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PubMedDate not supplied

Dental health among institutionalized psychiatric patients in Spain.

This study assessed the dental health of an institutionalized psychiatric population in Spain. The study population was composed of 347 males and 218 females with a mean age of 58.0. The mean length of hospitalization was 26.1 years. The largest proportion of the patients (62%) was diagnosed as having schizophrenia. All subjects were taking psychotropic drugs, with a mean number of 2.1 medications. The sample was examined according to the WHO dental criteria. The DMFT index demonstrated the mean number of carious teeth to be 7.9; missing teeth, 17.0; and filled teeth, 0.0. The DMFT index increased significantly with the patient's age and length of hospitalization. Female and demented patients had significantly higher DMFT scores. These findings suggest that institutionalized patients with mental illness in Spain have extensive untreated dental disease.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Dental health of 12-year-olds in Israel-2002.

OBJECTIVE: To gather epidemiological information on caries prevalence and treatment needs of Israeli 12-year-olds. RESEARCH DESIGN: Prevalence survey of a representative sample of 12-year- olds examined according to WHO Oral Health Survey methods. RESULTS: The mean DMFT was 1.66 (DT = 0.91, MT = 0.03 FT = 0.72), a 40% decline since the previous national survey in 1989. DT and DMFT were lower amongst males (p < 0.01). There were no differences between urban and rural communities. Arab subjects had a higher prevalence, higher DT, MT and DMFT (p < 0.01), but lower FT than the Jewish subjects. In fluoridated areas, the mean DMFT was 1.39 compared to 1.83 in the non-fluoridated areas (p < 0.01). SiC (Significant Caries Index which shows the average DMFT of the third of the population with the highest DMFT) was found to be 4.31. CONCLUSIONS: Caries prevalence has declined among 12-year-olds in Israel. However, 53.9% of the children still suffer from caries at this age. There are wide dental health disparities.

Arabs↗

PubMed2003

Caries incidence in permanent first molars after discontinuation of a school-based chlorhexidine-thymol varnish program.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the cessation for 3 years of a 24-month program of chlorhexidine-thymol varnish applications would affect caries incidence in the first permanent molars of a population of schoolchildren of middle and lower-middle socioeconomic level. METHODS: Two groups of 6-7-year-old schoolchildren, randomized by school-class, were followed up in a clinical trial. One group received applications of chlorhexidine-thymol varnish every 3 months and the other group acted as controls. The program ended after 24 months and its effects were evaluated. Three years later, 55.5% of the schoolchildren were re-examined and the caries increments were documented. RESULTS: At the end of the 24-month program, the treated children had significantly fewer decayed and filled surfaces in permanent molars (lower DFS index) versus the controls. At 3 years after the discontinuation of the program, this difference had disappeared; there were no differences in the incidence of decayed, missing and filled surfaces (DMFS) index in permanent molars between the treated children and the controls. CONCLUSION: The cessation for 3 years of a 3-month program of chlorhexidine-thymol varnish applications resulted in a nonsignificant increase in the prevalence of dental caries in the permanent first molar.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Assessment of the oral health status of the medically compromised homebound geriatric patient: a descriptive pilot study.

This pilot study was designed to assess the oral health status of homebound elderly and determine their dental care needs. Fifty-one subjects enrolled in a hospital-based home care program were recruited for this study. Subjects were visited in their homes by both a dentist and a physician. Care plans and medications were reviewed for each subject. Initial assessments to receive informed written consent were conducted by the physician. Oral health assessments by the dentist included comprehensive examinations for soft tissue pathology, periodontal health, caries, restoration, and tooth condition, as well as existing prosthesis assessment, plaque index, and grip strength. A Physical Self-Maintenance Scale was administered in order to determine the level of dependence of this population for their oral hygiene self-care. The oral health status of these homebound elderly was found to be poor, with 84% of the subjects requiring dental care.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2000

Dental caries and sugar intake of children from rural areas with different water fluoride levels in Paraíba, Brazil.

