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PubMed2001

Association between birthweight and body mass index at 3 years of age.

BACKGROUND: Obesity in children is one of the risk factors for adulthood obesity, which then leads to the development of chronic diseases such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes. In this study, we identified significant factors associating with the body mass index (BMI) at 3 years of age from the perinatal characteristics of children. METHODS: A total of 588 children were included in the study. The BMI at 3 years of age was examined in conjunction with the possible variables such as parents' smoking status during pregnancy, parents' age at birth, gestational age, sibling number and live birth order, sex, birthweight, BMI at 1 month of age, weight gain during the first month of life and feeding method at 1 month of age. RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed that birthweight (P<0.0001), weight gain during the first month of life (P=0.0012) and BMI at 1 month of age (P<0.0001) were significantly associated with the BMI at 3 years of age. Of these factors, birthweight and weight gain during the first month of life were the independent factors correlating with the BMI at 3 years by multivariate analysis (P<0.0001 and P=0.0095, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Infants with higher birthweight and/or greater weight gain during the first month of life may have a risk of being overweight at 3 years of age.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1998

The effect of environmental conditions and glucose feeding in shaking flask on glutathione (GSH) production.

The effects of pH, broth volume, initial sugar concentration, ratio of carbon to nitrogen and phosphorus, and the glucose feeding method on GSH production in a shaking flask were investigated. The results showed that the proper pH and broth content for GSH production were 6.0 and 60 ml broth per 500 ml flask, respectively. The initial glucose concentration distinctly affected the GSH production; the intracellular GSH content of yeast would decrease when the initial glucose concentration was beyond 12 g/L. A glucose feeding strategy with the purpose of controlling the specific growth rate at an expected value was developed and applied to a 12 hour fermentation with the total glucose concentration 26.2 g/L; the final cell concentration (DCW) and the intracellular GSH content could reach 8.78 g/L and 13.6 mg/g, respectively, while the total GSH in the broth was 119.4 mg/L and the yield of cell to glucose was 0.335 g/g.

Carbon↗

PubMed2006

Factors associated with exclusive breast-feeding in Japan: for activities to support child-rearing with breast-feeding.

BACKGROUND: Benefits of breast-feeding are not only limited to nutrition and sanitation in developing countries but also extend to cost-saving health care and alleviation of anxiety related to childrearing in developed countries. This study aims to elucidate factors associated with exclusive breast-feeding in Japan and use this information to achieve child-rearing support worldwide by promoting breast-feeding. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used data from a survey conducted by Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of the Japanese government, the First Longitudinal Survey of Babies in 21st Century. All subjects were infants (n=53,575) born in Japan in 2001 between January 10 and 17 and between July 10 and 17. According to the data, the exclusive breast-feeding rate in Japan during the first 6 months of life was 21.0%. We examined the factors associated with exclusive breast-feeding using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Among the factors examined, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for exclusive breast-feeding was low for late childbearing, low birth weight infants, multiple births, smoking parents, living with grandparents, and feeling burdened by childrearing. The adjusted OR was high for factors that included sufficient childcare leave and consultation about childrearing with the spouse, a birth attendant and/or nurse, and a peer in a child-rearing circle. CONCLUSIONS: Exclusive breast-feeding is associated not only with medical factors but also with social factors. This study clarifies the necessity of social support to reduce the child rearing burden and a political system to promote paternal participation in childrearing and to improve the childcare leave system.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[Impact of epidural anesthesia during delivery on breast feeding].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the influence of epidural anesthesia during delivery on breast feeding. METHOD: A total of 170 healthy women hospitalized for vaginal delivery without obstetric complications during the year 2001 to July 2003 were analyzed, who were divided into observation group (n=96) with continuous epidural anesthesia and control group (n=74) without continuous epidural anesthesia or postpartum analgesia. The data of analgesic efficacy, postpartum mental state, starting time of lactation, milk quantity and the feeding times in 24 h and prolactin level before and 48 h after delivery were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: The women in the observation group reported better analgesic efficacy than the control group (P<0.01) with also better postpartum mental state (P<0.05). The observation group had shorter starting time of lactation and larger quantity of milk secretion (P<0.05) with higher prolactin level 48 h after delivery (P<0.05) than the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous epidural anesthesia and postpartum analgesia are effective and safe with little side effects in pain relief, improving the mental state, and promoting breast feeding. Obvious analgesic effect reduces catecholamine level, promotes prolactin secretion, and benefits the breast feeding.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

South Asian grandmothers' influence on breast feeding in Bristol.

