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Results for “FACIAL MUSCLES”

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PubMed1990

[The comparative characteristics of the neuronal responses of the rat somatic cortex during active and passive movements of the vibrissae].

Responses of rat barrel-field cortex neurons were recorded during vibrissae deflection, voluntary movements of whiskers and vibrissae movements produced by stimulation of the motor cortex and facial muscles. Changes in the patterns of responses of the three groups of neurons were revealed during the performance of active vibrissae movements: neurons with short-latency responses, neurons with long-latency responses and neurons with changes in the activity occurred early before the movements onset. It is suggested that somatosensory cortical neurons receive peripheral (from the whiskers' follicles and facial muscles) as well as central (from the motor cortex) inputs that modulate their activity.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Juvenile myasthenia gravis with predominant facial weakness in a 7-year-old boy.

Myasthenia gravis is the most prevalent of the diseases of the neuromuscular junction in children. The most common clinical finding is ptosis, although ophthalmoplegia and facial weakness are commonly present. This paper reports juvenile myasthenia gravis in a 7-year-old boy with predominant facial muscle weakness without ophthalmoplegia and ptosis. This was detected post-operatively after adenotonsillectomy, as there was severe respiratory distress. Prompt diagnosis and treatment was life saving. A CT scan of the chest revealed thymoma. After the surgical removal of the thymoma, the child has been followed up for a year and is asymptomatic.

Adenoidectomy↗

PubMed1982

Electrophysiological evaluation of cross-face nerve graft in treatment of facial palsy.

A cross-face autogenous single graft was performed in eight patients with facial palsy. Several electrophysiological techniques have been used in a follow-up study of one to three years' duration. Clinical results are extremely disappointing. The only recovery observed could not be ascribed to the graft. The investigations and the motor unit count in the facial muscles led to the conclusion that the surgical technique employed is a failure. The orbicularis oculi muscle in particular has no chance whatsoever of being satisfactorily reinnervated. Various reasons for this poor recovery are analysed: too small a number of properly grafted axons, syncinesis, muscle degeneration and poor myelination. These observations nevertheless suggest some experimental fields which may lead to improvements in the technique to a point where it may become clinically useful.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

[Facial, lingual and pharyngeal electromyography in children: a method to study sucking and swallowing disorders and their pathophysiology].

The authors describe an electromyogaphic protocol developed with the aim of evaluating the sucking-swallowing function and of studying the pathophysiology of its disturbances in the newborn and in infants. This protocol consists of associating several techniques. Some of them are traditional: EMG of the facial muscles and nerves and blink reflex, while others are original: EMG of the tongue and hypoglossal nerve, EMG of the velum palatinum, and a dynamic study using a baby bottle, of the sucking and swallowing reflex for a liquid meal. For each technique, practical procedures are described together with normal results observed between birth and 3 years of age. The authors report on abnormalities observed in pathological conditions and discuss their significance in major nosological contexts. They emphasize the value of this EMG protocol in assessing the sucking-swallowing reflex, in revealing anatomo-functional disturbances in the brainstem and in tackling the pathophysiological aspects of aspiration pneumopathies, feeding difficulties and bucco-facial malformations.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1992

Hemifacial spasm due to peripheral injury of facial nerve: a nuclear syndrome?

Four cases of hemifacial spasm (HFS) are reported. The spasm followed a few months after injury to a peripheral branch of the seventh nerve. An EMG examination of facial muscles disclosed the typical finding of HFS: spontaneous activity, paradoxical cocontraction, and diffusion of spontaneous or provoked blinking. A nuclear involvement, secondary to the nerve lesion, is the most likely pathophysiological explanation for similar cases in HFS.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Regeneration of guinea pig facial nerve: the effect of hypergravity.

Exposure to moderate hypergravity improves the regenerative capacity of sectioned guinea-pig facial nerve. The improvement in regeneration is tri-directional as follows: a) an average 1.7 fold increase in rate of regeneration in guinea pigs subjected to hypergravity; b) a 25% enhancement of facial muscle activity following the exposure to hypergravity; and c) improvement in the quality of regeneration from an esthetic standpoint. A good correlation was recorded between the histological structure of the severed nerve at the end of the regeneration and the clinical results.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Botulinum toxin: preferred treatment for hemifacial spasm.

