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PubMed1987

Effects of components of protection-motivation theory on adaptive and maladaptive coping with a health threat.

How do people cope with a threat when they do not plan to adopt an adaptive, protective response? We explored this question by examining the effects of information about a health threat and two aspects of coping ability, self-efficacy and response efficacy, on two adaptive and five maladaptive coping strategies (e.g., avoidance, wishful thinking). The results disclosed that the high-threat condition energized all forms of coping; it did not differentially cue specific coping strategies. The critical factor in determining the specific strategies used was the coping information. The high-response-efficacy and high-self-efficacy conditions strengthened adaptive coping and did not foster any maladaptive coping. A supplementary path analysis revealed an intriguing pattern of relations, including the finding that the most maladaptive strategy was avoidant thinking, which simultaneously reduced fear of the threat and weakened intentions to adopt the adaptive response.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1990

Multidimensional assessment of coping: a critical evaluation.

Several existing self-report measures of coping and the relevant research using these instruments are reviewed. Many of these coping measures suffer from a variety of psychometric weaknesses. A self-report instrument, the Multidimensional Coping Inventory (MCI), was constructed that identifies 3 types of coping styles: task-oriented, emotion-oriented, and avoidance-oriented coping. Support for the multidimensional nature of the MCI is presented, along with support for the reliability of the MCI coping scales. Two studies are presented that assessed the validity of the MCI. The 1st study assessed the construct validity of the MCI by comparing it with the Ways of Coping Questionnaire. The 2nd study also assessed the criterion validity of the MCI by comparing it with measures of depression, anxiety, Type A behaviour, neuroticism, and extraversion. Overall, the results suggest that the MCI is a valid and highly reliable multidimensional measure of coping styles.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

Facilitating and debilitating trait anxiety, situational anxiety, and coping with an anticipated stressor: a process analysis.

Participants completed anxiety and coping diaries during 10 periods that began 7 days before an academic stressor and continued through the evening after the stressor. Profile analysis was used to examine the anxiety and coping processes in relation to 2 trait anxiety grouping variables: debilitating and facilitating test anxiety (D-TA and F-TA). Anxiety and coping changed over time, and high and low levels of D-TA and F-TA were associated with different daily patterns of anxiety and coping. Participants with a debilitative, as opposed to facilitative, trait anxiety style had lower examination scores, higher anxiety, and less problem-solving coping. Covarying F-TA, high D-TA was associated with a pattern of higher levels of tension, worry, distraction, and avoidant coping, as well as lower levels of proactive coping. Covarying D-TA, high F-TA was associated with higher levels of tension (but not worry or distraction), support seeking, proactive and problem-solving coping.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1994

Coping and depressive symptoms among people with AIDS.

This study examined coping behaviors of people with AIDS, using a large sample (N = 736) that was both geographically and sociodemographically diverse. In-person interviews were conducted with people receiving AIDS-related medical or social services; follow-up interviews were conducted approximately 11 months later. Factor analyses of 16 coping behaviors revealed three factors: Positive Coping, Seeking Social Support, and Avoidance Coping. Respondents with a history of injected drug use, as compared with gay or bisexual men, had higher scores for Avoidance Coping and lower scores for Positive Coping. Each coping scale was significantly related to depressive symptoms in cross-sectional analyses. In longitudinal analyses that controlled for prior depressive symptoms, Positive Coping was significantly related to decreases in symptoms.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1987

Age differences in stress and coping processes.

The dramatic increase in the numbers of people who are living into old age has been accompanied by a growing interest among psychologists and health care professionals in their sources of stress and how they cope with them. Despite this interest, little is known about normative stress and coping patterns and the ways in which these patterns differ in older and younger people. This study, which draws on stress and coping theory, compares younger and older community-dwelling adults in daily hassles and eight kinds of coping. Two interpretations of age differences are evaluated: a developmental interpretation, which says that there are inherent, stage-related changes in the ways people cope as they age, and a contextual interpretation, which says that age differences in coping result from changes in what people must cope with. The findings indicate that there are clear age differences in hassles and coping. Overall, the findings tend to support the developmental interpretation, although the contextual interpretation also applies.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2000

Direct and crossover effects of prosocial and antisocial coping behaviors.