OBJECTIVES: To assess South Asian grandmothers' health beliefs and cultural practices around baby feeding, knowledge of breast feeding and their ability to support successful breast feeding. To design a suitable antenatal intervention for grandmothers to support their breast-feeding daughters/in-law in an area of low exclusive breast feeding and to assess the acceptability and feasibility of the initiative by means of structured interviews. DESIGN: Qualitative focus groups and interviews. Evaluation of an intervention. SETTING: Community health centre and family homes in Easton, Bristol, where 32% of women having babies are South Asian. PARTICIPANTS: 14 Pakistani, Bangladeshi or Indian grandmothers in focus groups or interviews. 16 South Asian families in the intervention. INTERVENTION: An intervention for grandmothers to support exclusive breast feeding was based around a leaflet, which covered the health benefits of breast feeding, good positioning and attachment, feed management, and how families can support breast feeding. The intervention was delivered to mother and grandmother pairs at around 36 weeks gestation, and was translated into three languages. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS: South Asian women are not a homogeneous group and differences were seen in cultural and religious practices and in breast-feeding rates between the Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Indian communities. To ensure that the health education message of exclusive breast feeding, how to overcome problems and the importance of family support reaches all women, linkworkers with appropriate training should be available to speak the languages relevant to the ethnic groups in the area. An antenatal educational intervention for extended family members to promote good breast-feeding practice was appreciated by the South Asian families involved and seemed to be influencing behaviour, particularly in giving colostrum, water or artificial milk and the use of dummies/pacifiers. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Recording details of baby-feeding method at eight weeks systematically by ethnic group will enable local rates to be monitored, particular groups targeted with information and positive reinforcement provided. Linkworkers with appropriate training should be available to speak the languages relevant to the ethnic groups in the area. Involving influential local interpreters in an educational intervention will help to educate the wider population in practices to support exclusive breast feeding.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Comparison of confidence between mothers who breastfed and formula fed their preterm infants.

Mothers develop confidence to care for their preterm infants in challenging situations. To date no studies have explored the effects of choice of feeding method on the development of maternal confidence in the preterm population. A descriptive, longitudinal design was used to explore the demographic characteristics of a convenience sample of 173 maternal-preterm infant dyads to examine whether confidence increased over time and to compare levels of confidence between mothers who formula fed and mothers who breastfed their preterm infants. There were no significant differences between feeding groups in maternal confidence; however, maternal confidence within each group increased significantly over time.

Bottle Feeding↗

PubMed1981

Supplemental feeding of marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) triplets.

In a colony of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), all fifteen infants from five sets of triplet births were successfully reared with their parents. Two supplemental feedings were given each infant daily. As an alternative to hand-rearing or foster rearing, the supplemental feeding method eliminated the time-consuming process of hand caring for an infant on a 24-hour per day basis.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed1999

Intestinal obstruction secondary to enteral feedings in burn trauma patients.

BACKGROUND: Enteral feeding is preferred for maintaining gut integrity and providing nutrition in trauma patients. Recent reports suggest that use of early enteral feeds is successful and that complications are rare. A recent burn patient, who suffered apparent bowel obstruction and perforation secondary to enteral feedings, led us to review our experience with mechanical complications of tube feedings. METHODS: We searched our registry of patients treated for acute burn trauma injury and identified patients treated for acute bowel obstruction in the past 3 years. RESULTS: Four patients were identified, ages 22 to 44, with burns of 6 to 92% total body surface area. Each required intubation and ventilatory support during initial treatment, complicated by adult respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis. We began enteral feeds 1 to 3 days after admission. At approximately 14 days after admission, each patient deteriorated clinically, which led to emergent abdominal exploration; the tube feedings caused bowel obstruction and associated complications. Each patient improved with laparotomy. CONCLUSION: Bowel obstruction, ischemic necrosis, or both, secondary to early and aggressive nutrition with a fiber supplemented enteral feeding is an uncommon, life-threatening complication. Understanding and early recognition of this potential complication are essential to prevention or successful treatment.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

The incidence, benefits and variables associated with breastfeeding: implications for practice.

The health, nutritional and psychological benefits of breastfeeding are widely acknowledged. Breastfeeding is the recommended infant-feeding method for the first four to six months of life. Despite the well-documented benefits of breastfeeding, researchers in the United States have noted a decline in its incidence and duration over the last several years. In order to address this decline, clinicians need to be familiar with what is currently known about breastfeeding trends and benefits, as well as variables associated with infant-feeding choices and reasons for premature weaning. Current breastfeeding research and implications for nursing practice are the focus of this article. Specifically, health practitioners are encouraged to develop a prolactation protocol for their practice. This involves development and/or utilization of educational and support services that span the prenatal period and continue until the child is weaned.

Bottle Feeding↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and intention to breast-feed.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the feasibility of using the cognitive evaluation theory to examine pregnant women's intention to breast-feed. METHODS: A questionnaire designed to measure intrinsic and extrinsic motivation was administered to 228 pregnant women. RESULTS: Results provide evidence for reliability and validity of the revised instrument in this population. A factor analysis suggests the instrument measures 2 types of intrinsic motivation, one type of extrinsic motivation, and motivation related to the baby. The instrument distinguished differences in motivation between women who intend to breast-feed and those who intend to formula feed. CONCLUSION: This study helps elucidate motivational factors involved in infant-feeding decisions.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

[Breast feeding in a metropolitan area: (I). Analysis of the current situation].

