Psychopharmacology of alcohol. I. Affective change with intoxication, drinking behavior and affective state.
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Adult↗
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A controlled study of lysergide in the treatment of alcoholism. 1. The effects on drinking behavior.
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Adult↗
Drinking behavior among teen-agers: a comparison of institutionalized and non-institutionalized youth.
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Adolescent↗
The lateral preoptic area plays a dual role in the regulation of thirst in the rat.
Electrolyte lesion and ibotenic acid lesion of the lateral preoptic area (LPO) of the rat were used to study the participation of this area in drinking behavior. Drinking was induced by cellular dehydration, hypovolemia, hypotension, and water deprivation. The animals with electrolytic lesion of the LPO showed a significant reduction in water intake in response to cellular dehydration, hypotension, and deprivation. The animals with ibotenic acid lesion of the LPO increased the water consumption produced by subcutaneous (SC) injection of hypertonic saline. The amount of water intake after SC injection of polyethyleneglycol (PEG) or isoprenaline was similar in control and ibotenic acid-lesioned animals. The rats with ibotenic acid lesion of the LPO drank significantly more water than control animals. Fibers of passage may also influence the drinking response, and the LPO may have osmosensitive receptors that facilitate water intake in connection with other areas of the central nervous system (CNS) that are implicated in drinking behavior.
Animals↗
The interaction of meal-related, rhythmic and homeostatic mechanisms and the generation of thirst and drinking.
One of the primary goals of the study of thirst is to understand why drinking occurs under ad libitum or natural conditions. An appreciation of the experimental strategies applied by physiologists studying thirst from different perspectives can facilitate progress toward understanding the natural history of drinking behavior. Drinking research carried out using three separate perspectives-homeostatic, circadian rhythms, and food-associated-generates types of information about the mechanisms underlying drinking behavior. By combining research strategies and methods derived from each of these approaches, it has been possible to gain new information that increases our appreciation of the interactions between homeostatic mechanisms and circadian rhythms in the modulation of water intake and how these might be related to drinking associated with food intake under near natural conditions.
Animals↗
Differentiating "bad drivers" with and without a DWI.
OBJECTIVE: Risk factors for driving while intoxicated (DWI) are still largely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors, other than multiple vehicle-related violations, that identify a group of bad drivers at risk of subsequent DWI violations. METHOD: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of drivers with multiple vehicle-related violations who completed a questionnaire on driving and personal characteristics (N = 253). RESULTS: Thirty-six variables were found associated with a 1.8- to 6.3-fold increased risk of subsequent DWI in the following categories: driving behavior, drinking behavior, history of physical trauma, alcohol-related expectancies and family history. CONCLUSIONS: A screening system could be incorporated in DWI prevention programs to target high-risk groups.
Adolescent↗
L-type calcium channels mediate water intake induced by angiotensin injection into median preoptic nucleus.
Calcium ions are widely accepted as critically important in responses of neurons to a stimulus. We have show previously the central involvement of angiotensin II (ANGII) in water intake. This study determined whether voltage-dependent calcium channels are involved in ANGII-induced behavioral drinking implicating nitrergic mechanism. The antidipsogenic actions of L-type calcium channel antagonists nifedipine, on ANGII-induced drinking behavior were studied when it is injected into the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO). The influence of nitric oxide (NO) on nifedipine antidipsogenic action was also studied by utilizing the N(W)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) a constitutive nitric oxide synthase inhibitor constitutive (cNOSI) and 7-nitroindazol (7-NIT) a specific neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (nNOSI) and L-arginine a NO donor. Rats 200-250 g, with cannulae implanted into MnPO, pre-treated into MnPO with either nifedipine, followed by ANGII, drank significantly less water than controls during the first 15 min after injection. However, L-NAME potentiated the dipsogenic effect of ANGII that is blocked by prior injection of nifedipine and L-arginine. 7-NIT injected prior to ANGII into MnPO also potentiated the dipsogenic effect of ANGII but with a less intensity than L-NAME that it is also blocked by prior injection of nifedipine. The results described in this paper provide evidence that calcium channels play important roles in the ANGII-induced behavioral water intake. The structures containing NO in the brain such as MnPO include both endothelial cells and neurons might be responsible for the influence of nifedipine on dipsogenic effect of ANGII. These data shows the correlation between L-type calcium channel and a free radical gas NO produced endogenously from amino acids L-arginine by endothelial and neuronal NO synthase in the control of ANGII-dipsogenic effect. This suggests that an L-type calcium channel participates in both short- and longer-term neuronal actions of ANGII by nitrergic way.
Angiotensin II↗
Changes in the prevalence of alcohol use in rap song lyrics, 1979-97.