This paper retrospectively analyses the clinical data of 65 consecutive cases of hemifacial spasm. A benign etiology was clinically evident in the majority of cases. Neuroradiologic investigation ruled out serious intracranial pathology in atypical cases. Trials of oral medication in 26 patients were consistently unsuccessful. Fifty-one patients had repeated lid and facial muscle injections of botulinum toxin during a period of 8 years. The mean duration of effective relief from spasm following an initial treatment was 18.9 weeks. This effect did not diminish with repeated injections.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Physiological localization of the facial colliculus during direct surgery on an intrinsic brain stem lesion.

We designed a method for localizing facial colliculus intraoperatively by means of weak stimulation of the 4th ventricular floor and recording the electromyographic response of the facial muscle. This method is applicable clinically to prevent 6th and 7th cranial nerve complications during direct surgery on an intrinsic lesion of the brain stem, in which the normal anatomy of the rhomboid fossa is often distorted.

Abducens Nerve↗

PubMed2004

Behavioral interventions in asthma: biofeedback techniques.

OBJECTIVES: Biofeedback techniques have long been recommended as an adjunctive treatment for bronchial asthma. Techniques that target lung function directly, or indirectly by altering facial muscle tension, heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV) or inspiratory volume together with accessory muscle tension, have been proposed. We review evidence for the effectiveness of these biofeedback interventions and discuss the psychophysiological rationale behind individual techniques. METHOD: Controlled studies of biofeedback in asthma were retrieved using relevant search engines and reference lists of published articles. Effect sizes comparing intervention with control groups were calculated where appropriate. RESULTS: Most of the studies suffer from methodological inadequacies or poor reporting of methods and results. Interventions targeting respiratory resistance directly have yielded only small and inconsistent changes in lung function and are difficult to implement without producing dynamic hyperinflation. Biofeedback-assisted facial muscle relaxation as an indirect intervention has yielded mixed results across studies, with only half of the studies showing significant albeit very small and clinically irrelevant improvements in lung function. The underlying physiological assumptions of the technique are questionable in the light of current knowledge of respiratory physiology. For other indirect techniques, only preliminary evidence of small effects is available. CONCLUSION: Currently, there is little good evidence that biofeedback techniques can contribute substantially to the treatment of asthma.

Asthma↗

PubMed1991

Characteristics of midbrain control of spinal nociceptive neurons and nonsomatosensory parameters in the pentobarbital-anesthetized rat.

1. GABAergic mechanisms in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) have been proposed to control the activity of descending antinociceptive systems and defensive behavior. Here, the effect of neuronal disinhibition by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor blockade at midbrain sites on spinal neuronal responses to noxious and innocuous skin stimulation was quantitatively characterized. It was compared with the effect of direct neuronal excitation by glutamate microinjections or electrical stimulation at identical sites. Changes in mean arterial blood pressure and other nonsomatosensory responses were also assessed. 2. Responses of 101 multireceptive lumbar spinal dorsal horn neurons to noxious radiant skin heating (50 degrees C, 10 s), innocuous skin brushing, and electrical stimulation of primary afferent A- and C-fibers were recorded in deeply pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. The mean blood pressure was continuously monitored in one carotid artery, and other nonsomatosensory parameters, such as frequency and depth of spontaneous respiration and contractions of abdominal and facial muscles, were classified according to their relative intensity into five groups. 3. A fine, multibarrel glass pipette was constructed for monopolar electrical stimulation and microinjection of the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline (40, 200, or 400 pmol), or glutamate (10-50 nmol), or Fast Green dye in 50 or 100 nl at identical sites in the midbrain. 4. Bicuculline microinjections into discrete regions of the PAG selectively abolished spinal neuronal responses to noxious skin stimulation but did not affect brush-evoked responses or responses to electrical A-fiber stimuli. This antinociception was often, albeit not necessarily, accompanied by tachypnoea and abdominal and facial muscle contractions and changes--mostly increases--in mean arterial blood pressure. Injections into other areas of the PAG and adjoining ventral tegmentum (VT) were less effective. The vast majority of injection sites in the lateral tegmentum (LT) were ineffective. 5. Glutamate microinjections at midbrain sites to detect areas of origin of descending antinociceptive neurons were characterized by a high incidence (greater than 50%) of false-negative results, as bicuculline was shown to be effective at numerous glutamate-insensitive sites. Glutamate microinjections into some sites of the PAG and adjoining VT reduced, but did not abolish, spinal neuronal responses to noxious skin heating. Injections into the LT were ineffective. 6. The efficacy of electrical stimulation at midbrain sites on spinal nociceptive responses had no predictive value for the effect of glutamate or bicuculline.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Anesthesia↗

PubMed1997

Cortico-bulbar fibers to orofacial muscles: recordings with enoral surface electrodes.

