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PubMed1994

[Epidemiology of digestive parasitic diseases of young cattle in northern Cameroon].

Studies of gastro-intestinal parasites of zebu calves were carried out in traditional herds in Northern Cameroon through monthly faecal analysis in 17 herds for a period of two years. Toxocarosis appeared to be the most important parasitic infection in the North province where its prevalence reached 58% in calves aged 0-6 months; 60% of the infested calves passed large numbers of eggs at least once. Samples revealing high egg counts were more frequent in the dry season. Deworming calves aged one month with a cheap anthelmintic against Toxocara is likely to be economically profitable in the North. Seventy-five and a half per cent of the calves 0-12 months old were infested with Strongyloides; high counts of Strongyloides eggs were registered at least once for 31% of these calves. As for toxocarosis, calves seemed to be more often and more heavily infested with Strongyloides in the North than in the Far North province. Strongyloidosis was apparently of low clinical importance, with the rare clinical manifestations accompanied by toxocarosis. The importance of digestive tract strongylosis was difficult to evaluate. Every steer was affected at one stage of its life in a similar manner in the two provinces; 6.8% of samples showed high egg counts and 35% of the steers aged over six months passed large numbers of eggs at least once. These results did not permit a priori recommendation of a systematic deworming programme against strongyles; instead, several less intensive deworming programmes have to be tested in order to determine their economic profitability. Coccidia were found in 77.4% of calves aged 0-12 months, with heavier and more frequent infections in the North. However, infections of high intensity were generally rare. Trichuris, Moniezia, Fasciola and paramphistomes were rarely found. Concerning nematodosis, curative treatments and cost-profit studies of deworming programmes should be aimed at toxocarosis in calves aged 0-3 months in the North, and strongylosis in steers aged 6-12 months, in both provinces.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

[A new hereditary disease in Braunvieh cattle in Switzerland: spinal demyelinization (SDM) in calves that remain in lateral recumbency].

Clinical, laboratory and histopathological findings are described in ten Braunvieh calves with Spinal Dysmyelination (SDM). Characteristically, immediately after birth the animals were normally alert but remained in lateral recumbency with opisthotonus, spastic hind limbs, partially increased spinal reflexes and were unable to stand or support themselves. Histological examination of the spinal cord revealed a bilateral symmetrical reduction of myelin. Means of differentiating between SDM and other conditions, in particular spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Exposure to Mycobacterium avium induces low-level protection from Mycobacterium bovis infection but compromises diagnosis of disease in cattle.

We assessed the effect of exposure to Mycobacterium avium on the development of immune responses and the pathogenesis of disease observed following Mycobacterium bovis challenge. A degree of protection against M. bovis was observed in calves which were pre-exposed to M. avium as assessed by the extent of lesions and bacterial load compared to the M. bovis alone group. The immune response following M. bovis challenge in cattle previously inoculated with M. avium was biased towards antigens (PPD) present in M. avium, whereas the response following M. bovis alone was biased towards antigens present in M. bovis, indicating an imprinting of memory to avian antigens on T lymphocytes. A consequence of the memory to M. avium antigens was failure to diagnose M. bovis infection by the skin test or the IFN(gamma) assay in some of the animals which had lesions of tuberculosis at necropsy. The use of M. bovis specific antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10 increased IFN(gamma) test specificity in animals previously exposed to M. avium but the responses to these antigens were lower than those observed in animals exposed to M. bovis alone. The implication is that responses to M. avium, although providing some immunity, may mask diagnosis of M. bovis infection, even when specific antigens are employed, potentially contributing to disease transmission in the field.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Serological, bacteriological and molecularbiological survey of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) in Austrian cattle.

Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is a chronic infectious disease of ruminants, caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Because of its long incubation period, high economic losses, difficulties in diagnosis and possible links to Morbus Crohn in humans, paratuberculosis is one of the most important diseases of ruminants today. An abattoir-based nationwide survey on the occurrence of MAP in the Austrian cattle population was performed using serology (SVANOVIR-ELISA) as well as culture, ZN-stain and IS900-PCR on faeces and lymph node samples. A total of 756 Austrian slaughter cattle were serologically, bacteriologically and molecularbiologically tested for the occurrence of MAP and specific antibodies respectively. Samples were collected following a statistical plan to obtain balanced specimens from the whole country. Nineteen per cent of the animals tested were serological positive, 10.1% gave an inconclusive result and 70.9% showed no specific antibodies against MAP. Only in four individuals MAP could be detected by stain, bacteriology or Polymerase Chain Reaction. The calculated prevalence of 19.0% positive cattle, each representing one farm, showing specific antibodies against MAP is rather high in terms of animal-level but low in herd level prevalence compared with other countries. When this study is compared with a similar study performed in Austria 1999, a significant increase of positive cattle and farms could be seen in Austria.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1990

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy--a new disease transmissable to humans?

Current concerns about the cattle disease bovine spongiform encephalopathy do not appear to take cognisance of the parallel with scrapie, the similar/identical disease of sheep/goats. This has existed for 200 years, and clearly involved a longstanding consumption of meat/offal from affected animals, but apparently without consequential human disease. A summary is given of the characteristics of the human and animal spongiform encephalopathy diseases and their causative agents. The conclusion of the official Southwood Report that the bovine disease is caused by the inclusion of sheep scrapie material in cattle fodder is critically discussed: an alternative mechanism is proposed for its emergence.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Epidemiologic survey of bovine diseases in Suriname.

A seroepidemiologic survey of cattle diseases was undertaken in Suriname in 1985 to help assess the livestock disease situation in that country. The six diseases covered by the survey were bovine coronavirus infection, bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine virus diarrhea, brucellosis, parainfluenza-3 infection, and respiratory syncytial virus infection. The results indicated relatively low prevalences of these diseases compared to the prevalences found in most developed countries. The reasons for this are uncertain, but the finding suggests that the cattle population in Suriname could lack extensive exposure to these diseases and so could be highly susceptible to them. In addition, the evident need for more thoroughgoing survey data points up the need to establish a continuous animal data health monitoring system in Suriname--as well as in other developing countries where there is a need to objectively assess the livestock disease picture.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Radiographic evaluation of caudal vena cava size as a useful parameter for the diagnosis of heart disease in dairy cattle.

To quantify the radiographic parameters of the caudal vena cava (CVC) in healthy cattle and demonstrate their clinical usefulness, the present study compared the ratios of the diameter of the thoracic CVC to the diameter of the aorta (Ao) and length of the thoracic vertebrae (VL), which are all positioned in the same intercostal space, in 81 healthy control cattle (43 growing, 38 adult) and 10 cattle with heart disease. The average diameter of the CVC (CVCave) was correlated with the size of the Ao and VL in the control cows. Although the diameter and pulsation index of the CVC differed significantly between the growing and adult cows, the ratios of CVC/Ao and CVC/VL were fixed values for both the growing and mature cattle. However, in the cattle with heart disease, the pulsation index of the CVC was significantly lower or there was absence of pulsation due to a dilated CVC, and the ratio of CVCave/Ao and CVCave/VL were significantly higher than those in the healthy cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

A comparative study of bovine and ovine Haemophilus somnus isolates.

Bacterial isolates (including 17 Haemophilus somnus isolates and an H. somnus-like isolate) from asymptomatic or diseased cattle and sheep, were evaluated for markers associated with virulence and host predilection. The isolates were separated into 6 distinct biovariants, 3 for sheep and 3 for cattle, based on reactions in a battery of 21 test media. Three bovine isolates associated with disease caused hemolysis of bovine blood. The rest of the isolates did not hemolyze either bovine or ovine erythrocytes. Protein profiles of all H. somnus isolates were similar with the exception of the major outer membrane proteins (MOMPs). The MOMPs of isolates associated with disease in cattle had a relative molecular weight of approximately 41 kDa compared with 33 kDa for the MOMPs of isolates from asymptomatic cattle. The MOMPs from sheep isolates were either slightly higher or lower than the 41 kDa MOMPs of bovine isolates. Major antigens detected by Western blotting were similar in all isolates except the H. somnus-like isolate. An immunodominant 40 kDa antigen was conserved in all H. somnus isolates. Antibodies to this antigen have previously been found to be protective in cattle and may also be protective for sheep. Marked differences between cattle and sheep isolates were revealed by use of restriction enzyme analysis, which separated the isolates into 12 ribotypes and 15 unique DNA profiles. Thus, cattle and sheep isolates in this collection had distinctive differences in biochemical reactions, MOMP profiles, and DNA analyses. Such differences have potential value for epidemiological studies and may also be used to evaluate host specificity of H. somnus isolates.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Species differences in the reaction of cattle to Jembrana disease virus infection.

