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PubMed2003

Fluorescent method for studying the morphogenesis and viability of dermatophyte cells.

The dermatophyte Microsporum canis is commonly isolated from human and animal infection. The morphogenesis of this fungus was studied during its developmental stages through the fluorescent method Fluorescein Diacetate and Ethidium Bromide. To this end, 50 microl dermatophyte suspension were transferred onto cellophane wrapping esterilized discs (2.5 cm of diameter) placed over the surface of Sabouraud dextrose agar on Petri dishes and incubated at 25 degrees C for 30 days. Every 60 minutes during the first 24 hours and every 12 hours for next 29 days, one disc was transferred onto glass slide, covered with equal volumes of freshly prepared fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and ethidium bromide (EB) solution, mounted with a coverslip and incubated in the dark for 30 minutes, at 25 degrees C. Each preparation was then examined on a fluorescent microscope. M. canis presented well defined growth stages: (1) tumescence of cells; (2) germination; (3) development of hyphae; (4) production of conidia and (5) tumescence and formation of arthroconidiae. Using the fluorescent method, non viable cells showed a light bright red coloration and viable cells presented green fluorescence. The principal morphological changes have occurred between the 3rd until the 18th day of culture. The method is very useful to demonstrate the dermatophyte growth stages as well as the perfect differentiation between viable and non viable cells.

Ethidium↗

PubMed2002

[Aneurysms from the viewpoint of medical history].

The history of arterial aneurysms dates back to the old Egypts, Byzantines and Greeks. Vesal 1557 and Harvey 1628 introduced the disease into modern medicine. They diagnosed a pulsating tumor intra vitam and confirmed the aneurysm at autopsy. Further corner stones during the 18th and beginning of the 19th century were the monographs of Lancisi and Scarpa, the latter beautifully illustrated. The first effectful therapy was external compression, the second ligature of the artery proximal to the aneurysm, which was pioneered by John Hunter in 1785. Endoaneurysmoraphy (Matas) and wrapping by cellophane were performed, before diagnostic ultrasound and bypass surgery became routine procedures and improved dramatically the survival of the patients. The diagnostic and therapeutic problems in the middle of the 20th century are illustrated by the fate of two prominent patients, Albert Einstein and Thomas Mann, who died both of a ruptured aneurysm in 1955.

Aneurysm↗

PubMed1980

Plasma protein binding in uremia: extraction and characterization of an inhibitor.

The impairment of binding drugs and other substances to serum albumin in patients with uremia can be restored to normal or near normal levels by adsorption with charcoal or synthetic polymers at pH 3. We used a nonionic poly-styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer to treat uremic plasma at pH 3. We observed a marked improvement of binding. Subsequent elution of this resin with ethanol produced a substance that, when dried and recombined with normal plasma, caused dose-dependent impairment of phenytoin and tryptophan binding. Restoration of normal binding affinity occurred after retreatment of this abnormalized plasma with resin at pH 3. Plasma and pleural fluid exudate from patients with uremia yielded, after extraction by the above technique, and inhibitor(s) of phenytoin binding in amounts averaging five times that extracted from equal volumes of normal plasma. This inhibitor (IX) is water soluble, heat stable, and dialyzable across cellophane membranes. Unlike fatty acids, which can also interfere with binding, IX partitions primarily in the water phase in solvent partition studies but undergoes a sharp transition in th pH 4 to 5 range, suggesting the presence of carboxyl group. These findings lend further support to the hypothesis that a retained ligand(s) is responsible for impaired plasma binding associated with uremia and suggests a role for organic acids known to accumulate in renal failure.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Symptoms and activation of granulocytes and complement with two dialysis membranes.