The relationship of antisocial and prosocial coping behaviors to individual and relationship well-being was prospectively examined in a sample of fire-emergency workers (FEWs) and their marital or romantic partners (69 couples). Results of hierarchical multiple regression equations indicated that FEWs' antisocial coping was related to higher levels of depressive symptoms. Prosocial coping was related to decreased anger expression and increased relationship adjustment. Partners' prosocial coping was a significant predictor of FEWs' reports of better relationship adjustment. For partners, prosocial coping was positively related to their relationship adjustment. FEWs' coping was unrelated to partners' outcome. Results for the FEWs support the notion that coping has direct and crossover effects. Moreover, results indicate that prosocial and antisocial coping behaviors have differential effects on well-being.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Latent variable analysis of coping, anxiety/depression, and somatic symptoms in adolescents with chronic pain.

Reports of adolescents' coping with recurrent pain, symptoms of anxiety/depression, and somatic complaints were obtained from a sample of 164 adolescents with recurrent abdominal pain and their parents. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that coping consisted of 3 nonorthogonal factors: Primary Control Engagement Coping (problem solving, emotional expression, and emotional regulation), Secondary Control Engagement Coping (positive thinking, cognitive restructuring, acceptance, and distraction), and Disengagement Coping (denial, avoidance, and wishful thinking). Structural equation modeling using latent variables revealed that secondary control engagement coping predicted lower levels of anxiety/depression symptoms and somatic complaints, and disengagement coping was related to higher levels of anxiety/depression and somatic complaints. Implications for understanding child and adolescent coping with pain are highlighted.

Abdominal Pain↗

PubMed1996

Effect of preparatory information prior to elective total hip replacement on psychological coping outcomes.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of preparatory information on psychological coping outcomes among total hip replacement (THR) patients. A quasi-experimental design within an ethnographic clinical context was used. Eighty-two healthy individuals, scheduled for elective THR were recruited for the study and nonrandom selection techniques were used. The subjects in the experimental group were given procedural, sensory and coping information relating to the whole surgical procedure of a THR. In addition, written information was given to support the verbal information. Subjects in the control group received only the advice and support that would routinely be given to THR patients by ward, medical and nursing staff. The main outcomes were measured using standard questionnaires, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) measuring anxiety and depression, Rosenburg Self-Esteem Scale measuring self-esteem, and Health Illness Questionnaire measuring sense of control. Lastly, a Linear Analogue Coping Scale was developed and applied to assess a subject's personal perception of coping with a THR. Providing information had positive effects on the psychological coping outcomes measured. Subjects in the experimental group had significantly less anxiety and depression with a high self-esteem and sense of control. The Linear Analogue Coping Scale demonstrated a strong correlation between how subjects believed they were coping and that measured using the standard questionnaires. The study concluded that preparatory information of various types and in different forms appears to have positive effects on psychological coping outcomes for THR patients, which may have influenced postoperative recovery.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2000

Beliefs about voices and their effects on coping strategies.

Cognitive behavioural techniques are increasingly used as adjuncts to medication in the treatment of auditory hallucinations for people with schizophrenia. There are now literally hundreds of nurses trained in the use of cognitive behavioural interventions for psychosis. However, there is still disagreement about the nature of the cognitive processes that lead to deficits or biases in patients' processing of information about their psychotic experiences. Using Chadwick & Birchwood's Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ), the investigator collected data regarding voices from a sample of men and women being treated for schizophrenia by secondary mental health services. The investigator then carried out a cross-lagged panel analysis of the data. The investigator found, as predicted, positive relationships between a resistive coping style and an attribution of malevolence to voices, and between an engaging coping style and an attribution of benevolence to voices. Coping and attributional styles were not necessarily stable over time. There was a non-significant difference between women's and men's attributions and coping styles. There was less fluctuation over time in the women's scores on the BAVQ. This research shows that one cannot assume that either coping or attributional style becomes more stable over time. However, while there are strong relationships between attributions and coping styles, and particularly between malevolence and resistance and benevolence and engagement, these relationships are not necessarily mutually exclusive and some people in the study believe their voices to be both malevolent and benevolent. These findings suggest that clinicians need to make a very careful assessment of attribution and coping with regard to hallucinations and that systematic reassessment is very important. Further research is necessary in both the phenomenology of attribution and coping, but also to relate these variables to other aspects of schizophrenic illnesses.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2000