AIMS: This paper explores the role of changing images of drinking and alcoholic beverage use in rap music from its beginnings in the United States in the late 1970s to the late 1990s. DESIGN: A sample of 341 rap music song lyrics released from 1979 to 1997 were selected using Billboard and Gavin rating charts. Song lyrics were coded for music genres, alcohol beverage types and brand names, drinking behaviors, drinking contexts, intoxication, attitudes towards alcohol and consequences of drinking. FINDINGS: From 1979 to 1997, songs with references to alcohol increased fivefold (from 8 to 44%); those exhibiting positive attitudes rose from 43% to 73%; and brand name mentions increased from 46% to 71%. There were also significant increases in songs mentioning champagne and liquor (mainly expensive brand names) when comparing songs released after 1994 with those from previous years. In addition, there were significant increases in references to alcohol to signify glamour and wealth, and using alcohol with drugs and for recreational purposes. The findings also showed that alcohol use in rap music was much more likely to result in positive than negative consequences. CONCLUSIONS: Many of these findings are consistent with the idea that rap music has been profoundly affected by commercial forces and the marketing of alcoholic beverages. In addition, it is possible that the increase in references to alcoholic beverages in rap music, particularly spirits, is a reflection of a broader advertising culture which increasingly associates African Americans with alcohol use.
Advertising↗
[Relationship between medical services utilization and preventive health behavior].
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between medical services utilization and preventive health behavior and to seek the factors affecting them. Subjects were 568 persons who were from 40 to 59 years old and lived in a community. Preventive health behaviors they actually performed and their interests in health were asked by questionnaire. Preventive health behaviors assessed included smoking behavior, drinking behavior, adequate hours of sleep, physical exercise, regularity of meals, and medical checkups. Medical services utilization, which included the number of visits to medical care providers, was measured by their medical claims during one year. Except for adequate hours of sleep, preventive health behaviors correlated positively with each other. A strong positive correlation was found between medical services utilization and medical checkups. However, correlations between medical services utilization and other preventive health behaviors were not statistically significant. Persons who performed preventive health behaviors and persons who utilized medical services scored higher in interest in health than persons who didn't. These results show that medical services utilization and preventive health behavior are strongly associated with interest in health, but are weakly correlated with each other.
Adult↗
Parent and sibling influences on adolescent alcohol use and misuse: evidence from a U.S. adoption cohort.
OBJECTIVE: Although adolescent alcohol use has been consistently associated with parental drinking behavior, sibling drinking behavior and family functioning, the extent to which these associations owe to genetic or shared environmental influences has not been previously investigated. Using an adoption study design, we sought to determine whether the familial correlates of adolescent alcohol involvement were due to common genetic or common environmental effects. METHOD: The sample consisted of 653 adopted families ascertained through adoption agencies in four U.S. states. Each family consisted of a target adopted adolescent, an adoptive mother and an adoptive father. In addition, 68 birth adolescents (i.e., biological offspring of the adoptive parents) and 187 second adopted adolescents from these families participated in the study. All participants completed a mail survey that included assessment of drinking behavior and family functioning. RESULTS: The relationship between parental problem drinking and adolescent alcohol involvement was moderate and significant among birth offspring (corrected multiple correlation, Rc = .30), but small and non-significant among adoptive offspring (Rc = .00). The relationship between adolescent alcohol involvement and family functioning was substantial for birth offspring (Rc = .39), but only modest for adoptive offspring (Rc = .16). The nonbiological sibling correlation for involvement with alcohol was significant (r = .24) and moderated by sibling pair demographic similarity, such that same-sex, similar-age siblings were substantially more similar (r = .45) than opposite-sex, dissimilar-aged siblings (r = .01). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that adolescent alcohol use is affected minimally by the environmental consequences of parent problem drinking and family functioning, but substantially by sibling environmental effects.
Adolescent↗
Behavioral measures of drinking: patterns from the Alcohol Interlock Record.
