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PubMed2001

The reliability of 3 sagittal reference planes in the assessment of Class I and Class III treatment.

The objective of this study was to test the reproducibility and validity of 3 sagittal reference planes with the use of the Wits analysis. Measurements made to the functional occlusal plane, the bisected occlusal plane, and the maxillomandibular bisector were compared with each other and with the angular measurement of the ANB angle. The angular relationship of these reference planes to the postmaxillary vertical reference plane was also studied. The data were collected from pretreatment (T1), posttreatment (T2), and 2-year postretention (T3) lateral cephalograms of 35 Class I and 10 Class III subjects. Nonextraction treatment for these patients was performed with full fixed orthodontic appliances in the permanent dentition. Cephalometric data were compared with 39 Class I and 9 Class III control subjects. The serial lateral cephalograms of untreated control subjects that were analyzed were taken at ages approximating those of the treated groups at T1, T2, and T3. The maxillomandibular bisector was determined to be an easily identifiable and reproducible reference plane that exhibited greater stability over time with both growth and treatment than either the functional occlusal plane or bisected occlusal plane. The mean values for the maxillomandibular bisector Wits result for Class I and III populations were distinct and, when combined with previous Class II data, yielded a triphasic distribution that may be a useful clinical tool for patient assessment.

Cephalometry↗

PubMed1993

Catecholamines stimulate MHC class I, class II, and invariant chain gene expression in brain endothelium through different mechanisms.

Bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells in primary culture retain a differentiated phenotype reminiscent of the in vivo blood-brain barrier endothelium. The IFN-gamma-induced surface expression of MHC class II molecules on those cells is stimulated by catecholamines through a cAMP-independent mechanism. We report that both the induction of MHC class II molecule expression by IFN-gamma and its potentiation by isoproterenol, a catecholamine analog, are preceded by increases of steady-state levels of the corresponding mRNA. Similar results were obtained for the regulation of invariant chain expression. In addition, isoproterenol alone is able to increase class I mRNA levels, but, in contrast to what is observed for class II expression, this effect appears to be mainly mediated by cAMP. These studies demonstrate that, in bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells, catecholamines up-regulate MHC class I and class II Ag, as well as invariant chain with different kinetics and through different mechanisms and suggest that these regulatory effects occur at the transcriptional level.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Class I and class II major histocompatibility complex antigen expression on hepatocytes: a study in children with liver disease.

Controversy exists regarding major histocompatibility complex antigen expression on hepatocytes. In this study, hepatocyte expression of class I and II major histocompatibility complex antigens was investigated in diseased and normal livers, using indirect immunofluorescent staining of mechanically isolated, viable hepatocytes. Hepatocytes were obtained from 76 children: 10 with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, nine with primary sclerosing cholangitis, nine with chronic hepatitis B virus infection, five after liver transplantation, 19 with extrahepatic biliary atresia, 11 with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, four with idiopathic neonatal hepatitis and nine with histologically normal liver. Immunohistochemistry was performed in all cases; flow cytofluorimetry was performed for class I antigens in 38 cases and performed for class II antigens in 18 cases. From three children with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis and two with chronic hepatitis B virus infection, isolated hepatocytes were also incubated with gamma-interferon before staining and analysis. By fluorescence microscopy, class I antigens were detected on hepatocytes from all children, the highest percentage (100%) of positive cells and the most intense staining were observed in untreated patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis or primary sclerosing cholangitis and in those with acute rejection of a liver transplant. Reduced class I antigen expression occurred in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Class II antigens were only detected on hepatocytes from eight patients: three with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis and five with primary sclerosing cholangitis, all untreated. Flow cytofluorimetric analysis confirmed the results obtained by fluorescence microscopy, but it also demonstrated a weak class II antigen expression during liver allograft rejection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Biopsy↗

PubMed1988

A functional analysis of hematopoietic growth factor production from class I and class II human alloreactive T cell clones.