Coping strategies and health-related quality of life among spouses of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, haemodialysis, and transplant patients.

In the study reported here 55 spouses of patients living with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were investigated with respect to coping strategies and health-related quality of life. Findings from the study were compared to two random samples of the Swedish general population (n = 454, and n = 1200). The study design was correlational and comparative. Coping was measured by the Jalowiec Coping Scale, and quality of life (QoL) by the Swedish Health-Related Quality of Life Survey (SWED-QUAL). Data were analysed using a number of statistical tests including Pearson's product moment correlations, Student's t-test and two way ANOVAs. The combined sample of spouses used significantly more optimistic and palliative coping than the general population, but less confrontative, self-reliant, evasive and emotive coping. In the study fatalistic, evasive and emotive coping was associated with low perceived efficiency in handling various aspects of the partners' situation. The male spouses used significantly less optimistic, supportive and palliative coping than did the female spouses. The spouses of transplant patients had better overall quality of life than the continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and haemodialysis spouse groups, most likely due to the lower age of the former group. The study findings suggest that emotive, evasive and fatalistic coping are less than optimal ways to deal with problems occasioned by the partner's treatment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2003

Psychometric evaluation of the Spiritual Coping Strategies scale in English, Maltese, back-translation and bilingual versions.

BACKGROUND: The little research that has been done on the topic considers spiritual coping as consisting mainly of religious coping strategies. This limits spiritual coping solely to believers. However, it is argued that spiritual coping should address both believers and non-believers. The development of the new Spiritual Coping Strategies (SCS) scale, which consists of both religious and non-religious coping strategies attempts to fill this research gap. Aim. The aim of this article is to discuss the psychometric assessment of the SCS scale designed in four versions, namely English, Maltese, back-translation and bilingual. METHODS: The Likert-type SCS scale comprises 20 items, each represented by the frequency and helpfulness of both religious and non-religious coping strategies. Test-retest of the four versions was conducted between October 1999 and January 2000, with 55 final year nursing students, mean age of 24.5 years, recruited from the same class to facilitate supervision and prevent contamination of results. Test-retest reliability of the scale was investigated by cross-tabulations, Kappa (kappa) measures and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Internal consistency was tested by Cronbach's alpha. The correlation structure was examined by the multivariate techniques of R-type cluster analysis and direct oblimin factor analysis. RESULTS: Cross-tabulations between tests and retests gave highly significant values of chi-squared (P < or = 0.0001) for most items in all versions of the scale. These cross-tabulations also yielded reasonably good values for kappa. Additionally, satisfactory values for Spearman's coefficient of correlation resulted between tests and retests. Twelve frequency variables and 13 helpfulness variables had test-retest correlations in the range 0.5 < or = rs < or = 0.79 in at least three of the versions. Optimum values of Cronbach's alpha were observed for the helpfulness variable in retests namely, 0.81 for the English version, 0.73 for the Maltese version, 0.79 for the back-translation, and 0.82 for the bilingual version. These values were all above the acceptable minimum value of 0.7. The correlation structure identified two factors, namely religious and non-religious coping strategies. Although the two factors together explained only between 33% and 40% of the variance in the different versions, the religious factor had good reliability, with 0.77 < or = alpha < or = 0.82 for the four versions, whilst the non-religious factor also had alpha > or = 0.71 for all versions except the Maltese one, for which alpha = 0.59. CONCLUSION: Therefore, psychometric assessment suggests that the SCS scale, in any of the four versions, is a reliable tool which can be used in future studies on SCS in Maltese patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1999

Coping and social support of parents with a diabetic child.

