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PubMed2003

Tendon properties in relation to muscular activity and physical training.

Movement is caused by force transmission from contracting muscles to bone via tendon. The collagen structure of tendon is organized in a very hierarchical manner. The collagen fibril is considered the basic force-transmitting unit of tendon, and it is embedded in a hydrophilic extracellular matrix of proteoglycans, glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans. It has recently been shown in human peritendinous tissue is more metabolically active in response to activity than previously thought, although it remains to be established, if the level of activity influences affects fibril diameter and/or total tendon cross-sectional area. Moreover, it cannot be unequivocally concluded that tendon adaptation to physical activity is one of a quantitative and/or qualitative nature. The currently available information is almost exclusively obtained from animal data, however, techniques such as microdialysis for tendon metabolism and ultrasound combined with MRI for tendon mechanical properties has already provided information on human tendon behavior, and is likely to further add to our understanding of how tendon adapt to physical activity. This review will address the structure and function of tendon, and the current knowledge of how tendons respond to activity with respect to biomechanical properties.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Transcytosis of plasma macromolecules in endothelial cells: a cell biological survey.

The modern exploration of endothelial cell biology is a largely interdisciplinary exercise. Cell biological, physiological, and more recently molecular biology approaches were used to study the pathways and the organelles involved in transcytosis of macromolecules in endothelial cell (EC). Here we discuss mainly the cell biological findings that revealed that EC have the attributes to fulfill the transport function. They are polarized cells, heterogeneous, and, thus, structurally and functionally adapted to the vascular bed in which they reside. The structural heterogeneity involves the number and distribution of plasmalemmal vesicles (caveolae), their generated channels, and the organization of intercellular junctions. The closely related functional heterogeneity comprises the degree of permeability for plasma molecules that vary as a function of organ. The EC are endowed with the cellular machinery to perform (1) endocytosis, that is to take up plasma proteins and the molecules they carry to be used for themselves (cholesterol-carrying low density lipoproteins, fatty acid carrying albumin, iron carrying transferrin, etc.), and (2) transcytosis, which implies to transport plasma proteins to the subjacent cells and tissues. The possible pathways for transport of molecules are transcellular, via caveolae and channels, and paracellular via intercellular junctions. Most of the results obtained, so far, indicate that transcytosis of albumin, low-density lipoproteins, metaloproteases, and insulin, is performed by cargo-vesicles and their generated channels. The paracellular pathway can be used for water and ions; in postcapillary venules, at the level of which approximately 30% of junctions are open to a space of 6 nm, small molecules may take this route. Recent data obtained by molecular biology techniques revealed that caveolae are endowed with the molecular machinery for fusion/fission, docking, and movement across cells. Moreover, the various and numerous molecules that have been detected in the caveolae membrane and the different functions assumed by this differentiated microdomain strengthen the postulate that there are at least two or more types of vesicles molecularly tailored for the local physiological requirements.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Accuracy of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in four exercise situations.

Although ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) is still considered in its investigational stage, the technique has become increasingly popular in recent years. The rationale for its utilization is its ability to continuously monitor blood pressure (BP) response to situational stressors occurring over the course of a 24-hour period which cannot be detected by casual measurements. In addition, ABPM eliminates the so-called white-coat auscultatory BP response. However, the accuracy of ABPM under situations which are at the measurement limits of the technical characteristics and/or capabilities of the ABPM equipment, such as in exercise situations commensurate with daily life activities, has not been fully documented. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the Spacelabs ABPM monitor against auscultatory (AUS) determinations in four exercise situations: walking, stair climbing, cycling and a progressive step test (modified Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test). Analyses of variance (ANOVA) were computed to determine if significant differences occurred between ABPM and AUS measurements for systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) over the resting and four exercise conditions. Results indicate that, particularly at low to moderate levels of exercise intensity, there is no statistically significant difference between ABPM and AUS measurements for SBP and HR. In 20 of the 26 resting and exercise determinations, the difference in SBP was less than 6 mmHg. For HR the variation was no greater than 4 bpm. However, there was no such agreement between ABPM and AUS measurements for DBP. As the intensity of the exercise situations increased, there was a tendency for SBP ABPM measurements to register higher readings than those obtained by AUS. The major drawback in ABPM is its sensitivity to artifacts due to arm movement. It was concluded that ABPM, such as provided by the Spacelabs instrument, can provide reasonably accurate readings of SBP and HR, particularly at low to moderate intensities of exercise while at higher exercise intensities ABPM has a tendency to provide consistently lower SBP values than the AUS measurements. DBP ABPM was totally ineffective under any of the exercise conditions chosen for this study.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Functional integration of striatal allografts in a primate model of Huntington's disease.

Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant, inherited disorder that results in progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia (especially the neostriatal caudate nucleus and putamen) and other forebrain structures and is associated with a clinical profile of movement, cognitive and psychiatric impairments for which there is at present no effective therapy. Neuropathological, neurochemical and behavioral features of the disease can all be reproduced in experimental animals by local injection of excitotoxic or metabolic toxins into the neostriatum. All these features of the disease can be alleviated, at least in rats, by transplantation of embryonic striatal tissue into the degenerated striatum, which was the basis for commencing the first clinical trials of striatal transplantation in Huntington's patients. However, although rat striatal xenografts may temporarily reduce apomorphine-induced dyskinesias in monkeys, there has been no demonstration that allograft techniques that work well in rats translate effectively to the much larger differentiated striatum of primates. Here we demonstrate good survival, differentiation and integration of striatal allografts in the primate neostriatum, and recovery in a test of skilled motor performance. Long-term graft survival in primates indicates probable success for clinical transplants in Huntington's disease; in addition, our data suggest that graft placement has a direct influence on the pattern and extent of functional recovery.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Relationships among body weight, joint moments generated during functional activities, and hip bone mass in older adults.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationships among hip joint moments produced during functional activities and hip bone mass in sedentary older adults. METHODS: Eight male and eight female older adults (70-85 yr) performed functional activities including walking, chair sit-stand-sit, and stair stepping at a self-selected pace while instrumented for biomechanical analysis. Bone mass at proximal femur, femoral neck, and greater trochanter were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Three-dimensional hip moments were obtained using a six-camera motion analysis system, force platforms, and inverse dynamics techniques. Pearson's correlation coefficients were employed to assess the relationships among hip bone mass, height, weight, age, and joint moments. Stepwise regression analyses were performed to determine the factors that significantly predicted bone mass using all significant variables identified in the correlation analysis. FINDINGS: Hip bone mass was not significantly correlated with moments during activities in men. Conversely, in women bone mass at all sites were significantly correlated with weight, moments generated with stepping, and moments generated with walking (p<0.05 to p<0.001). Regression analysis results further indicated that the overall moments during stepping independently predicted up to 93% of the variability in bone mass at femoral neck and proximal femur; whereas weight independently predicted up to 92% of the variability in bone mass at greater trochanter. INTERPRETATION: Submaximal loading events produced during functional activities were highly correlated with hip bone mass in sedentary older women, but not men. The findings may ultimately be used to modify exercise prescription for the preservation of bone mass.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1995

Chest physiotherapy in cystic fibrosis: a comparative study of autogenic drainage and the active cycle of breathing techniques with postural drainage.

BACKGROUND--Autogenic drainage has been suggested as an alternative method of chest physiotherapy in patients with cystic fibrosis. In this study autogenic drainage was compared with the active cycle of breathing techniques (ACBT) together with postural drainage. METHODS--Eighteen patients with cystic fibrosis took part in a randomised two-day crossover trial. There were two sessions of one method of physiotherapy on each day, either autogenic drainage or ACBT. The study days were one week apart. On each day the patients were monitored for six hours. Mucus movement was quantified by a radioaerosol technique. Airway clearance was studied qualitatively using xenon-133 scintigraphic studies at the start and end of each day. Expectorated sputum was collected during and for one hour after each session of physiotherapy. Pulmonary functions tests were performed before and after each session. Oxygen saturation (SaO2) and heart rate were measured before, during, and after each session. RESULTS--Autogenic drainage cleared mucus from the lungs faster than ACBT over the whole day. Both methods improved ventilation, as assessed by the xenon-133 ventilation studies. No overall differences were found in the pulmonary function test results, but more patients had an improved forced expiratory flow from 25% to 75% with autogenic drainage, while more showed an improved forced vital capacity with ACBT. No differences were found in sputum weight and heart rate, nor in mean SaO2 over the series, but four patients desaturated during ACBT. CONCLUSIONS--Autogenic drainage was found to be as good as ACBT at clearing mucus in patients with cystic fibrosis and is therefore an effective method of home physiotherapy. Patients with cystic fibrosis should be assessed as to which method suits them best.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Boytchev procedure for the treatment of anterior shoulder instability.