Class I and Class II human alloreactive T cell clones or their conditioned media were mixed with progenitor cell-enriched null cells to assess their ability to stimulate human hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) growth. Optimal release of erythroid, myeloid or megakaryocyte colony-stimulating factors occurred after 72 hours and required contact of cloned T cells with irradiated stimulator cells expressing the appropriate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) determinants recognized by the T cells. Individual clones were quite heterogeneous in their capacity to release hematopoietic growth factors. Clones that produced optimal levels of factors that stimulated granulocyte-macrophage colony growth did not always produce equivalent amounts of factors that stimulated erythroid colony growth and vice versa when tested against identical target cells. Class II clones released nearly twice as much interleukin 3 activity as Class I clones. Class II clones that lacked cell-mediated lympholytic (CML) activity against B or T lymphoblastoid targets were consistent stimulators of HPC growth. In contrast, Class I or Class II clones that contained CML activity either poorly stimulated or inhibited HPC growth. These CML-positive clones produced greater amounts of gamma interferon. Our findings may have important implications for HPC growth following allogeneic mismatched bone marrow transplantation.

Cell Division↗

PubMed1988

Molecular characterization and genetic mapping of class I and class II MHC genes of the domestic cat.

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the domestic cat has been poorly characterized to date, primarily because of numerous difficulties in the preparation of allotypic sera. We present here a comparative analysis of class I and class II genes in domestic cat populations using molecular probes of the MHC from man and mouse. The cat possesses a minimum of 20 class I loci and 5 class II genes per haploid genome. Class I genes of the domestic cat expressed limited restriction fragment length polymorphism. The average percent difference of the size of DNA fragments between individual cats was 9.0%, a value five times lower than the value for mice, but comparable to the human DNA polymorphism level. Class I and class II genes were both genetically mapped to feline chromosome B2 using a panel of rodent x cat somatic cell hybrids. Since feline chromosome B2 is syntenically homologous to human chromosome 6 and mouse chromosome 17, these results affirm the linkage conservation of the MHC-containing linkage group in the three mammalian orders.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Two classes of spontaneous miniature excitatory junction potentials and one synaptic vesicle class are present in the ray electrocyte.

Cross sections (1-2 mm thick) of the ray (Raja) tail were secured to a dish and immersed in elasmobranch saline. Spontaneous miniature excitatory junction potentials (MEJPs) were recorded by advancing a 50 k omega, KCl filled electrode into the electric organ (20 microV peak-to-peak baseline noise). Data were filmed, and/or recorded on magnetic tape for computer analyses. Intracellularly recorded MEJP amplitude histograms showed a peak at 60 microV and had a right-hand skew with MEJPs up to 0.5 mV. The small peak amplitude and the skewed amplitude distribution of intracellularly recorded MEJPs result from the relatively low input resistance and the short space constant of the electrocyte coupled with the dispersed synapses on the electrocyte. At 23 degrees C the intracellularly recorded MEJP frequency ranged from 1-10 MEJPs/s. The MEJPs became larger and became focally recorded as the electrode was advanced against the intracellular surface of the innervated membrane of the electrocyte. Focal extracellular MEJPs (reversed polarity) were also recorded with the electrode positioned against the outside surface of the innervated side of the electrocyte. The frequency of focally recorded intracellular MEJPs was increased (up to 40/s) when the electrode was pushed against the membrane. Focal MEJP frequencies decreased to a few/min within 5-10 min but the mean amplitude of 3-5 mV remained constant. Decreases in amplitude and frequency in focally recorded intracellular MEJPs are attributed to changes in electrode pressure against the membrane. Amplitude histograms were constructed from focally recorded intracellular or extracellular MEJPs which showed the same time characteristics. The focal MEJP amplitude histograms have two distinct classes, each forming a bell-shaped distribution. It is concluded that both classes are generated at the electrode tip. The smaller class of MEJPs has a mean 1/10th that of the larger class and composes about 2% of the MEJPs. The small class is analogous to the sub-MEPP class found in the frog sartorius (Kriebel and Gross 1974) and mouse diaphragm (Kriebel et al. 1976, 1982). Distributions of synaptic vesicle diameters are slightly log normal (right hand skew) such that the mean diameter (57 nm) is slightly larger than the modal value (52 nm). Vesicles touching the membrane were of the same size and diameter distribution as the entire vesicle population. The profiles of the distributions are smooth and suggest only 1 class of synaptic vesicle based on diameter.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed2005

Dimensions and classes of psychosis in a population cohort: a four-class, four-dimension model of schizophrenia and affective psychoses.