UNLABELLED: Few reports have investigated caries prevalence in rural areas of Brazil. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to observe the caries prevalence (DMFT, DMFS) in 12-year-old children living in rural villages of Paraíba, Brazil with low and moderate fluoride levels in the drinking water and to relate it to sugar intake and oral hygiene. METHODS: One hundred and ninety four children from 13 villages were grouped according to the water fluoride levels: low fluoride (LF, <0.2 ppm F, 96 children) and moderate fluoride (MF, 0.7-1.0 ppm F, 98 children). Caries and oral hygiene (OHI-S) were scored according to WHO criteria. Sugar intake was assessed through interviews. A sub-set of subjects (n=23) from the LF group was re-examined 2 years later. RESULTS: For the LF and MF groups the DMFT (mean, SD) observed was 3.9 (3.7) and 2.5 (2.1) respectively, the DMFS was 9.2 (10.6) and 5.4 (5.7). Both indexes (DMFT, DMFS) showed significant differences (P<0.01, Mann-Whitney U-test) according to the fluoride levels in the drinking water. The mean increment of caries in the sub-set group of subjects was approximately 1.5 surfaces per subject/year. The reported sugar intake was low for both water fluoride groups (P>0.05). In a regression analysis the water fluoride levels, the use of fluoridated toothpaste and oral hygiene index were related to DMFS (R2=0.08, P< or =0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Caries prevalence was lower in MF than in LF rural areas of Paraíba. Caries and sugar intake seems to be lower in rural areas than in urban areas of Paraíba with similar fluoride levels in the drinking water.

Brazil↗

PubMed1994

Occupational syrup-tasting and dental health.

In the sugar industry the quality of a syrup is judged by taste. The aim of this study was to investigate whether tasting affected the taster's teeth. Seven technicians who had tasted syrups for at least 2 years and 21 age-matched controls working in the same factory were investigated. Dental, medical, and dietary histories were obtained, and salivary and intra-oral examinations were undertaken. The tasters had similar DMFS indices to but more decayed surfaces than the controls (3.4 versus 1.0; p < 0.05), especially on proximal surfaces (2.0 versus 0.7; p < 0.05). The tasters had also higher visible plaque index and gingival bleeding index than the controls (23% versus 11% and 23% versus 10%; p < 0.05). We conclude that frequent exposure to syrup may increase caries activity, despite the various preventive measures commonly adopted. It is concluded that those selected for tasting should be carefully examined for general health and oral status and that preventive dental measures be emphasized.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Prevalence of dental caries among 5-13-year-old children of Mangalore city.

A study of prevalence of dental caries was undertaken in 5-13-year-old children from Mangalore city. A total of 524 children were examined. The sample consisted of 193, 160, and 171 children in the 5-7, 8-10 and 11-13 years of age group, respectively. Dental caries was examined visually and observations were recorded. Silness and L phie plaque index, L phie and Silness gingival index were used to record the periodontal status. The prevalence of dental caries was highest in 5-7-year-age group compared to 8-10 years and 11-13 years age groups. The increasing prevalence of dental caries needs dental health programmes, which target the specific segments of the population.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

[Saliva as a risk factor for caries in diabetic patients].

Saliva is an important factor upon which general health of the oral cavity is dependent and which influences the occurrence of caries. In diabetic patients, xerostomia may occur due to pronounced polyuria in non-regulated and inadequately regulated cases. The aim of this study was to determine the amount of stimulated saliva and salivary pH in diabetic patients and in normal subjects, and to study the possible difference in the occurrence of caries. Results pointed to a significant decrease in the amount of stimulated saliva in insulin dependent diabetics (1.22 ml/min vs. 1.43 ml/min in normal subjects; p less than 0.01). The lowest amount of stimulated saliva was found in non-regulated diabetics (1.00 ml/min). In all diabetic patients, a significantly lower salivary pH was recorded as compared to normal subjects (p less than 0.01). The DMFS index was significantly higher in both insulin dependent and non-insulin dependent diabetics as compared to normal subjects (p less than 0.01). Concerning the state of diabetes control, significant differences at the level of p less than 0.01 in the DMFS index were observed among all groups of subjects (normal subjects, and regulated, inadequately regulated and non-regulated diabetics). A decreased salivary flow and pH may represent one from a series of caries risk factors in diabetics, especially in inadequately regulated and non-regulated cases of the disease.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Oral and dental health in alcohol misusing patients.

Dental and oral health and their relationship to nutritional status among a group of alcohol misusers (n = 107) from south London is reported. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) questionnaire was validated as an accurate and reliable screening questionnaire for use in alcohol misuse detection by a dentist. Half of the study population consumed >200 units of alcohol/week, and 80% were heavy smokers. A high incidence of tooth wear and trauma to the dentition was recorded. Eight subjects had oral mucosal lesions, including two previously treated carcinomas. The dental health in alcoholics overall was not compromised, but nutritional impairment (body mass index and reduced midarm muscle circumference) was associated with periodontal lesions. Oral mucosal health of alcoholics is of concern, particularly in heavy smokers. The interrelationships between dental-oral health and alcohol-tobacco usage have implications for preventative counseling in this patient group.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Declining prevalence of dental caries in school children in Singapore.

