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At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Measuring management training. Two new instruments.

Seeks to enhance the measurement of training; describes the development of psychometrically sound and practical measures to assess outcomes relating to in-service management training within a National Health Service District. Develops legitimate measurement tools and demonstrates the positive effects of two specific programmes in relation to behavioural change and participant satisfaction. Further work is required to establish how to monitor the effects of the action learning process in terms of cognitive development.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1976

Problems in measuring the success of family therapy in a common clinical setting: impasse and solutions.

Families treated in conjoint therapy in the outpatient clinic of a general community hospital for about a year and other families that refused further contact with the same clinic after no more than two interviews were followed up about four and a half years later. The main difference found was that the treated group reported more new symptoms. The complexities of interpreting the data obtained are used as a basis for discussing problems that confront, and may deter, clinics attempting to evaluate their clinical work by means of controlled, nonfactorial or related designs. Process or correlational studies are suggested as an alternate choice.

Child Behavior Disorders↗
PubMed1989

Gender differences in marital communication patterns.

This study examined conflict-resolution interactions of couples, and related marital satisfaction to sequential and nonsequential communication patterns. Couples' satisfaction with marriage has been differentiated on the basis of the degree of coercive versus affiliative communication between partners. Results of this study indicate that this pattern differs, however, for individuals within couples on the basis of gender. Females and males were found to demonstrate different styles of response to dissatisfaction in marriage; men assume a coercive stance toward their partners while women take an affiliative position. Drawing on systemic and gender-difference theoretical perspectives, these patterns are interpreted as attempts by individuals with different world views to resolve conflict. A view is discussed whereby systems and gender differences can be integrated into a unified conceptual formulation upon which to base future development in research and therapeutic interventions.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The patient's view of therapy.

Recent research has suggested an increasing rapprochement between behaviour therapy and psychotherapy, especially in terms of the patient's perceptions. Two hypotheses were tested in this study - (1) that patients would report 'relationship' or 'non-specific' factors to be more useful in treatment than behavioural or psychotherapeutic activities, and (2) that there would be no difference between patients who had received behaviour therapy and patients who had received psychotherapy with respect to the rated importance of non-specific, relationship-type activities. Forty-nine patients who had received either behaviour therapy or psychotherapy were asked to complete in retrospect a questionnaire relating to aspects of therapy which they found useful and 37 (76 per cent) completed questionnaires were returned. Both hypotheses were accepted, and the findings are now discussed in relation to the growing realization of the importance of 'non-specific' factors in therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The effectiveness of two smoking cessation programmes for use in general practice: a randomised clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a structured, behavioural change, smoking cessation intervention designed for use within general practice. DESIGN: Randomised controlled clinical trial. SETTING: General practices in Newcastle, Australia. PATIENTS: 311 Patients identified as smokers by a screening question were enrolled in the study. Of these, 101 were assigned to a structured behavioural change programme, 104 to a simple advice programme adapted from previous research, and 106 to a control group. No significant differences were found between groups for demographic and smoking related variables before the study. INTERVENTIONS: Patients in the simple advice group received a brief statement of advice from the general practitioner as well as three pamphlets; those in the structured intervention group were given strategies which included attitude and behavioural change programmes as well as techniques to aid compliance. The amount of smoking in all groups was assessed by self reports with validation by measurement of salivary cotinine concentrations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Significant increase in cessation rates. CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences between controls and the structured behavioural change group were found at the one month follow up, but only for self reported abstinence. The simple advice programme did not produce any significant differences over the control group. General practitioner evaluation of the structured programme highlighted difficulties in relation to the duration of the intervention. Overall the structured programme in its present form did not appear to be an effective programme for use within general practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Contraceptive needs of women attending a genitourinary medicine clinic for the first time.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the need for, and potential uptake of, a contraceptive service within a genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic. METHODS: 544 women, median age 17 years (range 13-54) including 142 teenagers, attending the Fife GUM clinics serving a semirural population of 350,000 for the first time in the 12 month period from 1 September 1995 to 31 August 1996 were interviewed. RESULTS: Contraception was required by 353, of whom only 5% (29) were at risk of unplanned pregnancy, although half (15) of these were teenagers. 23 of 29 (79%) stated that they would access contraception at a GUM clinic if it were available. Of women using contraception, 67% (217/324) were taking the oral contraceptive pill (OCP), of whom 177 obtained supplies from their general practitioners and were happy with this. However, 92/177 (52%) stated that they would access the OCP at GUM clinics if it were available. Overall, of the 243 women who stated that they would access contraception at the GUM clinic, 23 of whom were currently at risk of an unplanned pregnancy, the demand was principally for condoms and the OCP. CONCLUSION: The majority of women attending GUM clinics for the first time are using contraception, or have deliberately chosen not to do so. Only 5% were at risk of unplanned pregnancy. In general, the women using contraception were happy with their current source of contraception, but about two thirds would use a contraceptive service at GUM clinics if it were available at the time they were attending the clinic. It was found that teenagers accounted for half of those women at risk of unwanted pregnancy. However, the majority of teenagers requiring contraception would consider obtaining it from GUM clinics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Cognitive-behavioral family treatment of childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder: preliminary findings.