BACKGROUND: Classification of psychosis lacks a biological basis and current diagnostic categories may obscure underlying continuities. Data reduction methods of symptom profiles within a population-based cohort of people with a wide range of affective and non-affective psychoses may permit an empirical classification of psychosis. METHOD: OPCRIT (operational criteria) analysis was performed on 387 adults aged 18-65 years in an attempted ascertainment of all patients with psychosis from a geographical area with a stable population. The data were analysed firstly using principal components analysis with varimax rotation to identify factors, and secondly to establish latent classes. Information relating to key variables known to be of relevance in schizophrenia was coded blind to the establishment of the classes and dimensions. RESULTS: Striking correspondence was obtained between the two methods. The four dimensions emerging were labelled 'depression', 'reality distortion', 'mania' and 'disorganization'. Latent classes identified were 'depression', 'bipolar', 'reality distortion/depression' and 'disorganization'. The latent classes corresponded well with DSM-III-R diagnoses, but also revealed groupings usually obscured by diagnostic boundaries. The latent classes differed on gender ratio, fertility, age of onset and self-harming behaviour, but not on substance misuse or season of birth. CONCLUSIONS: Both dimensional and categorical approaches are useful in tapping the latent constructs underlying psychosis. Broad agreement with other similar studies suggests such findings could represent discrete pathological conditions. The four classes described appear meaningful, and suggest that the term non-affective psychosis should be reserved for the disorganization class, which represents only a subgroup of those with schizophrenia.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Complementary substrate specificities of class I and class II collagenases from Clostridium histolyticum.

The substrate specificities of three class I (beta, gamma, and eta) and three class II (sigma, epsilon, and zeta) collagenases from Clostridium histolyticum have been investigated by quantitating the kcat/KM values for the hydrolysis of 53 synthetic peptides with collagen-like sequences covering the P3 through P3 subsites of the substrate. For both classes of collagenases, there is a strong preference for Gly in subsites P1' and P3. All six enzymes also prefer substrates that contain Pro and Ala in subsites P2 and P2' and Hyp, Ala, or Arg in subsite P3'. This agrees well with the occupancies of these sites by these residues in type I collagen. However, peptides with Glu in subsites P2 or P2' are not good substrates, even though Glu occurs frequently in these positions in collagen. Conversely, all six enzymes prefer aromatic amino acids in subsite P1, even though such residues do not occur in this position in type I collagen. In general, the class II enzymes have a broader specificity than the class I enzymes. However, they are much less active toward sequences containing Hyp in subsites P1 and P3'. Thus, the two classes of collagenases have similar but complementary sequence specificities. This accounts for the ability of the two classes of enzymes to synergistically digest collagen.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2001

Induction of P-glycoprotein mRNA transcripts by cycloheximide in animal tissues: evidence that class I Pgp is transcriptionally regulated whereas class II Pgp is post-transcriptionally regulated.

P-glycoprotein (Pgp) are a small family of plasma membrane proteins capable of transporting substrates across cell membranes. Class I and class II Pgp are able to transport drugs and have been shown to mediate multidrug resistance (MDR). Class III Pgp is a long chain phospholipid transporter and does not mediate MDR. The expression and regulation of Pgp genes in animal tissues are not well understood. In this study, the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide was used as a tool to understand Pgp gene expression and regulation in animal tissues. The sensitive RNase protection assay was used to detect changes in Pgp mRNA levels and nuclear run-on assay was used to determine whether transcription or post-transcription is important. The results showed that cycloheximide significantly induced class II Pgp expression in all tissues examined. This was predominantly through post-transcriptional effect. In contrast, the relatively modest increase in class I Pgp expression by cycloheximide was found to be mainly due to increased transcriptional activity. On the other hand, cycloheximide induced class III Pgp expression in some tissues while caused decay of class III Pgp mRNA in other tissues. The transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms exerted by cycloheximide on Pgp genes are discussed. These findings have implications for our understanding of gene regulation in animal tissues and MDR reversal strategies in vivo.