OBJECTIVE: Dental health surveys of school children in Singapore from past decades were reviewed to document reductions in prevalence of dental caries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Surveys were carried out in schools by the Dental Division, Ministry of Health in 1970, 1979, 1984, 1989 and 1994. A sample size of approximately 5000 school children representing 1.2% of the school population aged 6 to 18 years old was examined in each survey. RESULTS: Survey data showed an increase in the proportion of children free of caries in the permanent dentition from 30% in 1970 to 58.7% in 1994. The DMFT index for 6 to 18 year old children has dropped from 2.98 in 1970, 2.61 in 1979, 1.97 in 1984, 1.61 in 1989 to 1.05 in 1994. CONCLUSION: Fluoridation of public water supplies together with the adoption of preventive dental health programmes by the State and professional bodies is credited as the major factor in caries reduction.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

The effect of bone marrow transplantation on systemic and oral health in Fanconi's aplastic anemia.

Fanconi's anemia (FA) is an autosomal-recessive disorder characterized by a progressive pancytopenia, diverse congenital abnormalities and increased predisposition to malignancy. Sixteen children with FA, aged between 4 to 16 were divided into two groups according to treatments. Nine children had bone marrow transplantation and seven children were treated with steroid and/or anapolan. The changes in dental caries, caries-associated microflora, salivary status and periodontal health were investigated in children with FA. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. A statistically significant difference was found in hematological findings between children who have received bone marrow transplantation (BMT+) and the others, who have not received (BMT-). There was no significant difference in dental caries experience, salivary flow rate, buffering capacity, mutans streptococci and Lactobacilli levels between the study groups. A statistically significant difference was found in gingival index, plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth scores between the patients with FA in BMT(+) and BMT(-) groups (p<.05). In conclusion, besides systemic control, additional preventive measures during their whole life to maintain oral health is necessary in these children.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Proximal alveolar bone loss in a longitudinal radiographic investigation.

The progression of proximal alveolar bone loss (ABD index) in an unselected material comprising 406 individuals was analysed by a longitudinal investigation over a period of ten years. In order to minimize the number of measurements and the drop-out of measurements of the difference in alveolar bone height between the two examinations a partial recording system was constructed. A partial index including five sites (12 m, 11 m, 33 d, 31 d, 41 m) gave high correlation to a total recording (r = 0.96). The best alternative in periapical radiographs to measuring the alveolar bone height in relation to the root length was to measure it in relation to the tooth length. This second method does not necessitate identification of the cemento-enamel junction. The mean alveolar bone difference was 5.5 per cent of the mean root length, which corresponds to an average bone loss of 0.09 mm per year. Eighteen variables were analysed as predictors in stepwise multiple regression analyses. The dependent variable was the "ABD index". Four predictors reached significance at 1 per cent level in the multivariate analysis, the alveolar bone loss 1970 ("ABL index 1970"), "Age", "Number of lost teeth" and "Russell's Periodontal Index" ("PI"). The coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.40. In a selected part of the material, consisting of individuals with at least 20 remaining teeth, the stepwise multiple regression analysis was repeated with the same 18 predictors. On this occasion two predictors reached significance at 1 per cent level, "PI" and "Smoking", and these two factors showed an interaction.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Measuring oral health: an historical view and details of a contemporary oral health index (OHX).

The paper describes a new index for measuring oral health, the Oral Health Index (OHX). In reviewing the indices so far developed, the paper discusses the relative merits and disadvantages of these, especially in relation to their specificity to individual disease processes. The component parts of the OHX are described, together with pilot studies of its use and suggested future areas for its implementation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Twelve-year follow-up of caries prevalence and incidence in children and young adults in Espoo, Finland.

This follow-up of the oral health of children and young adults in Espoo, Finland, has been carried out using annual check-ups done by dentists at the Espoo Health Center. There was about 80% participation in municipal dental care by 3- to 18-yr-olds. Each age group included 1700-2300 individuals. The DMFT-index for 12-yr-olds was 6.9 initially and only 2.2 at the end of the 12-yr follow-up. The reduced DMFT and increased number of clinically caries free children is probably the cumulative effect of various preventive measures adopted during the follow-up period. The proportional influence of each procedure is unknown.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in dental caries prevalence in 12-year-old students in the State of Mexico after 9 years of salt fluoridation.

The purpose of this study was to describe the dental caries experience in 12-year-old students in the State of Mexico and to detect changes after 9 years of salt fluoridation (1988-1997). The 1987 WHO dental caries criteria were used in both surveys. The population studied encompassed 2,275 12-year-old students in 1988, and 1,138 in 1997. The proportion of 'caries-free' children was 10. 3% in the first survey and 27.7% in the second one. The mean DMFT index was 4.39 (SD 2.9) in 1988 and 2.47 (SD 2.4) in 1997, the confidence interval of the differences between DMFT means was [95% CI 1.73, 2.11]; the caries reduction detected was 43.7%. The Unmet Restorative Index was 82.3% in 1988 and 72.8% in 1997. The results of the present study indicate that the oral health status of State of Mexico students has improved during the last decade; however, there is still a need for further caries reduction and an increment in access to dental treatment.