Most of the operative techniques described for the treatment of recurrent anterior dislocations or subluxations of the shoulder have two distinct disadvantages: the need to immobilize the arm for several weeks and loss of external rotation. These disadvantages provided an incentive for conducting a clinical evaluation of an operation originally described by Boytchev and modified by the author. In this procedure, the conjoined tendons of the coracobrachialis and the short head of the biceps with the detached tip of the coracoid process are rerouted posterior to the subscapularis muscle and reattached to the coracoid process, providing a dynamic muscular sling immediately anteroinferior to the glenohumeral joint, especially when the arm is in a vulnerable position of abduction and external rotation. A total of 26 repairs with a minimal follow-up period of two years were reviewed. There were 22 men and four women with an average age of 22 years. The results were satisfactory in all patients. Loss of external rotation of less than 15 degrees was noted in eight patients. There were no redislocations. This procedure provides immediate stability to the shoulder allowing range of motion exercises to begin from the first postoperative day.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Interlocking intramedullary nailing for supracondylar and intercondylar fractures of the distal part of the femur.

Thirty-seven fractures of the distal part of the femur in thirty-five patients were treated with interlocking intramedullary nailing. All fractures were nailed by a closed technique after any intercondylar extension of the fracture had been managed by reduction and stabilization with percutaneous lag-screws. Patients who had an isolated condylar fracture or a severely comminuted intercondylar fracture were treated with other types of implants. There were thirty extra-articular (type-A) fractures and seven intra-articular (type-C1 and type-C2) fractures. Postoperatively, early mobilization exercises and weight-bearing were begun. At an average duration of follow-up of 20.5 months (range, fifteen to twenty-six months), all thirty-seven fractures had healed. There were no malunions of either the supracondylar or the intercondylar fractures. Complications were infrequent and included chronic irritation from the distal screws in three patients and delayed union in one; the latter healed with two centimeters of shortening after bone-grafting. There were no infections. The functional results were assessed with the modified knee-rating system of The Hospital for Special Surgery. Thirteen knees (35 per cent) had an excellent result; twenty-two (59 per cent), a good result; and two (5 per cent), a fair result. The results correlated with the age of the patient and the presence of an intra-articular fracture. We concluded that closed interlocking intramedullary nailing is an excellent technique for both supracondylar and simple intercondylar fractures in which closed reduction and percutaneous fixation of the articular fracture is possible.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Intersegmental coordination of walking movements in stick insects.

Locomotion requires the coordination of movements across body segments, which in walking animals is expressed as gaits. We studied the underlying neural mechanisms of this coordination in a semi-intact walking preparation of the stick insect Carausius morosus. During walking of a single front leg on a treadmill, leg motoneuron (MN) activity tonically increased and became rhythmically modulated in the ipsilateral deafferented and deefferented mesothoracic (middle leg) ganglion. The pattern of modulation was correlated with the front leg cycle and specific for a given MN pool, although it was not consistent with functional leg movements for all MN pools. In an isolated preparation of a pair of ganglia, where one ganglion was made rhythmically active by application of pilocarpine, we found no evidence for coupling between segmental central pattern generators (CPGs) that could account for the modulation of MN activity observed in the semi-intact walking preparation. However, a third preparation provided evidence that signals from the front leg's femoral chordotonal organ (fCO) influenced activity of ipsilateral MNs in the adjacent mesothoracic ganglion. These intersegmental signals could be partially responsible for the observed MN activity modulation during front leg walking. While afferent signals from a single walking front leg modulate the activity of MNs in the adjacent segment, additional afferent signals, local or from contralateral or posterior legs, might be necessary to produce the functional motor pattern observed in freely walking animals.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed2004

A comparison of rowing technique at different stroke rates: a description of sequencing, force production and kinematics.