Complement (C) activation, neutropenia, and mild pulmonary dysfunction attend hemodialysis (HD) with cellophane [for example, cuprophan (Cu)] membranes. While usually asymptomatic, these phenomena may cause distress in patients with cardiopulmonary disease, and "start-up" symptoms of HD might be mediated by C-stimulated granulocytes (PMNs). Cellulose acetate (CA) hemodialysis membranes have been devised and claimed more blood compatible than Cu. In a blinded series of HD patients, pruritus, fatigue, and sense of well-being were each scored statistically more favorably by the patients during HD with CA than during HD with Cu (P less than 0.05). Postulating that less C activation might underlie the benefit, we showed that neutropenia was less severe with CA (nadir 77.6% of initial count, +/- 4 SEM) than with Cu (38.3% +/- 2.9; P less than 0.01). In vitro, incubation of CA membranes with plasma led to less C3 conversion (20% vs. 40%), less PMN aggregating activity (5.9 ZAP units vs. 36.3) and less decrement in CH50 (6.5% vs. 22%) than like incubations of Cu. C activation was also less potent in vivo: During HD plasma C3a rose from a mean 401 ng/ml to a peak 6,325 in patients on Cu dialyzers, but from 426 to only 3,637 in patients on CA devices (P less than 0.05). Time-course studies suggested CA was initially as potent an activator as Cu but rapidly lost ability to activate C, possibly because of saturation of C3b binding sites. As an index of PMN activation, we also assayed plasma lactoferrin and found levels significantly higher during Cu than CA dialysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anaphylatoxins↗

PubMed1976

Assessment of autonomic and non-autonomic components of resting hindlimb vascular resistance and reactivity to pressor substances in renal hypertensive rabbits.

1. Hindlimb vascular resistance (HVR) was measured before and after pharmacological autonomic blockade in unanesthetized renal cellophan-wrap hypertensive or normotensive rabbits with previously implanted Doppler ultrasonic flowmeters. 2. When the blood pressure was restored to resting values after autonomic block, the elevated resting HVR in the hypertensive rabbits was entirely accounted for by an increased non-autonomic component (i.e. HVR after block). If the pressure was not restored after block the autonomic component (i.e. resting HVR minus non-autonomic HVR) was overestimated and the non-autonomic component was underestimated. 3. During maximum vasodilatation the minimum HVR was significantly higher in the hypertensive rabbits than in the normotensive group, probably due to structural differences of resistance vessels. 4. Reactivity of the hindlimb bed to noradrenaline, angiotensin II and vasopressin injections was approximately twice as great in the hypertensive rabbits as in the sham-operated group, probably as a consequence of the structural changes.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Cardiac output changes during experimental renal hypertension in the rabbit.

1. The haemodynamic changes during the development of hypertension in rabbits have been studied for 1 week before and 4-5 weeks after sham-operation (thirteen rabbits) or bilateral renal cellophan wrapping (thirteen rabbits), Doppler flowmeters being used to measure cardiac output. 2. There was a significant but transient rise in cardiac output on post-operative day 4 in six of thirteen sham-operated rabbits and six of thirteen renal-wrap rabbits before development of hypertension. Both groups showed the same rise in mean cardiac output of 10%. The reise in cardiac output was more transient than in other species, and was not essential for subsequent development of hypertension.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Differences in stratum corneum pH gradient when comparing white Caucasian and black African-American skin.

This study assessed pH gradient changes in relation to stratum corneum (SC) depth and possible differences between white caucasian and black African-American skin. Ten white and eight black people entered the study. SC was progressively removed by cellophane tape stripping on the volar forearm and weighed with a microbalance. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and SC pH were measured every three tape strippings. Significantly increased TEWL and decreased pH values were found with increasing SC depth in both races. Significantly increased TEWL in black people was found after three and six tape strippings (P < 0.05 and 0.03, respectively); pH was significantly decreased in black people after three tape strippings (P < 0.005). No differences were found between the races after nine, 12 and 15 strippings, i.e. in the deeper SC layers. The data confirm that pH in the superficial SC layers decreases with SC depth; only total SC removal results in increased pH values. In the superficial layers, there are significant differences in both water evaporation and skin pH, possibly explaining the contradictory literature.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Beneficial effects of synthetic phospholipid polymer, poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-co-n-butyl methacrylate), on stratum corneum function.