A new recording technique was developed to eliminate current problems on recording transcranial evoked facial muscle responses. A fork-shaped device equipped with 2 pairs of Ag/AgCl-electrodes was inserted enorally at the buccinator muscle level. Advantages offered by this method comprise clearly defined negative deflection of the compound muscle action potential, lack of relevant volume conduction from adjacent muscles, reliability of amplitude criteria, absence of interfering stimulus artifacts, easy achievement of preactivation, and noninvasive recording by surface electrodes. In 43 healthy subjects transcranial magnetic stimulation evoked contralateral responses at a mean latency and mean amplitude of 10.3 +/- 1.1 ms and 1.6 +/- 1.1 mV, respectively on the right side of the face and of 9.9 +/- 1.0 ms and 1.6 +/- 1.1 mV, on the left side of the face. Ipsilateral cortical evoked responses were observed in 29 and 25 subjects (left and right side of the face) at a mean latency and amplitude of 10.7 +/- 2.5 ms and 0.8 +/- 0.5 mV, respectively on the left side of face and of 11.9 +/- 3.2 ms and 1.1 +/- 1.2 mV, on the right side of face. No responses were obtained in 2 and 4 subjects (left and right side of the face), and could not be assessed due to simultaneous facial nerve stimulation in 12 and 14 subjects (left and right side of the face).

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Significance of coil orientation for motor evoked potentials from nasalis muscle elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation.

OBJECTIVE: In transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex, the optimal orientation of the coil on the scalp is dependent on the muscle under investigation, but not yet known for facial muscles. METHODS: Using a figure-of-eight coil, we compared TMS induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from eight different coil orientations when recording from ipsi- and contralateral nasalis muscle. RESULTS: The MEPs from nasalis muscle revealed three components: The major ipsi- and contra-lateral middle latency responses of approximately 10 ms onset latency proved entirely dependent on voluntary pre-innervation. They were most easily obtained from a coil orientation with posterior inducing current direction, and in this respect resembled the intrinsic hand rather than the masseter muscles. Early short duration responses of around 6 ms onset latency were best elicited with an antero-lateral current direction and not pre-innervation dependent, and therefore most probably due to stimulation of the nerve roots. Late responses (>18 ms) could inconsistently be elicited with posterior coil orientations in pre-innervated condition. CONCLUSIONS: By using the appropriate coil orientation and both conditions relaxed and pre-innervated, cortically evoked MEP responses from nasalis muscle can reliably be separated from peripheral and reflex components and also from cross talk of masseter muscle activation.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Intraoperative monitoring of the facial nerve during decompressive surgery for hemifacial spasm.

In 11 consecutive patients, intraoperative electromyographic (EMG) recordings were made from the facial muscles during microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm. In one patient, recordings could not be obtained for technical reasons, and two patients had no abnormality. In the remaining eight patients, the abnormal response resolved before decompression in two, resolved immediately at the time of decompression in five, and failed to resolve in one. All patients were relieved of their hemifacial spasm. In the five patients whose abnormalities resolved at the time of decompression, there was a precise intraoperative correlation between decompression of the nerve and disappearance of the abnormal EMG response. In three cases, this was a useful guide to the need to decompress more than one vessel. These results confirm the findings of Møller and Jannetta, support the use of this technique for intraoperative monitoring of facial nerve decompression procedures, and provide strong circumstantial evidence that vascular cross-compression is an important etiological factor in hemifacial spasm.

Electromyography↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Electromyography (EMG) and sialometry in the prognosis of Bell's palsy. A methodological study of early investigated, untreated patients.

The degree of remaining motor unit activity at maximal voluntary contraction of the face was examined in three of the facial muscles in 43 untreated patients with Bell's palsy. All the patients were examined within 10 days of the onset of the paresis. In 40 patients the EMG activity was compared with the clinical evaluation of the paresis and in 33 patients with the results from sialometry. EMG revealed remaining motor activity in several patients who had clinically total paresis. It was concluded that EMG can be used as a prognostic indicator at an early stage in Bell's palsy. Sialometry was found to predict the final outcome of the paresis with a slightly better accuracy than EMG.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Improvement in myofascial pain and headaches following TMJ surgery.