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B↗

PubMed1993

Perception of physical education classes among young adolescents: do physical education classes provide equal opportunities to all students?

From a public health perspective, physical activity in children and adolescents is seen as important for disease prevention and health promotion. Physical activity patterns are learned through socialization processes where one of the influential sources is the school through physical education classes. The purpose of the present study was (1) to examine young adolescents' general perception of physical education classes, and (2) to explore the relationship between these perceptions and students' social resources, gender and level of leisure time physical activity and self-evaluated competence in physical education. A total of 895 seventh graders (13 year olds) were surveyed in Norway concerning their perception of physical education classes. Indicators of social resources were chosen from the arenas of family, friends and school. The main finding was that a majority of students liked physical education classes. Physical education classes seemed, however, not to offer the less socially resourceful minority the same opportunities for positive experience with physical activity as the resourceful majority. Boys' general perception of physical education classes seemed to be more positive than girls' and physically active students perceived physical education classes more favorably than less physically active students.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Prevalence and characterization of class 1 and class 2 integrons in Escherichia coli isolated from meat and meat products of Norwegian origin.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of integrons and to characterize inserted gene cassettes in Escherichia coli isolated from meat and meat products of Norwegian origin. METHODS: The strains investigated (n = 241 resistant out of 944 investigated) were collected within the frame of the Norwegian monitoring programme for antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from feed, food and animals (NORM-VET) during the years 2000-2003. PCR and DNA sequencing were used for detection of the integrase genes and gene cassettes within the integrons. RESULTS: Integrons were detected in 43 (18%) of the 241 resistant isolates. Class 1 integrons were detected in 29 (12%) strains and class 2 integrons were detected in 14 (6%) strains. Ten different gene cassettes were detected: dfrA1, dfr2a, dfrA12, aadA1, aadA2, catB2, oxa-30, sat, sat1 and orfF. The dfrA1 + aadA1 combination was the most prevalent cassette combination, detected in 12 of 29 class 1 integrons. Twelve (of 14) class 2 integrons contained a cassette area consistent with that on Tn7, the remaining two contained the cassettes sat + sat1 + aadA1. Nearly one-third of the class 1 integrons (9 of 29) lacked the sul1 gene. Ten gene cassettes (one dfr2a, two catB2 and seven aadA1) were expressed at levels below breakpoint values normally used to classify strains as resistant. CONCLUSIONS: Integrons of class 1 or 2 were present in approximately 18% of the resistant E. coli strains investigated. Certain cassette combinations in class 1 integrons seem to be more widespread than others, like the dfrA1 + aadA1. Low-level expression of antimicrobial resistance, caused by the expression of certain gene cassettes in some integrons represents an obstacle in classifying strains as susceptible or resistant.

DNA Transposable Elements↗

PubMed2005

Thioredoxin-like domain of human kappa class glutathione transferase reveals sequence homology and structure similarity to the theta class enzyme.

Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are a superfamily of enzymes that play a vital functional role in the cellular detoxification process. They catalyze the conjugation of the thiol group of glutathione (GSH) to the electrophilic groups of a wide range of hydrophobic substrates, leading to an easier removal of the latter from the cells. The kappa class is the least studied one among various classes within the superfamily. We report here the expression, purification, and crystal structure of human kappa class GST (hGSTK), which has been determined by the multiple-isomorphous replacement method and refined to 1.93 A resolution. The overall structure of hGSTK is similar to the recently reported structure of kappa class GST from rat mitochondrion. Each subunit of the dimeric hGSTK contains a thioredoxin (TRX)-like domain and a helical domain. A molecule of glutathione sulfinate, an oxidized product of GSH, is found to bind at the G site of each monomer. One oxygen atom of the sulfino group of GSF forms a hydrogen bond with the hydroxyl group of the catalytic residue Ser16. The TRX-like domain of hGSTK shares 19% sequence identity and structure similarity with human theta class GST, suggesting that the kappa class of GST is more closely related to the theta class enzyme within the GST superfamily. The structure of the TRX-like domain of hGSTK is also similar to that of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), implying an evolutionary relationship between GST and GPx.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1996

Differences in the magnesium dependences of the class I and class II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from Escherichia coli.