The effects of a newly synthesized phospholipid polymer, poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-co-n-butyl methacrylate) [poly(MPC-co-BMA)], on the water barrier function and water-holding capacity of the stratum corneum were examined by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and electrical conductance of the skin surface. On the backs of four NC mice, the epidermal permeability barrier was abrogated by cellophane tape stripping 30 times. The skin was then treated with 0.1% poly(MPC-co-BMA) or distilled water twice daily for the following 3 days. Poly(MPC-co-BMA) reduced TEWL significantly compared with the control after the first treatment (P = 0.044) and this effect was observed for 3 days. In human skin, water-holding capacity was measured at 5, 10, 15, 30 min and 1, 2, and 4 h after the application of poly(MPC-co-BMA) or distilled water to both volar forearms of 21 healthy volunteers. Skin treated with poly(MPC-co-BMA) showed significantly greater ability to retain water at all time points. Poly(MPC-co-BMA) is the first synthetic material that can enhance both the water barrier function and water-holding capacity of the stratum corneum. Our results indicate that this substance may be useful clinically in the treatment of dry skin.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Stripped skin model to predict irritation potential of topical agents in vivo in humans.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The prediction of the irritation effects of products of low irritation potential remains problematic. An in vivo human model was utilized to define the irritation potential of a topical agent after partial removal of the stratum corneum by cellophane tape stripping. METHODS: The tape was applied to and removed approximately 50 times (mean, 50.0 +/- 16.7) from each test site on the volar aspect of the forearm. One site served as the stripping control, receiving tape stripping only. The other test sites received the topical agent and placebo control. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured before and daily for 5 days. The TEWL values at baseline after stripping represented the point of maximal stripping barrier disruption. The barrier disruption and irritation potential were assessed with TEWL measurements. RESULTS: The results showed that the model topical agent had no adverse effect on barrier repair, i.e. did not interfere with TEWL normalization. CONCLUSIONS: This model provides a method for the prediction, with exaggerated sensitivity, of chemical irritation and proclivity to enhance or retard water barrier repair. We believe that the model may predict the response of low irritation materials and may be more sensitive than patch testing on normal skin, particularly for products to be used on certain areas, e.g. the face, anus, etc., or even mucous membranes. The model must receive extensive use with chemicals of varying properties in order to define its chemical relevance.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed2001

Metalloendopeptidases EC 3.4.24.15 and EC 3.4.24.16 and bradykinin B2 receptors do not play important roles in renal wrap hypertension in rabbits.

1. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of the metalloendopeptidase (EP) 24.15 and 24.16 inhibitor N-[1-(R,S)-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl]-Ala-Aib-Tyr-p-aminobenzoate (JA-2) on haemodynamics and renal function in conscious rabbits with two-kidney, two-wrapped hypertension. We have also examined the role of endogenous bradykinin in the maintenance phase of this form of renovascular hypertension and whether inhibition of bradykinin degradation contributes to any potential effects of JA-2. 2. In two preliminary operations, rabbits were equipped with transit-time ultrasound flow probes for measuring cardiac output (CO) and renal blood flow (RBF) and had both kidneys wrapped in cellophane. Starting 4 weeks after the last operation, rabbits underwent four studies (3-5 days apart), during which they were treated with combinations of the bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist icatibant or its vehicle (1 mL/kg bodyweight 0.9% w/v NaCl) and JA-2 or its vehicle (1 mL/kg of a 5% w/v 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, 2.5% v/v dimethylsulphoxide solution). Renal function was monitored using standard renal clearance methods. 3. Icatibant (10 microg/kg) had no significant effects on systemic haemodynamic variables (mean arterial pressure, heart rate or CO), renal haemodynamic variables (RBF or glomerular filtration rate), urine flow or sodium excretion. At 5 mg/kg plus 3 mg/kg per h, JA-2 also did not affect any of these variables, either after icatibant vehicle treatment or after icatibant treatment. 4. Our data do not support major roles for endogenous bradykinin or bradykinin degradation by EP 24.15/24.16 in the control of systemic and renal haemodynamics or renal excretory function in two-kidney, two-wrapped hypertension in rabbits.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗

PubMed2000

Permeability barrier disorder in Niemann-Pick disease: sphingomyelin-ceramide processing required for normal barrier homeostasis.