The effectiveness of a 14-week cognitive-behavioral family treatment protocol for childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) was piloted using a volunteer sample of seven children aged 10-14 years. The primary outcome measures were diagnostic status, symptom severity, and global functioning which were assessed at pre- and post-treatment, and at three-month follow-up. A series of self-report measures assessing obsessive-compulsive symptomatology, depression, and family factors were also completed at pre- and post-treatment. The results indicated that six participants no longer met criteria for OCD at post-treatment, with a mean reduction of 60% in symptom severity. Self-reported obsessive-compulsive symptomatology and family involvement in the disorder also significantly decreased across time. The findings support the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral treatment with a structured family component for childhood OCD. Further research investigating the comparative efficacy of treatment with and without family involvement is warranted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Verbal communication skills and patient satisfaction. A study of doctor-patient interviews.

This research attempted to quantify specific behaviors in the physician's initial interviewing style and relate them to patients' perception of satisfaction. Five physicians were tape recorded during their initial interviews with 52 adult patients. The patients were asked to complete the Medical Interview Satisfaction Scale, a 29-item instrument with a 7-point response scale. These interviews were transcribed, timed, coded, and analyzed with the use of the Computerized Language Analysis System. Selected variables of the language dimensions were entered as the predictor variables in a multiple regression, along with satisfaction scores as the dependent variables. Twenty-seven percent of the variance (p less than .01) in the satisfaction scores of initial interviews were explained by three aspects of a physician's language style: (a) use of silence or reaction time latency between speakers in an interview, (b) whether there was language reciprocity as determined through the reciprocal use of word-lists, and (c) the reflective use of interruptions within an interview. Considering the complexity of human communication, the fact that three variables were identified, which accounted for 27% of the variance in patients' satisfaction, is considered a substantial finding.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of baseline risk information on social and individual choices.

This article analyzes preferences for risk reductions in the context of individual and societal decision making. The effect of information on baseline risk is analyzed in both contexts. The results indicate that if individuals are to imagine that they suffer from 1 low-risk and 1 high-risk ailment, and are offered a specified identical absolute risk reduction, a majority will ceteris paribus opt for treatment of the low-risk ailment. A different preference structure is elicited when priority questions are framed as social choices. Here, a majority will prefer to treat the high-risk group of patients. The preference reversal demonstrates the extent to which baseline risk information can influence preferences in different choice settings. It is argued that presentation of baseline risk information may induce framing effects that lead to nonoptimal resource allocations. A solution to this problem may be to not present group-specific baseline risk information when eliciting preferences.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of framing as gain versus loss on understanding and hypothetical treatment choices: survival and mortality curves.

BACKGROUND: Presentation of information using survival or mortality (i.e., incidence) curves offers a potentially powerful method of communication because such curves provide information about risk over time in a relatively simple graphic format. However, the effect of framing as survival versus mortality on understanding and treatment choice is not known. METHODS: In this study, 451 individuals awaiting jury duty at the Philadelphia City Courthouse were randomized to receive 1 of 3 questionnaires: (1) survival curves, (2) mortality curves, or (3) both survival and mortality curves. Each questionnaire included a brief description of a hypothetical treatment decision, survival curve graphs and/or mortality curve graphs presenting the outcome of the treatment, and questions measuring understanding of the information contained in the graphs and preference for undergoing treatment. After completing a brief practice exercise, participants were asked to answer questions assessing their ability to interpret single points on a curve and the difference between curves, and then to decide whether they would choose to undergo preventive surgery for 3 different scenarios in which the benefit of surgery varied. RESULTS: Participants who received only survival curves or who received both survival and mortality curves were significantly more accurate in answering questions about the information than participants who received only mortality curves (P < 0.05). For 2 of the 3 treatment presentations, participants who received only mortality curves were significantly less likely to prefer preventive surgery than participants who received survival curves only or both survival and mortality curves (P < 0.05). The effect of framing on understanding was greatest among participants with less than a college education and among non-Caucasian participants. CONCLUSION: Framing graphic risk information as chance of death over time results in lower levels of understanding and less interest in preventive surgery than framing as chance of survival over time.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Parent satisfaction in a child psychiatric service.