AIMS: This report reviews breath test data captured by the alcohol ignition interlock, a device that prevents a car from starting when BAC (breath alcohol concentration) is elevated. DESIGN: The predictors were elevated BAC test rates from ignition interlock equipped cars of traffic offenders convicted of DUI (driving under the influence of alcohol) and who used interlocks for 6-18 months. Outcome data were future DUI convictions. SETTINGS: Québec and Alberta, Canada. PARTICIPANTS: Approximately 10000 interlock users from these two culturally distinctive English- and French-speaking Provinces. MEASUREMENT: Predictor patterns were analyzed from among 23 million breath tests. Repeat DUI convictions accumulated up to several years after interlock removal were studied as an outcome to be predicted by the rate of BAC tests > or = 20 mg/dl (0.02%) while the interlock was installed. Data were analyzed with sensitivity and survival methods. FINDINGS: A median of eight interlock breath tests per day per driver were logged (a rate of 3000 tests/year). Less than 1% of all tests were over 0.02%, but the rate of elevated BAC tests, particularly those taken at 7-9 a.m., strongly predicts repeat DUI offenses 2 years hence. The interlock record is an unobtrusive measure of drinking behavior and can be used to profile driver risk. CONCLUSIONS: With new legal mandates, North American use of these DUI control devices is increasing rapidly from the current 5% penetration rate. Interlock data may eventually come to serve as a useful adjunct for patient monitoring by alcohol counselors as well as by courts and motor vehicle authorities.
Accidents, Traffic↗
Relationship between alcohol drinking and alcohol-related health problems.
OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between drinking environment, attitudes and situation and alcohol-related health problems. METHODS: A sample of 2327 respondents was randomly collected from Wuhan, Hubei Province in China by a face-to-face interview. The structural equation modeling analysis was performed for the data collected. RESULTS: Both parents' drinking behaviors and respondents' drinking situation strongly impacted the alcohol-related problems and diseases. Friends' or peers' drinking behaviors influenced the respondents' drinking attitudes and behaviors. Males experienced more alcohol-related problems and diseases than females. CONCLUSIONS: Comparatively, parents' drinking behaviors exert the most significant influence on drinkers. Therefore, it is beneficial to restrict parents' drinking behaviors for the offsprings and the whole society, and an intensive professional education in early motherhood is also necessary for Chinese women.
Adolescent↗
Entrainment and masking of circadian drinking rhythms in primates: influence of light intensity.
The entrained drinking rhythms of squirrel monkeys were studied during exposure to 24 hr illumination cycles of three different intensities (60:0, 66:6, 76:16 lux). Increasing the intensity of ambient illumination significantly delayed the offset of drinking but had no effect on either the onset or the total amount of daily drinking behavior. Comparison of drinking behavior under an alternating schedule of LD 66:6 lux and constant light of 6 lux indicated that the twice daily light transitions consistently altered the temporal distribution of drinking behavior. The daily timing of squirrel monkey drinking behavior thus, depends not only o the mechanisms of circadian entrainment to the LD cycle, but also on the ability of the LD cycle to directly influence, or "mask" behavior.
Animals↗
Expectancy theory: a two-process model of alcohol use and abuse.
In recent years, cognitive-behavioral approaches to drinking behavior have postulated the importance of alcohol expectancy and drinking refusal self-efficacy in the development and maintenance of problem drinking. However, despite a growing number of publications, the structure and role of these constructs have not been clearly explicated in theoretical terms to date. This article proposes a two-process theory of alcohol use and abuse. It is suggested that the acquisition and maintenance phases of drinking behavior are governed by different principles of learning and involve different decision-making processes. The acquisition phase is though to be a time of instrumental learning, in which decision making involves controlled processing by means of a kind of "mental algebra". The maintenance phase is described as subject to the principles of classical conditioning, with automatic processing playing a major role in the making of decisions. Integral to both phases, though differing in structure and function from the first to the second, is the concept of alcohol expectancies. Another cognitive construct, drinking refusal self-efficacy, is also hypothesized to play a role in decisions to drink or not to drink. It is suggested that the development of drinking behavior is best explained in terms of associative models of learning and memory. Implications for prevention and treatment of problem drinking are discussed.
Alcohol Drinking↗
Demographic characteristics, drinking patterns and drink-driving behavior of injured male drivers and motorcycle riders.
OBJECTIVE: The demographic characteristics, usual drinking and drink-driving patterns, incidence of problem drinking, precrash drinking behavior and attitudes towards drink-driving of crash-involved male drivers and riders are described and related to blood alcohol concentration (BAC) on admission to hospital. A better understanding of these issues will enable drink-driving countermeasures to target more specifically those individuals who are most at risk of being killed or injured in alcohol-related road crashes. METHOD: Between June 1985 and April 1987 interviews were conducted with a sample of 302 male drivers and motorcycle riders admitted to the Royal Adelaide Hospital in Adelaide, South Australia. RESULTS: With one exception, the likelihood of having a high BAC (i.e., 80 mg/dl or above) did not differ with demographic profile. As BAC increased, there was a significant increase in: various indices of quantity and frequency of drinking; beer being the preferred beverage; percentages drinking alone, in a hotel, in a vehicle and for various less socially acceptable reasons; frequency of drink-driving; likelihood of previous drink-driving suspension; and, more liberal attitudes towards drink-driving. About 25% of those with a BAC of at least 150 mg/dl were probably experiencing alcohol-related problems prior to the crash, compared with only a very small proportion of those with lower BACs. Precrash drinking most commonly involved drinking in a hotel, drinking with friends and drinking beer, with no significant differences between BAC groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that usual drinking and drink-driving patterns, as well as attitudes to drink-driving, become more extreme as the BAC of male crash-involved drivers and riders increases.