Low back pain is the commonest musculoskeletal complaint in rowers. Research into the relationship between rowing technique, the forces generated during the rowing stroke and the kinematics of spinal motion are increasing, but to date none have investigated the impact of different rowing intensities on this relationship. A technique has been developed using an electromagnetic motion system and strain gauge instrumented load cell to measure spinal and pelvic motion and force generated at the handle during rowing on an exercise rowing ergometer. Using this technique ten collegiate male rowers (mean age 22.1+/-2.8 years) from local rowing clubs were investigated. The test protocol consisted of rowing on an ergometer at three different stroke ratings; 17-20 strokes per minute; 24-28 strokes per minute; and 28-36 strokes per minute. Each rating was held for four minutes, with a five-minute rest between each rating. Marked changes in the force output curve and lumbopelvic kinematics were observed at the different rowing intensities. Although there was no change in the magnitude of peak torque generated during the different rating, there was a marked shift in when this occurred during the stroke. In terms of kinematic changes, these centred around changes in pelvic rotation at the catch and finish stages of the stroke with significantly less anterior rotation occurring at the catch position at higher rowing intensities. To conclude, this study suggests that rowing kinematics and force profiles do change at higher rowing intensities. These changes may be an important factor with respect to injury mechanisms, however, further work is required at an elite level.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Bioprogressive therapy as an answer to orthodontic needs. Part II.

From the foregoing discussions, it may be recognized that a new, lighter, and sequential order of force applications is recommended. Accordingly, in order for the clinician to apply the new technique with the intelligence, he must realize that many biologic factors form the fundamental criteria of its application. We have attempted to examine these factors and place them in their appropriate hierarchy of significance. While edgewise was the background, sufficient departure from traditional edgewise therapy has been made to warrant a new label, ""bioprogressive therapy.'' It was so named because of the practice of progressive banding and a planned progression of events in sequential order. Eight steps usually form the frame of reference. Ironically, it can be applied in the very young and in the very old. It is difficult to appreciate these views and practices in the beginning because the method may be difficult to envision on the typodont or as simply a laboratory mechanical exercise due to the fact that cortical bone, growth, and muscle are not present in an artificial medium. In order to fully apply the recommendations of the proponents of this method, mechanical forecasting, physiologic forecasting, and growth forecasting principles are all employed. Even as a simple mechanical regime, however, it rates with or better than any other current multibanded method as a practical and efficient clinical procedure. Size 0.016 by 0.016 inch blue Elgiloy wire is commonly but not exclusively used. Loops or forms are bent in the wire for lighter and more continuous pressures on teeth to be moved. Soldering of auxiliaries has been eliminated, as well as the heat treating of wires. The 0.016 by 0.016 inch to 0.016 by 0.022 inch yellow Elgiloy is used for detailing near the end of treatment. The 0.018 by 0.022 inch is the largest wire employed, and it is used for spanning distances between teeth in the progressive debanding phases. Anchor teeth are stabilized against cortical bone; hence, cortical anchorage. In order to position and control the teeth behind or away from cortical bone or against or away from muscle or to intrude into or extrude away from the bony alveolus, three-plane control is utilized. A limited use of round wire is employed with this technique except for specific isolated conditions in which there is a place for tipping or simple alignment and rotation of teeth. We try to avoid leveling with round wires, for reasons that have been explained. Used as a triple-control technique, the bioprogressive method excels in proper overtreatment and for delivery of anchorage. A continuous arch is broken up into segments so that movements in desired planes of space are not complicated and anchorage can be shifted in favor of the desired move. The technique usually involves orthopedic correction, particularly in the maxilla, when such corrections are needed...

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed1998

The subacromial impingement syndrome. A study of results of treatment with special emphasis on predictive factors and pain-generating mechanisms.

Forty-two patients with subacromial impingement syndrome entered a randomized prospective study comparing open anterior acromioplasty with a physiotherapy regime. The criterion for a successful outcome of treatment was a reduction of the initial pain score of more than 50% using the visual analogue scale (VAS) technique. The evaluation was performed by an independent observer. At the 6-month follow-up, treatment in the surgical group had been successful in 12/21 (57%) patients versus 6/18 (33%) in the physiotherapy group. A one-year evaluation revealed 16/21 (76%) "successes" in the surgical group. A direct and unbiased comparison with the physiotherapy group was not possible at one year, since 13 patients chose surgery after initial physiotherapy. However, in "an intention to treat" analysis outcome at one year was significantly better in those randomized to surgery. We found two standardized, composite, active movements--the "Pour out of a Pot" manoeuvre requiring the emptying of a pot of water, and the "Hand in Neck" manoeuvre--to be of predictive value for the outcome of surgery. When combining three pain-related variables into a criterion for prediction of success, a sensitivity of 78% (p < 0.02) and a specificity of 90% (p < 0.03) were attained. We advance the hypothesis that pain in the impingement syndrome is mainly elicited by comparison of the subacromial bursa. In some patients a traction-responsive pain generator in the supraspinatus tendon may be present as well.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Effects of resistance training on the physical capacities of adolescent soccer players.

