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PubMed1993

Mucosal exudation of fibrinogen in coronavirus-induced common colds.

We studied the mucosal exudation of plasma in relation to pathophysiological events during an induced common cold. Coronavirus 229E was inoculated nasally in 20 healthy volunteers under controlled conditions. Ten volunteers developed the common cold, determined by symptom scores and serology. The bulk plasma exudate was monitored, using fibrinogen (MW 340 kD) in nasal lavage fluids as an endogenous marker. Following inoculation, anterior rhinoscopy and objective registrations of nasal mucosal temperature, nasal discharge weight, and nasal blockage index by peak expiratory air flow, were followed twice daily for 6 days. Mucosal plasma exudation, as assessed by fibrinogen in lavage fluids, increased hundredfold after virus inoculation, concomitantly with the subjective symptoms and objective physiological changes. We propose that this exudation reflects the degree of subepithelial inflammation, and suggests that plasma bulk exudate, including all potent plasma protein systems may be involved in the resolution of acute viral rhinitis--common cold.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Allopurinol as a potential therapeutic agent for recurrent herpes labialis.

Recurrent herpes labialis (RHL) occurs in up to 40% of the population. Although the disease is usually self-limiting, patients seek treatment because of the significant pain and visibility of the lesion. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOI) have been reported to have a potent antiviral effect against influenza-A virus. We examined the effect of the systemic xanthine oxidase inhibitor, allopurinol, on RHL duration of illness, severity of symptoms, number and frequency of recurrence during a 4-year follow up period in Egyptian patients. Duration of illness was shortened by about 25%, early disappearance of pain and other symptoms occurred. Also, aborted episodes were noticed when allopurinol was given just after beginning of common colds, at the prodromal stage of RHL or during severe stress conditions. Patients receiving 3 courses of treatment had markedly decreased recurrences during the follow up period. Ex vivo experiments to examine virus-induced plaque formation on Vero cells in the absence or presence of different concentrations of the drug could not prove any direct anti herpetic effect of the drug. However, allopurinol seems to be safe and effective in reducing duration of RHL and to abort lesion or prevent its appearance in treated patients even when they experience immunosuppressive conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Effects of experimentally induced colds on aspects of memory.

Four experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of experimentally-induced colds on various aspects of memory of 27, 47, 39, and 30 adults. Free recall, digit span, and retrieval from semantic memory were unaffected by having a cold. Immediate recognition of important information from a story was impaired in subjects with colds, which suggests they were less able to follow the theme of the story. In contrast to this, volunteers with colds had better recognition of information from a story learned prior to the virus challenge.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Clinical significance and pathogenesis of viral respiratory infections.

Viral respiratory tract infections, also known as colds, are the most common infection in humans. The majority of these infections are caused by rhinoviruses. Rhinovirus deposition in the nose or the eye initiates infection. The virus attaches to the host cell intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) receptors in the back of the throat. Subsequent viral replication triggers the release of inflammatory mediators and activation of neurogenic pathways, which lead to symptoms. Symptoms occur within 10 to 16 hours after virus entry into the nose and peak on days 2 to 3 of infection. Symptom duration is typically 1 week, although 25% of cases last longer. Understanding the chronology of these events is important in the timing of treatment. Because of the rapidity of symptom onset, early treatment is the key to reducing viral replication and illness. Also, early treatment may reduce the risk of transmission.

Common Cold↗
PubMed2007

Influenza and rhinovirus infections among health-care workers.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Health-care workers (HCWs) are at higher risk of acquisition and transmission of respiratory virus infections. Nosocomial transmission of influenza has been documented but whether this is so for other respiratory viruses has not been assessed. METHODS: Epidemiological, clinical and viral laboratory surveillance was carried out on HCWs presenting with acute respiratory infection in a university hospital. RESULTS: Over a 2-year period, 203 subjects were recruited: rhinovirus was the most frequently detected virus (37.7% in flu negative samples) and influenza A/B was positive in only 12.3% of subjects. Only 19.7% of HCWs were immunized against influenza. High detection of rhinovirus occurred even during the peak of the influenza season and half of the infected subjects reported an influenza-like illness. CONCLUSION: Rhinovirus infection occurred frequently in this study population and probably contributes to influenza misdiagnosis. Educational interventions about different viruses causing respiratory symptoms and an increase in standards of infection control besides influenza immunization among HCWs is needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1974

Greater frequency of viral respiratory infections in asthmatic children as compared with their nonasthmatic siblings.

A longitudinal clincal and microbiologic surveillance was conducted from October to May, 1971-72, on 16 children with infectious asthma and 15 of their nonasthmatic siblings. Asthmatic children experienced a significantly greater frequency of viral respiratory infections than did nonasthmatic ones (5.1 vs. 3.8 per subject). This increased incidence appeared to be largely the result of a greater number of rhinovirus infections. While respiratory infections of identical etiology that occurred concurrently in an asthmatic and his sibling were equivalent in severity, illnesses were longer (but not significantly so) in asthmatic children.

Asthma↗
PubMed2000

Survival of human coronaviruses 229E and OC43 in suspension and after drying onsurfaces: a possible source ofhospital-acquired infections.

Strains OC43 and 229E of human coronaviruses (HCoV) cause one-third of common colds and hospital-acquired upper respiratory tract HCoV infections have been reported in premature newborns. To evaluate possible sources of infection, virus survival was studied in aqueous suspensions and on absorptive and non-absorptive surfaces representative of a hospital environment. Virus susceptibility to chemical disinfection with standard products was also characterized. Virus survived in saline solution for as long as six days but less in culture medium, with or without added cells. After drying, HCoV-229E infectivity was still detectable after 3h on various surfaces (aluminum, sterile latex surgical gloves, sterile sponges) but HCoV-OC43 survived 1h or less. Of the various chemical disinfectants tested, Proviodine reduced the virus infectious titre by at least 50%. This study suggests that surfaces and suspensions can be considered as possible sources of contamination that may lead to hospital-acquired infections with HCoV and should be appropriately disinfected.