Cariostatic Agents↗

PubMed1999

Oral health of children from rural excluded villages (Trancas and Calchaqui valleys. Tucumán, Argentina).

UNLABELLED: The general hypothesis of the study was to evaluate strategically important rural areas to confirm their characteristics of "excluded population" and identify the priorities to allocate human and financial resources of the international co-operation project. The aim of this study was to establish the degree of development of villages in the Trancas and Calchaqui valleys, and the oral health of children living in areas involved in an integral study on excluded villages in the northwest of Argentina. These villages are considered a priority in the UNIR Project; they are thus strategically important as a link with countries of the MERCOSUR. Data on living conditions were obtained through direct inquiries (Project UNIR, W. K. Kellogg Foundation/University of Tucumán) and from data supplied by the Ministry of Economy, by the Ministry of Culture and Education and by the SIEMPRO project of the Secretariat of Social Development of the Ministry of Health. The Human Development Index (HDI) was calculated as World Bank criteria (1995), The studies on dental conditions were carried out in all the children between 12 and 14 years old, that is a total of 58 in the Trancas Valley and 212 in the Calchaqui Valley. RESULTS: (1) The HDI was 0.731 for the province, 0.56 for the Trancas Valley and 0.51 for Calchaqui valley. (2) The results are above the values for the country in the first case, and below the average country values for the valleys. (3) The percentage of BNN families reached 92%. The results for oral health show: (4) the DMFT were 6.34 +/- 0.07 in the Trancas Valley and 7.47 +/- 0.276 in the Calchaquí valley. (5) Carious teeth (CT) were the most important component of this index. (6) The absence of a specific and preventive assistance. CONCLUSIONS: (a) Children between 12 and 14 living in the Valleys of Trancas and Calchaqui (Tucumán, Argentina) are affected by severe levels of caries, with values above the national and province means. (b) The human development index is below that of the corresponding national and province levels. (c) Inhabitants of these valleys can be identified as socially and biologically highly vulnerable. (d) The indicators of cariogenic risk reveal the importance of introducing oral preventive care components to the health plan for the area focused on the excluded population.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Changes in dental caries prevalence of school children in Araraquara, SP, Brazil.

The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of caries in 1989 and 1992 in 7-12 year old school children in Araraquara, SP, Brazil. Systematic random samples were drawn from school children enrolled in the urban public schools and the surveys were carried out by trained examiners using the DMFT index. The results showed that in all ages there was an increase in the percentage of children free of caries for the permanent dentition (from 29.0 per cent in 1989 to 40.6 per cent in 1992). A decrease in the percentage of children classified in the 1-3 DMFT index category (from 40.0 per cent in 1989 to 33.7 per cent in 1992) and a decrease in the percentage of those classified in the 4-6 DMFT index category (from 26.6 per cent to 22.5 per cent) was observed. A slight decrease in the prevalence of children classified in the 7 or more DMFT index category was also observed (from 4.4 per cent to 3.1 per cent). The results obtained suggest that continuing efforts should be made to reduce the percentage of children with experience of caries in order to achieve the WHO/FDI goals for the year 2000.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1991

The estimated cost of treating unmet dental restorative needs of Mexican-American children from Southwestern US HHANES, 1982-83.

The dental restorative treatment needs of Mexican-American children, aged 1-17 years, were assessed from the 1982-83 Southwestern US Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES). This report analyzed those needs and applied a dollar cost to them, using 1982 median fees of US general practitioners. The total estimated cost required to meet those needs for the population estimate of 3,396,770 children was $236,856,772 (95% CI: $198,575,174 to $275,138,370). The mean cost per child was $69.73 (SE: 5.75). Although a majority of the children had no unmet need, 15-, 16-, and 17-year-olds had extensive needs for crowns, endodontics, and prosthetic replacement of teeth, with accompanying high costs: mean total cost per examinee was $177 (SE: 28.97), $161 (SE: 32.20), and $237 (SE: 33.26), respectively. The treatment needs were compared with the previously published regional data from the 1979-80 NIDR survey, which used the same dental restorative treatment needs (DRTN) index. The findings indicated a great need for dental treatment among Mexican-American children that appeared to exceed that of the general school-aged population. Our analysis, in providing estimates of the cost of needed treatment, might be useful in planning dental treatment programs and in comparing surveys.

Adolescent↗