This study examined the effects of a progressive resistance training program in addition to soccer training on the physical capacities of male adolescents. Eighteen soccer players (age: 12-15 years) were separated in a soccer (SOC; n = 9) and a strength-soccer (STR; n = 9) training group and 8 subjects of similar age constituted a control group. All players followed a soccer training program 5 times a week for the development of technical and tactical skills. In addition, the STR group followed a strength training program twice a week for 16 weeks. The program included 10 exercises, and at each exercise, 2-3 sets of 8-15 repetitions with a load 55-80% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM). Maximum strength ([1RM] leg press, bench-press), jumping ability (squat jump [SJ], countermovement jump [CMJ], repeated jumps for 30 seconds) running speed (30 m, 10 x 5-m shuttle run), flexibility (seat and reach), and soccer technique were measured at the beginning, after 8 weeks, and at the end of the training period. After 16 weeks of training, 1RM leg press, 10 x 5-m shuttle run speed, and performance in soccer technique were higher (p < 0.05) for the STR and the SOC groups than for the control group. One repetition maximum bench press and leg press, SJ and CMJ height, and 30-m speed were higher (p < 0.05) for the STR group compared with SOC and control groups. The above data show that soccer training alone improves more than normal growth maximum strength of the lower limps and agility. The addition of resistance training, however, improves more maximal strength of the upper and the lower body, vertical jump height, and 30-m speed. Thus, the combination of soccer and resistance training could be used for an overall development of the physical capacities of young boys.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Changes in gait and EMG when walking with the Masai Barefoot Technique.

BACKGROUND: The Masai barefoot technology is used as a treatment option within the field of physical therapy to treat leg, back or foot problems. No information, however, is available on how Masai barefoot technology changes gait or muscle activity. METHODS: Twelve healthy subjects underwent 3D gait analysis with simultaneously collecting surface electromyography data of the leg muscles when walking with regular shoes and with Masai barefoot technology-shoes. Before data collection, subjects were trained in Masai barefoot technology. A within-subjects study-design compared walking with regular shoes and Masai barefoot technology. FINDINGS: With Masai barefoot technology, subjects walked slower with smaller steps. Movement pattern at the ankle showed major changes with increased dorsiflexion angle at initial contact followed by a continuous plantarflexion movement until terminal stance phase. With changed kinematics, alterations in the activity of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles could be observed. Smaller differences in movement and muscle activity were seen at knee and hip level. INTERPRETATION: Masai barefoot technology has never been documented in detail concerning changes in movement pattern or muscle activity. This study showed that Masai barefoot technology changes movement patterns, especially at the ankle, and increases muscle activity. It may therefore be a useful training method for strengthening the muscle groups of the lower leg. Knee flexion and electromyographic characteristics around the knee joint are slightly increased and need to be considered in patients with knee problems. Our findings provide critical detailed information on changes compared to walking in regular shoes, but the clinical relevance of those changes remains to be determined.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2003

Measurement and prediction of METs during household activities in 35- to 45-year-old females.

This study determined whether four self-paced household tasks, conducted in the subjects' homes and a standardised laboratory environment, were performed at a moderate intensity [3-6 metabolic equivalents (METs)] in a representative sample of thirty-six 35- to 45-year-old females. Energy expenditure was also predicted via indirect methods. Self-paced energy expenditure during sweeping, window cleaning, vacuuming and mowing was measured using the Douglas bag technique. Heart rate, respiratory frequency, Computer Science Applications (CSA) movement counts (hip and wrist), Borg rating of perceived exertion and Quetelet's index were also recorded as potential predictors of energy expenditure. While the four activities were performed at mean intensities >or=3.0 METs in both the home and laboratory, all comparisons between these two environments were statistically significant ( P<0.001). The 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the home and laboratory prediction equations were +/-1.1 METs and +/-1.0 MET, respectively. These data suggest that the aforementioned household chores can contribute to the 30 min x day(-1) of moderate-intensity activity required to confer health benefits. However, the substantial between-subject variability in energy expenditure resulted in some persons performing these tasks at a light intensity (<3.0 METs). The significant MET differences between the home and laboratory emphasise the effects of 'environment and terrain' and the 'mental approach to a task' on self-paced energy expenditure. Considering the means for the five activities ranged from 3.1 METs to 6.0 METs, the 95% CIs for the regression equations lack predictive precision.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2002

Comparison of lumbar range of movement and lumbar lordosis in back pain patients and matched controls.