Accidents, Traffic↗
Effects of short-term rehabilitation on alcohol consumption and drinking-related behaviors: an eight-month follow-up study of drunken drivers.
This study assesses the effects of short-term alcohol treatment intervention on subsequent drinking behavior and drinking-related problems. Subjects were 436 persons arrested for driving while intoxicated in Phoenix, Arizona. Subjects were screened to determine social or problem drinker classification and then randomly assigned to either treatment or comparison group conditions. Improvement was inferred from response changes to a questionnaire and personal interview administered immediately before and again at 18 months following entry into treatment. Results indicated that short-term treatment intervention had no more effect than minimal exposure in improving the quality of social or problem drinkers' life situations. The findings suggest a need for more innovative research strategies, and a commitment to the development of longer and more therapeutically oriented treatment programs.
Adult↗
A cross-study contextual analysis of effects from individual-level drinking and group-level drinking factors: a meta-analysis of multiple longitudinal studies from the collaborative alcohol-related longitudinal project.
In contextual (cross-level) analysis within multiple longitudinal general population studies, individual-level drinking behaviors (quantity per typical occasion, frequency of drinking per month and total volume of drinks per month) at final measurement are assessed by three models that simultaneously enter individual- and group-level measures. Two age groups (15-20 and 21-30) are independently assessed. In each model, the Time 1 individual-level drinking behavior and one of three group-level factors are entered. The group-level factors are (1) the percentage of abstainers at Time 1 for each age/sex cohort, (2) the Time 1 group mean for the drinking measure for the age/sex cohort and (3) the mean difference of the age/sex cohort's change in the drinking measure over time. All variables in the model are controlled by variations to exposure in per capita consumption of alcohol during the age/sex cohort's formative years and at Time 2. Meta-analysis assesses the homogeneity of the findings across studies. Models were proposed with the rationale that (1) understanding of individual drinking behavior can be advanced if individual-level data and group-level data are considered in the same models, and (2) integration of these two levels of analyses are, to date, rare. The rationale for using meta-analysis is that findings from the models can be assessed across social contexts with respect to their generalizability. The mean difference model, controlling for individual drinking at Time 1, is the most influential of the group-level models for the younger age group: the degree to which the group changes its drinking pattern is positively related to individual-level drinking behavior at final measurement, over and above the individual's drinking behavior at Time 1, for individual-level frequency of drinking among males (homogeneous among drinkers only). Younger females show more significant relationships for the mean difference females show more significant relationships for the mean difference model. Findings are significant for all relationships examined for the mean difference of the drinking of the group and the individual drinking among the older males and females. Measures of individual-level drinking for all measures at Time 1, controlling for the group-level effects, are significantly related to individual-level drinking at final measurement. The results are homogeneous for quantity (drinkers only) and volume among the young. Findings indicate that characterizations of the drinking for both the individual and the group to which the individual belongs predict measures of drinking practices on the individual level over time.
Adolescent↗
Impaired drinking response in histamine H3 receptor knockout mice following dehydration or angiotensin-II challenge.
Histamine H3 receptors (H3Rs) are presynaptic receptors that negatively regulate the release of histamine. The present study examined the physiological role of H3Rs in drinking behavior. In water-replete rats, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of R-alpha-methylhistamine (RalphaMeHA), an H3R agonist, elicited drinking behavior. In contrast, i.c.v. administration of thioperamide, an H3R inverse agonist, significantly attenuated the drinking behavior elicited by either overnight dehydration or i.c.v. administration of angiotensin-II (AT-II). Inhibition of histamine release with alpha-fluoromethylhistidine, an inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase, did not elicit drinking behavior. Moreover, the inhibitory effects of thioperamide on drinking behavior in water-depleted rats were not mimicked by i.c.v. administration of histamine. These results suggest that the predominant effects of H3Rs on drinking behavior are not mediated by the modulation of histamine release. In H3R-deficient (H3RKO) mice, drinking behavior induced by overnight dehydration or i.c.v. administration of AT-II was significantly impaired compared to wild type mice. Collectively, these observations suggest that brain H3Rs play a pivotal role in drinking behavior in response to dehydration and AT-II, and these effects may be largely independent of the modulation of histaminergic tone.
Angiotensin II↗