The development and use is reported of a client satisfaction questionnaire to be answered by parents of children and adolescents referred to an outpatient psychiatric program. The structure of the questionnaire and the results from a first application are reported. It is suggested that a client satisfaction questionnaire may become an important feedback instrument useful for service planning.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Youth attitudes and beliefs toward alternative tobacco products: cigars, bidis, and kreteks.

Youth use of cigars, bidis, and kreteks has spread as youth cigarette use has declined. This study investigates young people's attitudes toward and beliefs about these alternative tobacco products. The study used data from a convenience sample survey of 5,016 7th-through 12th-grade students in Massachusetts. The cigar attitudes receiving the highest endorsement levels were that cigars smell good and are something different to try, whereas the item receiving the lowest endorsement was that cigars give you a goodbuzz. The most endorsed bidi attitudes were that bid is look like joints and are something different to try. For kreteks, the most endorsed items were that kreteks smell good and are something different to try. Multivariate analyses found that reporting that these products tasted, smelled good, or were something different to try predicted use. Because the study was conducted with a convenience sample in one state, results do not necessarily generalize.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Influence of husbands on the outcome of their agoraphobic wives' therapy.

Of 30 agoraphobic married women undertaking home-based behaviour therapy, 15 each had a female friend as co-therapist and 15 had their own husband as co-therapist. At 12 months follow-up, women spent a mean of approximately 40 minutes a day more outside the home alone than at baseline. Women assisted by female friends made somewhat more behavioural gains than those assisted by husbands. Women in both groups whose husbands had been more depressed 2 months after the beginning of therapy did less well at 6 months. Husbands who become more depressed may retard their wives' progress in therapy, but the effect was small, and was outweighed by other considerations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The attitude of parents to the use of computer-assisted interviewing in a child psychiatry service.

Before undergoing interview, parents reported that a computer-assisted interview would lack the friendly and personal approach of one conducted by a clinician but, after completing the interview, parents showed more acceptance of the procedure. Computer-assisted interviewing has the potential to play an important role in the collection of clinically relevant information from both parents and children referred to child psychiatry services.

Attitude to Computers↗
PubMed1996

Market orientation and organizational culture in hospitals.

Hospitals have been advised to respond to environmental pressures by changing from a product to a market orientation. Such changes are difficult to accomplish because of the entrenched behaviors and attitudes of hospitals employees. This article proposes organizational cultures as the avenue to a market orientation. It describes the role of hospital culture as an antecedent to market orientation. It also suggests ways to develop and maintain a market-oriented culture in hospitals.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1995

Using statistical process control to make data-based clinical decisions.

Applied behavior analysis is based on an investigation of variability due to interrelationships among antecedents, behavior, and consequences. This permits testable hypotheses about the causes of behavior as well as for the course of treatment to be evaluated empirically. Such information provides corrective feedback for making data-based clinical decisions. This paper considers how a different approach to the analysis of variability based on the writings of Walter Shewart and W. Edwards Deming in the area of industrial quality control helps to achieve similar objectives. Statistical process control (SPC) was developed to implement a process of continual product improvement while achieving compliance with production standards and other requirements for promoting customer satisfaction. SPC involves the use of simple statistical tools, such as histograms and control charts, as well as problem-solving techniques, such as flow charts, cause-and-effect diagrams, and Pareto charts, to implement Deming's management philosophy. These data-analytic procedures can be incorporated into a human service organization to help to achieve its stated objectives in a manner that leads to continuous improvement in the functioning of the clients who are its customers. Examples are provided to illustrate how SPC procedures can be used to analyze behavioral data. Issues related to the application of these tools for making data-based clinical decisions and for creating an organizational climate that promotes their routine use in applied settings are also considered.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effects of public policy on adolescents' cigar use: evidence from the National Youth Tobacco Survey.

To determine the effect of prices and regulations on youth cigar demand, we estimated logistic regression models of the probability of current cigar smoking among students in grades 6 to 12 with data from the 1999 and 2000 waves of the National Youth Tobacco Survey. We found that youth cigar demand is sensitive to price but not state tobacco-control regulations. The results suggested that raising excise taxes on cigars could reduce cigar use prevalence among youths.

Adolescent↗