The magnesium dependences of the ATP/PPi exchange and tRNA aminoacylation of reactions were measured for six aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (isoleucyl-, tyrosyl- and arginyl-tRNA synthetases from class I, and histidyl-, lysyl- and phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetases from class II). The measured values were subjected to best-fit analyses using sum square error calculations between the data and the calculated curves in order to find the mode of participation of the Mg2+ and to optimize the sets of the kinetic constants. The following four dependences were observed: the class II synthetases require three Mg2+ for the activation reaction (including the one in MgATP), but the class I synthetases require only one Mg2+ (in MgATP); in class II synthetases both MgPPi and Mg2PPi participate in the pyrophosphorolysis of the aminoacyl adenylate. Arginyl-tRNA synthetase from class I also shows a better fit if also Mg2PPi reacts, but in the isoleucyl- and tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases only MgPPi but not Mg2PPi is used in the pyrophosphorolysis. Different synthetases have different requirements for the tRNA-bound Mg2+ and spermidine, independent of the enzyme class. 1-4 Mg2+ or spermidines are required in the best fit models. At the end of the reaction in all the synthetases analysed the dissociation of Mg2+ from the product aminoacyl-tRNA essentially enhances the subsequent dissociation of the aminoacyl-tRNA from the enzyme. The binding of ATP to the E. aminoacyl-tRNA complex also speeds up the dissociation of the aminoacyl-tRNA from most of these enzymes.

Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases↗

PubMed1987

Antigen presentation pathways to class I and class II MHC-restricted T lymphocytes.

Our observations on the cellular immune response to type-A influenza suggest the existence of two distinct pathways of protein antigen presentation to T lymphocytes. One of these pathways is involved with presentation of antigens introduced into the presenting cell from without. This exogenous presentation pathway is the well-recognized route of presentation of soluble and particulate antigens to T lymphocytes. This pathway probably involves uptake of antigen into endocytic vesicles, alteration of antigen within an intracellular compartment, and subsequent display of antigen on the presenting cell surface (Unanue 1984). The second pathway is one which we have tentatively designated as an endogenous presentation pathway. The constraints on this pathway have yet to be fully defined. At a minimum, this pathway appears to involve the presentation of antigens which are synthesized de novo in the presenting cell utilizing the cell's biosynthetic machinery. This pathway may also handle preformed antigens located within the cytosolic compartment of the presenting cell. Perhaps the most striking feature of these two antigen presentation pathways is the close association between the MHC restriction of an antigen-specific T lymphocyte and the pathway of antigen presentation to that T lymphocyte. Our data suggest that this association holds both at the effector level and at the level of induction of T lymphocytes. Thus, presentation of a given antigen by the endogenous pathway preferentially triggers a response from class I MHC-restricted T lymphocytes directed to that antigen. The molecular basis for this link of class I MHC-restriction to the endogenous pathway and MHC class II restriction to the exogenous pathway is unknown. It seems likely that interactions between MHC molecules and antigen within the presenting cell may be critical for the demarcation of these pathways. Thus, for example, antigen presented by the endogenous route may only be able to associate intracellularly with newly synthesized or recycling class I MHC molecules. An understanding of the molecular basis of this phenomenon will require detailed information on the expression, intracellular trafficking, and transport of class I and class II MHC molecules in the antigen-presenting cell. An unresolved issue, at least in the case of viral antigens, is the nature and form of the antigenic moieties presented by the exogenous and endogenous pathways. In the case of viral antigen presentation to class II MHC-restricted T lymphocytes, there is strong, albeit indirect, evidence for processing of antigen and recognition of fragments of viral polypeptides (Lamb et al. 1982, Hackett et al. 1983).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Expression of class I and class II major histocompatibility complex antigens on oral mucosal epithelium.

