who were hypohydrated to 3% and 4% body mass and who were brought back to 2% level of hypohydration by receiving a calculated amount of water. Up to the 2% level of hypohydration, a major contribution towards sweat loss was observed from the interstitial fluid (ISF) compartment. At higher levels of hypohydration, no further significant loss from ISF was seen, though significant losses in intracellular fluid (ICF) and plasma volume (PV) were apparent. The present study also found that at the 4% hypohydration level, a maximum fluid contribution was met by the ICF compartment. Significant increases observed in sweat K+ at 3 and 4% also indicate the ICF mobilization, which is rich in K+ ions. On partial rehydration, the ISF compartment held the repletion fluid in excess, and was found to be enough to restore sweat rate to euhydration level. This study clearly indicates that sudorific gain is achieved with partial restoration alone in subjects hypohydrated to 3 and 4% levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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A microbiological assay method for measurement of T-3761 and its stability in body fluids were investigated. The paper disc method proved suitable for this assay using Escherichia coli Kp as a test organism and commercially available heart infusion agar as a test medium. When using the paper disc method, lower detection limit of T-3761 was approximately 0.05 microgram/ml and 0.1 microgram/ml for 1/15M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and human serum, respectively. T-3761 in human serum and urine was stable under freezing -20 degrees C for at least 28 days.
Phencyclidine (PCP) can be detected in body fluids with very high sensitivity by gas chromatography (GC) with surface ionization detection (SID) using pethidine as internal standard. PCP was extracted with Sep-Pak C18 cartridges from whole blood and urine samples, which gave clean extracts. The calibration curve for spiked whole blood was linear in the range 1.25-20 ng/ml. The detection limit of PCP was approximately 15 pg on-column (0.75 ng/ml sample), which was much lower than by GC-nitrogen phosphorus detection. The recovery of PCP and pethidine from spiked whole blood or urine samples was above 85%. This method seems very useful for the determination of PCP in forensic and clinical toxicology.
The effects of simulated body fluid (SBF) on the surface and mechanical properties of poly(aliphatic/aromatic-ester) (PED) copolymers were investigated. PED copolymers containing different hard (aromatic) and soft (aliphatic) segment weight ratios were exposed to SBF for 52 days, and afterwards their mechanical properties were evaluated. A quasi-static tensile test estimating relaxation and fatigue properties from the hysteresis method was performed. The surface properties were monitored with scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. PED copolymers showed various susceptibilities to apatite layer formation on the surface. This was ascribed to the hard/soft segment ratios of PED materials. Polymers containing higher amounts of amorphous soft segments showed a better deposition with the apatite layer, which provided improved mechanical properties, especially fatigue (improved dynamic creep resistance).
Praziquantel was determined in body fluids by gas liquid chromatography as follows: A known amount of an internal standard and 0.1 N sodium hydroxide solution was added to the sample to be analyzed. After extraction with methyl acetate/diisopropyl ether = 30/70, the organic extract was evaporated, the residue taken up in methylacetate and an aliquot injected for glc analysis. Separation was accomplished on a OV3 silicon oil phase, and for detection and quantitation, a thermoionic FID sensitized for nitrogen-containing compounds was used. The determination limit in serum is about 0.01 micrograms/ml. The relative standard deviation for serum concentrations of 0.1 micrograms/ml was found to be 4.5%.
High resolution protein patterns of various human body fluids are compared. They were obtained by non-restrictive agarose electrophoresis in the first and exclusion electrophoresis on polyacrylamide pore gradients in the second dimension. The majority of serum proteins above 10 mg/dl have been identified and the heterogeneities of high density lipoproteins, immunoglobulins and haptoglobins become visible within the charge/size grid of the two-dimensional pattern. Since secretory and serum-derived components can be differentiated, the contribution of protein synthesis and filtration to the formation of the finally released fluid can be assessed. The technique may be used to screen complex soluble protein mixtures for pathological components. There is a wide range of variations in composition from the secretory fluids (e.g. tears, colostrum, milk, seminal fluid) to virtually "pure" filtrates (pleural effusions, osteoarthritic synovial fluid, cyst puncture fluid, and amniotic fluid). It is evident that the composition of the serum-derived fraction depends primarily upon the selectivity of the respective blood/body fluid barriers. The resolution capacity of the technique is compared with that obtained by two-dimensional gel-focusing/SDS electrophoresis of the constituent serum protein subunits.
To examine work-related blood and body fluid exposure (BBFE) among health-care workers (HCWs), to explore potential risk factors and to provide policy suggestions, a 6-year retrospective study of all reported BBFE among HCWs (1998-2003) was conducted in a 430-bed teaching hospital in Australia. Results showed that BBFE reporting was consistent throughout the study period, with medical staff experiencing the highest rate of sharps injury (10.4%). Hollow-bore needles were implicated in 51.7% of all percutaneous injuries. Most incidents occurred during sharps use (40.4%) or after use but before disposal (27.1%). Nursing staff experienced 68.5% of reported mucocutaneous exposure. Many such exposures occurred in the absence of any protective attire (61.1%). This study indicated that emphasis on work practice, attire, disposal systems and education strategies, as well as the use of safety sharps should be employed to reduce work-related injuries among HCWs in Australia.