Fifty patients diagnosed with TMJ internal derangement, myalgia, and headaches, who had not responded well to nonsurgical management and subsequently underwent TMJ surgery, were retrospectively evaluated. The patients were mailed a survey asking them to evaluate the following symptoms: joint pain, joint noise, facial muscle pain, cervical and shoulder muscle pain, headache frequency and intensity, and overall head and neck pain. The majority of patients reported their symptoms as moderate to severe prior to treatment. In addition to reporting decreases in TMJ pain and noise after surgery, the majority of patients responding also reported decreases in myalgia and headaches. Twenty-two patients managed nonsurgically at the same center were also surveyed. The proportion of patients reporting their symptoms as moderate to severe prior to treatment was lower in this group. Patients reporting decreases in myalgia and headaches were in the minority. The study demonstrates that myalgia and headache symptoms associated with TMJ dysfunction that are poorly responsive to nonsurgical management may improve following TMJ surgery.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Cranial dystonia, blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm: clinical features and treatment, including the use of botulinum toxin.

Blepharospasm, the most frequent feature of cranial dystonia, and hemifacial spasm are two involuntary movement disorders that affect facial muscles. The cause of blepharospasm and other forms of cranial dystonia is not known. Hemifacial spasm is usually due to compression of the seventh cranial nerve at its exit from the brain stem. Cranial dystonia may result in severe disability. Hemifacial spasm tends to be much less disabling but may cause considerable distress and embarrassment. Patients affected with these disorders are often mistakenly considered to have psychiatric problems. Although the two disorders are quite distinct pathophysiologically, therapy with botulinum toxin has proven very effective in both. We review the clinical features, proposed pathophysiologic features, differential diagnosis and treatment, including the use of botulinum toxin, of cranial dystonia and hemifacial spasm.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Signs of hemifacial spasm created by chronic periodic stimulation of the facial nerve in the rat.

We show in this paper that daily electrical stimulation of the facial nerve near its entrance to the brain stem in rats results in abnormalities in the electromyographic response of the facial muscles that resemble those seen in patients with hemifacial spasm. After about 4 weeks of daily electrical stimulation of the facial nerve for 1 min/day, stimulation of the temporal branch of the facial nerve resulted in an abnormal EMG response from the mentalis/orbicularis oris muscles, consisting of an initial deflection with a latency of about 6 ms, followed by a burst of EMG activity lasting 10 to 50 ms. We found such "lateral spread" of antidromic activity in all 10 rats that were subjected to chronic stimulation, but not in normal rats and not in rats that had electrodes implanted but which had not been stimulated. Measurements of neural conduction times suggest that the location of the cross transmission that gives rise to this lateral spread response is central to the site where the facial nerve exits the brain stem, probably in the facial motor nucleus. We take these results to support the hypothesis that chronic stimulation of the facial nerve can change the facial nucleus in such a way that it becomes hyperactive, and cross transmission between neurons that are innervating different facial muscles is facilitated.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Facial EMG responses to auditory stimuli.

Three studies were performed to investigate the effects of auditory stimuli (pure tones and environmental noise) of different intensities on surface EMG activity recorded over five facial muscle regions (M. frontalis lateralis, M. corrugator supercilii, M. orbicularis oculi, M. zygomaticus major, M. depressor anguli oris). The results show that with presentation of tones and noises of high intensity (> 85 dB) strong facial EMG reactions over muscles of the upper face (M. frontalis lateralis, M. corrugator supercilii, M. orbicularis oculi) were evoked. Among environmental noises of different valence but the same intensity, baby's crying evoked EMG reactions over facial muscles in the mouth region, possibly indicating that the subjects demonstrated expressions of dislike during this particular stimulation. It is also discussed whether facial EMG reactions to auditory stimulation of different intensities could be connected to changes in muscle tone of the middle ear muscles. The contraction of these muscles modulates sensitivity to auditory stimulation. Thus, facial EMG activity of the muscles of the upper face could serve as an indicator of sensitivity to external auditory stimuli. However, the evaluation of pleasant and unpleasant emotional reactions in response to auditory stimulation seems to be impossible.

Acoustic Stimulation↗