Coronavirus↗
PubMed2004

[Wick Erste Abwehr].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1991

Decreased measles antibody response after measles-mumps-rubella vaccine in infants with colds.

We examined the possibility that the common cold or afebrile upper respiratory tract infection might interfere with successful immunization in children who receive standard measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. Infants 15 to 18 months of age presenting at our well-child clinics for routine examination and immunizations were divided into two groups. Those infants with a history and physical findings of upper respiratory tract infection were compared with healthy control group infants who did not have upper respiratory tract infections, and who did not have a history of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms within the previous month. Both groups were studied for their serologic response to measles-mumps-rubella vaccination. Prevaccination serum samples were obtained prior to vaccine administration and postvaccination serum samples were obtained 6 to 8 weeks later. Measles antibody was measured in these serum samples by an indirect fluorescein-tagged antibody test. Ten (21%) of 47 infants with colds failed to develop measles antibody, while only one (2%) of 51 well infants failed to develop antibody. We conclude that infants with colds have a significant seroconversion failure rate associated with measles vaccine administration and that this may be the cause of some primary measles vaccine failures.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1998

A review of respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants and children.

By the age of 2, nearly every child becomes infected with the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in infants and children. Yearly epidemics occur from October to May. Most infections are mild, producing nothing more than a cold, and can be managed at home. Some cases, however, are more severe, leading to bronchiolitis, pneumonitis, pneumonia, and even death.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMed1975

The Seattle virus watch. V. Epidemiologic observations of rhinovirus infections, 1965-1969, in families with young children.

Rhinovirus (RV) infections in Seattle Virus Watch (VW) families (1965-1969) were monitored by screening respiratory specimens in WI-38 cell cultures and by homotypic neutralization tests on sera related to family episodes revealed by RV isolation. Temporally related illness in members not proven infected was also taken to indicate infection. RV isolates (including those from the New York VW, 1961-1965) were typed within the official 90-serotype frame. Typed isolates from New York (165 with 39 serotypes) and Seattle (456 with 59 serotypes) were compared with the Tecumseh Study to test the hypothesis that some serotypes are "common," persisting because of greater infectivity. Of 32 serotypes qualifying as "common" in at least 1 study, 4 were "common" in all 3 studies and 8 in 2 studies. The 23 "common" Seattle serotypes differed from the remaining 36 serotypes in being more infective and in their more frequent association with prolonged shedding. The New York and Seattle isolates together revealed an increase over time in the proportion not typable or of of higher numbered types, consistent with progressive shift in RV antigenic character. WI-38 isolates indicated spring peaks of RV all 4 years but a fall peak only in 1967. An even larger fall peak was seen when all specimens from September-November 1968 were re-examined in fetal tonsil diploid cells. Thus, both spring and fall peaks appear to describe RV seasonality. RV infections explained 16% of all reported respiratory illness (20% of upper respiratory), but RV-associated illness in young children, especially under 2 years, was more severe and almost twice as frequent as in adults. The age of introducers and the direct relation of family size to frequency of episodes indicate that community spread depends largely on preschool children, including infants. Within families, the secondary attack rate (SAR) was highest following paternal introduction and, for all introducers, the SAR varied inversely with age (mother excepted). RV shedding was observed most often (85% of specimens) from the day before to 6 days after illness onset but prolonged shedding was common (to 21 days in 20% and 28 days in 1.4% of infections). RV infectivity, reflected by SAR among nonimmunes, was highest for infants (78%) and, for all ages, was greater with ill than with well introducers (71% versus 27%). Immunogenicity of RV was poor (Seroresponse: 48% of shedders, 32% of nonshedding contacts) but varied greatly with serotype. Illness frequencies among non-immunes were 59% for all proven infections and 35% when infection was not shown..

Adult↗
PubMed1985

The need for new antiviral agents.

Population density and immune status, vectors and virulence of infection, nutritional status, sanitation, genetic susceptibility and medical management of cases, are important factors influencing the incidence and/or severity of virus infections. Thus, the prevalence and clinical importance of virus infections and the need for antiviral drugs differ from place to place and from time to time. National and World Health Statistics of notifications of disease give some index of the incidence of infections but not all virus infections are notifiable. Such statistics can be misleading also through failures to notify from sloth on the part of the physician or, in the absence of pathognomonic symptoms or signs, from errors in diagnosis. Any assessment of the need for new antiviral drugs should consider the availability, safety, effectiveness and cost of alternative measures, including prevention of spread of infection by control of vectors, immunization by use of viral vaccines, or treatment with existing antiviral drugs. Early start of treatment of acute virus infections with existing drugs gives the best results and, where the clinical diagnosis is uncertain, accurate rapid virus diagnosis is of paramount importance. Many virus infections are asymptomatic or of trivial importance and without sequelae. However, new or improved antiviral drugs are needed for the prevention and/or treatment of a number of significant conditions caused by viruses which are not at present adequately controlled. These include upper and lower respiratory tract infections, influenza, chronic hepatitis, gastroenteritis, infectious mononucleosis, measles, rabies, haemorrhagic fevers and warts. Furthermore, such drugs might prove of therapeutic value in the prevention or treatment of virus-associated tumours, such as hepatoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma and possibly carcinoma of the cervix.

Antiviral Agents↗