The purpose of this study is to describe and understand the parental coping and the social support received by the parents of diabetic children. The parental coping process was followed for a 4-week period after the diagnosis of diabetes. The parents of two girls, whose diabetes was diagnosed in early childhood, served as study subjects. Data were collected by interviewing and observing the parents over four separate periods. The data were analyzed by the time series and content analysis methods. Six phases of parental coping were identified: disbelief, lack of information and guilt, learning to care, normalization, uncertainty and reorganization. In the different phases of parental coping, the parents' experience of stress, coping strategies and sense of control varied. In the phase of disbelief, the parents tried to reject the child's diabetes by questioning the diagnosis. The initial information given to the parents regarding their child's diabetes proved to be important for parental coping. In the phase of lack of information and guilt, the parents sought reasons for their child's diabetes and felt guilty about it. As coping responses, the parents sought support from each other and from people who had experienced the same. In the learning to care phase, they recognized the demands caused by diabetes and took responsibility for the child's care. The parents appreciated supervision based on their problems. In the normalization phase, the parents prepared to return home with the diabetic child. Getting back to normal life was one of the most effective parental coping responses. In the uncertainty phase, the care to be given to the diabetic child changed the daily routines of the family. In the reorganization phase, the parents adapted to the diagnosis of diabetes and to the care of their diabetic child. The parents felt that the life of the family normalized and was able to be controlled.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1989

[Coping with the disease and disease course in schizophrenic psychoses].

The influence of the patients' attitude toward their psychosis in relation to the outcome variable "risk of relapse" was investigated (schizophrenics n = 38, ICD and AMDP-selection). The aspect of coping with the disease was operationalized by 11 self-rating items divided into 3 categories by using a (nonmetric) multidimensional scaling: active coping style, passive coping style and self-centeredness. Statistical analysis (Kruskal-Wallis- and Mann-Whitney U-tests) showed a significant difference inpatient versus outpatients in the categorie "active coping style". The significantly higher "active coping style"-score in the inpatient group could be explained by the relief of everyday problems by multiprofessional health teams. Finally, a stepwise logistic regression analysis showed a main impact of coping style on the outcome of psychosis, although the statistical model could be optimated only by including the interaction of the factors "vocational training" and "length of illness". Insofar, the results of the study represent a confirmation of the previous findings in coping research indicating that coping style and strategies are a relevant predictor of the outcome in chronic and impairing diseases.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Development of the coping scale for infertile couples.

Infertility treatment involves more complicated, uncomfortable, and humbling medical procedures for women, so the coping strategies used by wives may differ from those used by husbands. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a Coping Scale for Infertile Couples that would be sensitive to the differences in gender. What couples actually do to cope with infertility and whether these strategies are different between couples were also addressed. A total of 138 infertile couples participated in this study. The Coping Scale for Infertile Couples was administered with the Infertility Questionnaire, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Jalowiec Coping Scale as measures of concurrent validity. Factor analysis extracted 4 subscales from the Coping Scale for Infertile Couples. Test-retest and internal consistency reliability were high. Paired t tests revealed that wives used the "Increasing space and Sharing the burden" strategies to a greater degree than their husbands. Husbands used the "Being the best" strategy to a greater degree than the wives. A significant correlation with distress, stress, and coping measures provided evidence of concurrent validity. Preliminary results suggest that this measure has good reliability and validity, which can contribute toward the elucidation of coping strategies used by infertile couples and assist in planning effective interventions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

Implications of coping repertoire as predictors of men's stress, anxiety and depression following pregnancy, childbirth and miscarriage: a longitudinal study.