Jembrana disease virus (JDV), a recently identified bovine lentivirus, causes an acute and severe disease in Bali cattle (Bos javanicus). Clinical Jembrana disease has not been reported in other types of cattle and this has led to the belief that the disease is unique to Bali cattle. This study showed, however, that other types were also susceptible. Infection of Friesian (Bos taurus) and crossbred Bali (Bos javanicus x Bos indicus) cattle induced clinical changes and lesions consistent with those detected in Bali cattle, although they were milder and would consequently have been difficult to detect under field conditions. The inoculated crossbred cattle were viraemic for 3 months and developed an antibody response to the virus that persisted for at least 46 weeks after infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Epidemiology of tick-borne diseases of cattle in Zimbabwe. III. Theileria parva group.

A survey of the occurrence of antibodies to Theileria parva using the IFA test in calves up to one year old at 244 localities in Zimbabwe revealed that the parasite occurred throughout the country although the prevalence of positive serological reactors was generally low. Outbreaks of theileriosis in high rainfall areas in the north, east and west of the country were attributed to Theileria parva bovis transmitted from cattle to cattle by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Outbreaks in high and low rainfall areas in the south and west of the country were attributed to Theileria parva lawrencei transmitted from buffalo to cattle by Rhipicephalus zambeziensis or R. appendiculatus. R. appendiculatus was not uniformly distributed in Zimbabwe. It occurred very commonly in foci in the commercial farming areas but was rare in most overgrazed communal farming areas. Outbreaks of disease attributed to T. parva bovis were recorded in some but not all the R. appendiculatus foci. The disease was present in areas infested with R. zambeziensis but it did not cause cattle deaths in these areas.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE): the end of the beginning or the beginning of the end?

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a zoonosis being the origin of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and an important cattle disease in its own right. This association has driven both the research into the disease and extensive epidemiological investigations of practical value. Not only has the occurrence of BSE has a serious effect on animal health and public health, it has also seriously interrupted trade in cattle and cattle products from affected countries. Since 2001, several additional European countries, Japan, Israel and Canada have reported BSE in native-born stock and this has led to a concern about the BSE status of countries that have imported cattle and cattle products from any affected country. A single case recently reported in the USA was in a cow imported from Canada, thus extending the risk of BSE occurrence into the North American continent as a whole. Extensive feed and offal bans have protected the food and feed chains in all countries with BSE, even though initially they tended to be leaky. Application of newly-developed, approved 'Rapid' tests for misfolded PrP in central nervous tissue of targeted, high-risk animals and slaughter cattle now provides the tools whereby the real incidence of the disease (and to a degree, infection) can be determined in an active surveillance programme. 'Rapid' testing also enables the progress of epidemics to be monitored in response to applied measures. In the EU, over 10 million cattle are tested annually. Analysis of the extensive data shows that it is the beginning of the end of the BSE epidemic in the UK; most European countries, Israel and Japan are close behind. The epidemic in North America (two cases to date) is at the beginning. Significant measures had already been adopted there to reduce the risk from recycling of infection via feed but it remains to be seen if they are watertight. Advice has been given to ensure that public health is protected and to monitor the epidemic by strategic use of approved 'Rapid' tests to determine that the epidemic is in fact trivial as believed, or otherwise to identify weaknesses in measures that can be corrected. It is imperative that all countries conduct risk assessments for BSE, follow the OIE recommendations and do not unreasonably disrupt international trade. There is a responsibility for all countries with BSE to ensure that infection is not exported to any country, particularly through live cattle and especially via meat-and-bone-meal, which is the acknowledged vehicle of transmission. There is also a responsibility placed upon all countries to protect, not only their cattle populations, but also their human populations from exposure to this economically important fatal disease. If all the advice is taken and measures enforced there is a prospect that BSE can be eliminated from countries and regions as a prelude to eradication from the world.

Animals↗