The expression of the Class I and Class II major histocompatibility antigens on oral mucosa was investigated using type-specific monoclonal antibodies. Class I antigen expression varied between various sites and in uncomplicated inflammatory responses appeared to be suppressed. HLA-DR antigen expression was only present on epithelial cells in the presence of extraneous immunocompetent cells. Oral mucosa did not express HLA-DQ antigens. The expression of Class I and Class II antigens varied between disease states exhibiting proliferative or destructive tissue responses. The pattern of Class I and Class II antigen expression is consistent with either MHC-restricted cellular interactions and subsequent destruction of epithelial cells or a protective role in non-destructive conditions.

Epithelium↗

PubMed1979

Comparison of late mRNA splicing among class B and class C adenoviruses.

Adenovirus class B (Ad3 and Ad7) and class C (Ad1, Ad5, and Ad6) late r-strand mRNA's were found to have segmented 5' leaders. These leaders were very similar among serotype within a class but differed in sequence from the leaders on late mRNA's of a different class. However, the leader components of class B viruses mapped at essentially the same map coordinates as those of class C viruses. The 5' coordinates of the main bodies of class B messages to which the tripartite leaders are attached as well as the map positions of several of their early mRNA's were very similar to those of Ad2 transcripts. Infrequent examples of late r-strand polysomal RNAs of Ad3 and Ad7 had, in addition to the three common leader segments, a fourth leader segment derived from RNA encoded at various sites between the second and third leaders. The extra components formed several distinct groups. These molecules are presumably intermediates in the splicing processes that generate mature messages.

Adenoviruses, Human↗

PubMed2004

Model class A and class L peptides increase the production of apoA-I-containing lipoproteins in HepG2 cells.

Class A peptides inhibit atherosclerosis and protect cells from class L peptide-mediated lysis. Because the cytolytic process is concentration dependent, we hypothesized that at certain concentrations both classes of peptides exert similar effect(s) on cells. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effects of a class L peptide (18L = GIKKFLGSIWKFIKAFVG) and a class A peptide, 18A-Pro-18A (18A = DWLKAFYDKVAEKLKEAF) (37pA), on apolipoprotein and lipoprotein production in HepG2 cells. Secretion of (35)S-labeled apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) was stimulated by both 18L (110%) and 37pA (135%) at 10 and 20 nM of peptides, respectively. Both peptides enhanced the secretion of (3)H-labeled phospholipids by 140% and (14)C-labeled HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) by 35% but had no significant effect on the total cholesterol mass or secretion. These results indicate that class L and class A peptides cause redistribution of cholesterol among lipoproteins in favor of HDL-C. Both peptides remodeled apoA-I-containing particles forming prebeta- as well as alpha-HDL. This study suggests that increased secretion of phospholipids and apoA-I and the formation of prebeta-HDL particles might contribute to the antiatherogenic properties of these peptides.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2006

Amalgam matrix for class II and class V preparations connected at the proximal box.

BACKGROUND: The authors present a technique for placing and reinforcing an amalgam matrix around combined Class II and Class V preparations that connect at the proximal box. OVERVIEW: First, the dentist fills the Class V aspect of the preparation, using a temporary resin-based composite wall at the line angle to support amalgam condensation. The dentist then removes the wall and places a matrix band around the tooth, internally reinforcing the band with smaller pieces of matrix band and resin-saturated cotton balls that are light-polymerized and externally reinforcing the band with fast-polymerizing vinyl polysiloxane. Finally, the dentist condenses the line angle amalgam through the proximal box and condenses the proximal box and occlusal aspects. CONCLUSION: For connected Class II and Class V preparations, this matrix technique permits controlled amalgam condensation, even at the line angle aspect, where it is difficult to condense amalgam without voids or microleakage. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: This technique allows dentists to provide a stable, inexpensive direct restoration for teeth with connected Class II and Class V preparations, providing an alternative for patients who do not wish to have crowns placed.

Composite Resins↗