Inconclusive findings have been shown in previous studies comparing lumbar range of movement (LROM) and lumbar lordosis between back pain patients and healthy subjects. In these studies, confounding variables such as age, gender, height, obesity, and pain level were usually not well controlled. The present study aimed to compare LROM and lumbar lordosis between back pain patients and matched controls. Fifteen male back pain patients and 15 age-, height-, obesity-, and physical activity-matched male controls were investigated. To minimize the effect of pain on the measurements, only patients with minimal or no pain at the time technique was used for the evaluation of LROM in flexion, extension and lateral flexion as well as lumbar lordosis. A lumbar rotameter was used for measuring axial rotation. Pelvic motion was limited by a pelvic restraint device during LROM measurements. Results showed that there were no significant differences between the back pain and control groups in flexion, extension, lateral flexion and axial rotation LROM and also in lumbar lordosis. This may indicate that when a back pain patient is not in pain, LROM and lumbar lordosis may not be the measures that distinguish between back pain patients and subjects without back pain.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Biomechanics of the knee during closed kinetic chain and open kinetic chain exercises.

PURPOSE: Although closed (CKCE) and open (OKCE) kinetic chain exercises are used in athletic training and clinical environments, few studies have compared knee joint biomechanics while these exercises are performed dynamically. The purpose of this study was to quantify knee forces and muscle activity in CKCE (squat and leg press) and OKCE (knee extension). METHODS: Ten male subjects performed three repetitions of each exercise at their 12-repetition maximum. Kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic data were calculated using video cameras (60 Hz), force transducers (960 Hz), and EMG (960 Hz). Mathematical muscle modeling and optimization techniques were employed to estimate internal muscle forces. RESULTS: Overall, the squat generated approximately twice as much hamstring activity as the leg press and knee extensions. Quadriceps muscle activity was greatest in CKCE when the knee was near full flexion and in OKCE when the knee was near full extension. OKCE produced more rectus femoris activity while CKCE produced more vasti muscle activity. Tibiofemoral compressive force was greatest in CKCE near full flexion and in OKCE near full extension. Peak tension in the posterior cruciate ligament was approximately twice as great in CKCE, and increased with knee flexion. Tension in the anterior cruciate ligament was present only in OKCE, and occurred near full extension. Patellofemoral compressive force was greatest in CKCE near full flexion and in the mid-range of the knee extending phase in OKCE. CONCLUSION: An understanding of these results can help in choosing appropriate exercises for rehabilitation and training.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Repeatability of back kinematics in horses during treadmill locomotion.

We tested the hypothesis that repeatability of a standardised protocol for quantifying back kinematics is sufficiently high not to prevent its use in the clinical evaluation of horses with back problems. We investigated the extent to which differences between laboratories may affect the results when a standardised protocol is used. As a clinical tool, movement analysis techniques are helpful for the objective and quantitative assessment of kinematics. Knowledge about the repeatability of the kinematic data is very important. The present study investigates the repeatability of back kinematics in 10 sound horses over 5 successive days and in 2 laboratories (5 horses at each location). Measurements were performed on the treadmill during the walk and the trot. The between-stride, between-day and between-horse repeatability were determined. A high degree of between-stride and between-day repeatability was observed in the spatiotemporal parameters and in the time-angle diagrams of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum and the hindlimb during both the walk and trot. Much more variability was found between horses, with the highest degree of dissimilarity in the lateral bending rotation of the L1 vertebra. For range of motion values, the between-day coefficient of variability was <14% and the between-horse coefficient of variability was up to 4 times higher. Small differences were found in range of motion values between the 2 laboratories. It is concluded that an analysis of back kinematics in the horse can provide highly repeatable data, warranting clinical use.

Animals↗