Prior studies have established the requirement for enzymatic hydrolysis of glucosylceramides to ceramide for epidermal barrier homeostasis. In this study, we asked whether sphingomyelin-derived ceramide, resulting from acid-sphingomyelinase activity, is also required for normal barrier function. We showed first, that a subset of Niemann-Pick patients with severe acid-sphingomyelinase deficiency (i.e., <2% residual activity) demonstrate abnormal permeability barrier homeostasis, i.e., delayed recovery kinetics following acute barrier disruption by cellophane tape-stripping. To obtain further mechanistic insights into the potential requirement for sphingomyelin-to-ceramide processing for the barrier, we next studied the role of acid-sphingomyelinase in hairless mouse skin. Murine epidermis contains abundant acid-sphingomyelinase activity (optimal pH 5.1-5.6). Two hours following acute barrier disruption by tape-stripping, acid-sphingomyelinase activity increases 1. 44-fold (p<0.008 versus vehicle-treated controls), an increase that is blocked by a single topical application of the acid-sphingomyelinase inhibitor, palmitoyldihydrosphingosine. Furthermore, both palmitoyldihydrosphingosine and desipramine, a chemically and mechanically unrelated acid-sphingomyelinase inhibitor, significantly delay barrier recovery both 2 and 4 h after acute barrier abrogation. Inhibitor application also causes both an increase in sphingomyelin content, and a reduction of normal extracellular lamellar membrane structures, in the stratum corneum. Both of the inhibitor-induced delays in barrier recovery can be overridden by co-applications of topical ceramide, demonstrating that an alteration of the ceramide-sphingomyelin ratio, rather than sphingomyelin accumulation, is likely responsible for the barrier abnormalities that occur with acid-sphingomyelinase deficiency. These studies demonstrate an important role for enzymatic processing of sphingomyelin-to-ceramide by acid-sphingomyelinase as a mechanism for generating a portion of the stratum corneum ceramides for permeability barrier homeostasis in mammalian skin.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Hyperreninemic hypertension secondary to a subcapsular perinephric hematoma in a patient with polyarteritis nodosa.

Page kidney is the name ascribed to a rare syndrome of hyperreninemic hypertension caused by unilateral compressive perinephritis. Blood or fluid that accumulates in the perinephric subcapsular space compresses the renal parenchyma leading to ischemia. This syndrome is analogous to the description of cellophane-induced perinephritis by Page in 1939. Page kidney typically presents in healthy young men after blunt trauma to the flank or abdomen, although cases have been noted after medical or surgical interventions. We report a case of a Page kidney in a young man with hepatitis B virus-associated polyarteritis nodosa. The patient presented with severe hypertension, hypokalemia, hyperreninemia, and radiographic evidence of a unilateral subcapsular hematoma. Perinephric hemorrhage developed because of necrotizing vascular inflammation and spontaneous or traumatic vascular rupture. In patients who present with new-onset hypertension and hypokalemia with a history of trauma or coexisting vasculitis, the presence of a Page kidney should be considered.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Sudden, unexpected death of a cannabis bodypacker, due to perforation of the rectum.

A forty year old cannabis bodypacker was found dead in his flat in November 2000, two days after arriving back from a trip to Northern India. On his return he had complained to his family of feeling unwell, although he had refused to let them in or accept medical help. At post-mortem he was found to have 55 packages of cannabis resin in the large intestine, wrapped in cellophane. Subsequent search of the flat by the police revealed the presence of a further 133 similar packages in the fridge, suggesting that he had concealed 188 packages in total. The cause of death was given as peritonitis due to perforation of the distal large intestine caused by swallowing the packages.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

[Complications after external retinal surgery in pseudophakic retinal detachment--are scleral buckling operations still current?].

BACKGROUND: After conventional buckling procedures for pseudophakic retinal detachment the primary reattachment rate is 60 to 90% according to literature. Primary vitrectomy may be advantageous in these cases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the spectrum and role of potential side effects like anisometropia and diplopia, to find arguments for or against primary vitrectomy. Also risk factors for pseudophakic retinal detachment were analyzed in our study group, because they may be different from former studies, which were mostly undertake at the time of ec cataract extraction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The data from 115 patients (120 eyes) with pseudophakic retinal detachment, who undergone buckling procedure between 1991 and 1996 were retrospectively reviewed. We analyzed the retinal reattachment rate, choroidal detachment, postoperative visual acuity, refraction, occurrence of diplopia, anisometropia and metamorphopsia. RESULTS: The primary retinal reattachment rate was 83.3%. There was a retinal redetachment rate of 16.7%. The primary PVR-rate was 4.2%. After the first reoperation an reattachment rate of 91.6% could be achieved, after the second one an overall rate of 95%. A choroidal detachment occurred in 29.2%. Postoperatively (26.5 months +/- 17.2) we found a cellophane maculopathy in 26.5% with consecutive metamorphopsia in 12.1%. 13 patients (15.9%) complained about diplopia, which had to be corrected by operation in 2 cases and prismatic glasses in 4 cases. Anisometropia could be deserved in 16.4%. The buckling procedures caused refractive changes of -1.80 dpt +/- 1.78 after an encircling band and +0.38 dpt +/- 1.01 after a plombage (average -1.05 +/- 1.86). 20% of patients treated with an encircling band developed anisometropia and only 8.3% of patients with a plombage. Postoperatively the visual acuity raised significantly from 0.3 to 0.6 (median). Best visual recovery could be observed in patients, who underwent only one operation. CONCLUSIONS: The primary retinal reattachment rate in pseudophakic retinal redetachment after conventional buckling procedures in our patients are comparable to those in the literature. In spite of phacoemulsification the risk-factors for pseudophakic retinal detachment has not changed. A considerable number of patients complained about postoperative complications like anisometropia and diplopia, which could be avoided by primary vitrectomy. To compare anatomic and functional results of both procedures a randomized prospective study should be undertaken.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

[Perioperative prevalence of epiretinal membranes in eyes with senile cataract].