The long-term implication of how men cope during a partner's pregnancy, at childbirth or following miscarriage has not received attention. This study aims to examine if men's coping response during pregnancy, at childbirth, or miscarriage predict psychological outcomes at the time of childbirth/miscarriage or 1 year later, and to establish whether there are any changes in men's coping repertoire. Utilizing a longitudinal design, 384 volunteer expectant fathers, participated by completing measures of stress, anxiety, depression and coping during their partner's pregnancy, following childbirth or miscarriage, and 1 year later. Findings indicated, at the time of childbirth/miscarriage, increases on all psychological outcomes compared to during the pregnancy, which then decreased at 1-year. During pregnancy, men relied more on approach-orientated coping, changing at pregnancy outcome to avoidant-orientated strategies. Regression revealed the best predictor of psychological outcome, in the long-term, was coping response at pregnancy outcome. However each psychological outcome had its own predictive path, varying depending on pregnancy outcome; supporting the concept that coping responses are situationally specific, changing depending on the event examined. How men cope with each aspect of their reproductive experiences may have implications for the provision of support they offer their partner, and the support they themselves need.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗

PubMed2000

Coping with pre- and in-event fluctuations in competitive state anxiety: a longitudinal approach.

The direction of anxiety--the positive or negative nature of competition-related cognitions--is an important distinguishing variable that accounts for significant individual differences. However, very little is known about the pre- and in-event patterning of the construct, specifically how it changes over time. The aims of this study were to establish the extent to which the direction of anxiety is a dynamic or stable longitudinal response to stress and whether this patterning appears to be related to coping. Pre-event, state anxiety intensity and direction data were obtained from 22 youth sport participants in two training and two competition environments within the same season, with the in-event anxiety and coping data being obtained from the 'high-stress' competition condition. The predispositional coping strategies of the participants were assessed by use of the trait version of the 'COPE' scale. The findings revealed significant differences in the patterning of anxiety direction between and within the facilitative and debilitative groups. This was accompanied by distinct qualitatively and quantitatively reported differences in the strategies of coping adopted by each group. Facilitators appeared to use problem- and emotion-focused coping characteristics in response to stress, whereas debilitators appeared limited in their use of coping constructs. Conceptually, the direction of anxiety would appear to be a mechanism that may, in itself, exist as a strong indicator that effective coping is taking place.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1990

International relocation: womens' coping methods.

This article focuses on how corporate and military wives cope with international relocation. Specifically, the coping behaviors of women who exhibited signs of depression and anxiety and those women who did not in a convenience sample of 28 military and corporate women were studied. Six instruments were used: (a) the Relocation Survey, (b) the Beck Depression Inventory, (c) the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List, (d) the CAGE Questionnaire, (e) the Sarason Life Experience Survey, and (f) the Coping Questionnaire. Coping and adaptation formed the conceptual framework. The findings revealed that women who coped well used active coping behaviors and women who coped poorly used more passive coping behaviors. This study offers some direction for health care providers who may use anticipatory guidance and counseling for women prior to international moves.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1990

Family coping with childhood cancer.

Previous studies using nonstandardized instruments measuring coping with childhood cancer, suggested families coped well. The concepts of encapsulation and at-risk behaviors were derived from this literature as coping strategies. Encapsulation strategies normalize the experience and control the meaning of the illness. At-risk strategies include complying with treatment and protecting the child. Three purposes of this paper are (a) describe parents' coping in 45 families whose child has cancer using a standardized instrument (CHIP), (b) compare the findings from this study with previous studies, and (c) explore the concepts of encapsulation and at-risk as family coping strategies using selected items on the CHIP. Internal reliabilities ranged from .71 to .79 on the CHIP's three scales. In this study, correlational and descriptive analysis were conducted. The CHIP's psychometric properties in this study ranged from .76 to .84. The newly developed scales of encapsulation and at-risk had internal reliabilities of .74, .74, .74, and .46 for the fathers and mothers. Using the CHIP scales parents' coping was similar to other samples in which the CHIP was used. With the exception of the mothers' at-risk scale, a cohesive family coping measure was evidenced by the acceptable internal reliabilities on the newly developed scales. Further development of the encapsulation scale will provide a family coping measure useful in testing conceptually based nursing interventions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