BACKGROUND: Results from epidemiologic studies suggest that cataract extraction is a risk-factor for the formation of epiretinal membranes (EM). PATIENTS AND METHODS: 250 consecutive eyes which underwent uneventful phakoemulsification with implantation of a posterior chamber intraocular lens were examined within two weeks prior and an two weeks after surgery for the presence of epiretinal membranes. Cellophane macular reflex (CMR) was distinguished from macular pucker (MP). RESULTS: We found an increase in the prevalence of epiretinal membranes from preoperatively 12/250 (4.8%) to post-operatively 33/250 (13.2%). The prevalence of CMR increased from 8/250 (3.2%) to 27/250 (10.8%). The prevalence of MP remained almost the same 4/250 (1.6%) prior and 6/250 (2.4%) after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Increased prevalence of epiretinal membranes following cataract extraction observed in epidemiological studies can be explained by easier detection of such membranes in pseudophakic eyes where the observer gets a clear view of the fundus. Therefore it is questionable whether uneventful extracapsular cataract extraction can induce the formation of epiretinal membranes.

Aged↗

PubMed1989

[Clinical diagnosis of proliferative vitreoretinopathy].

The clinical features of a proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) are systematically described. The patient's history reveals moderate lost of vision and metamorphopsia. Ophthalmoscopy, biomicroscopy of the fundus with the contact lens, and black-and-white photography usually lead to the correct diagnosis. Early stages of PVR are characterized by increased reflectance and a cellophane appearance of the inner retinal surface and tortuosity of both small and larger vessels. Advanced epiretinal tissue formation causes development of surface wrinkling and single or multifocal star-folds. In cases of retinal detachment with PVR, the retina is immobile, the detachment being concave due to traction or bullous if there are secondary breaks. In the final stages of posterior and/or anterior PVR the detached retina forms a narrow or closed funnel.

Fluorescein Angiography↗

PubMed1982

[Clinical and pathological aspects of epiretinal membrane formation].

In the light of an analysis of epiretinal membrane formations, both clinical and histopathological, a stage classification of these membranes is proposed. Three stages are distinguished, characterized by their clinical picture and their morphology. Simple epiretinal membranes, the so-called cellophane macula, may be distinguished from more complex membranes with and without major traction on the retina. Whereas, histopathologically, the simple epiretinal membranes contain one cell system, the more complex membranes are composed of two or three cell types. Membranes with major traction are remarkable for the presence of contractile intracytoplasmic elements. On the basis of the authors' findings epiretinal membrane formation seems to be a uniform reaction caused by several etiologic factors; therefore, the term proliferative vitreoretinal reaction is proposed for epiretinal membrane formations.

Humans↗

PubMed2001

PLS1, a gene encoding a tetraspanin-like protein, is required for penetration of rice leaf by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea.

We describe in this study punchless, a nonpathogenic mutant from the rice blast fungus M. grisea, obtained by plasmid-mediated insertional mutagenesis. As do most fungal plant pathogens, M. grisea differentiates an infection structure specialized for host penetration called the appressorium. We show that punchless differentiates appressoria that fail to breach either the leaf epidermis or artificial membranes such as cellophane. Cytological analysis of punchless appressoria shows that they have a cellular structure, turgor, and glycogen content similar to those of wild type before penetration, but that they are unable to differentiate penetration pegs. The inactivated gene, PLS1, encodes a putative integral membrane protein of 225 aa (Pls1p). A functional Pls1p-green fluorescent protein fusion protein was detected only in appressoria and was localized in plasma membranes and vacuoles. Pls1p is structurally related to the tetraspanin family. In animals, these proteins are components of membrane signaling complexes controlling cell differentiation, motility, and adhesion. We conclude that PLS1 controls an appressorial function essential for the penetration of the fungus into host leaves.

Base Sequence↗