In order to elaborate a program to promote breast-feeding, it is necessary to know in advance the difficulties encountered by the mothers in the target population. For this purpose, we surveyed a sample of 400 mothers who were representative of those who gave birth in Móstoles in 1989. We found that 56% of the mothers did not exceed two months of breast-feeding. Breast-feeding was shorter in low-income families. Its duration was influenced by the husband's and grandmother's opinions and also by previous failure with elder siblings. Mothers made their choice of feeding method before getting pregnant. We also found that most health professionals acted unsatisfactorily. Other unfavorable factors included excessive insecurity of the mother and misinformation.

Breast Feeding↗

PubMed2001

Early postoperative oral feeding after colectomy: an analysis of factors that may predict failure.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that early postoperative oral feeding is feasible. Traditionally patients were fed when flatus or defecation documented the return of bowel function. This study was undertaken to determine factors that may preclude early feeding. METHODS: One hundred four successive patients underwent colorectal surgery from October 1999 to January 2001. Eighty-nine patients started an oral diet either on postoperative day 1 or 2. Their clinical outcomes were recorded prospectively. Fifteen of the 104 patients were excluded for small-bowel resection (5 patients), perioperative complications (5 patients), prior radiation (3 patients), and small-bowel obstruction (2 patients). A failure in postoperative feeding consisted of nausea, vomiting, or readmission. RESULTS: The mean age of our cohort was 65 years (range, 28-87 years). There were 45 male and 44 female patients. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 6 days (range, 3-13 days). The median American Society of Anesthesiology score was II (range, I-IV). The types of resection performed were right colectomy (27 patients), low anterior resection (26 patients), sigmoid resection (11 patients), abdominoperineal resection (8 patients), formation or closure of colostomy (7 patients), posterior pelvic exenteration (4 patients), total colectomy (3 patients), left colectomy (2 patients), and transverse colectomy (1 patient). Sixty-five patients (73%) tolerated early oral feeding. Of the 24 patients that did not, 16 had nausea or emesis, and 8 required readmission for postoperative complications (small-bowel obstruction [4 patients], wound dehiscence [1 patient], abdominal pain [1 patient], and anastomotic leak [2 patients]). Univariate analysis revealed that the use of volume expanders contributed to intolerance of early feeding. On multivariate analysis, blood loss during the operation was the only factor contributing to failure of early postoperative oral feeding. CONCLUSIONS: Early oral feeding is safe and feasible for postcolectomy patients with a history of colorectal neoplasms.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Feeding dependence and nutritional status after acute stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We assessed the nutritional status of patients with acute stroke and evaluated it in relation to the patients' dependence on assistance with feeding. METHODS: Fifty patients aged 70 years or older, admitted from their homes, were included. Weight index, triceps skinfold thickness, arm muscle circumference, serum proteins, delayed hypersensitivity, body composition measured by bioelectric impedance, and functional condition were determined on admission and 2 and 9 weeks after admission. Food and fluid consumption were also recorded. RESULTS: On admission, four patients were regarded as protein-energy malnourished. Those who required assistance with feeding after admission (n = 18, 36%) had lower serum albumin (P < .05), lower body cell mass (P < .01), and were more anergic than the independent patients (P < .01) on admission. The mean food consumption was 72% of the food served without significant difference between dependent and independent patients. Nine weeks after the onset of stroke symptoms, the patients who were dependent on assisted feeding showed a decrease in body cell mass. The loss of body cell mass was related to their activity and feeding dependence. CONCLUSIONS: Low serum albumin and anergy commonly occur in elderly patients with acute stroke, and they occur more prevalently among those with a severely impaired functional condition. During the recovery period, the patients use body fat to compensate for energy needs, and immobility leads to loss of body cell mass.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Environmental contaminants in breast milk.

Toxic environmental contaminants can be transferred from mother to infant via breastfeeding. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a family of lipophilic stable chemicals that bioaccumulate in adipose tissue and create a lasting toxic body burden. Breastfeeding provides a significant source of exposure to POPs early in human life, the effects of which are unknown, and is the subject of a growing body of research. Despite the possibility of harm from environmental contaminants in breast milk, breastfeeding is still recommended as the best infant feeding method. This article reviews what is known about POPs in breast milk and their effect on infant development to inform clinicians about the issue, provide recommendations for practice, and promote environmental and public health policies that reduce human exposure to harmful pollutants.

Body Burden↗

PubMed1993

A study of the hemoglobin levels in breast-fed infants in one village of Okinawa prefecture.

We investigated the prevalence of anemia and the hemoglobin levels in breast-fed infants. Three hundred and fifty-six healthy children with different feeding methods were studied longitudinally. The results showed that the prevalence of anemia was higher and the hemoglobin levels were lower in breast-fed infants compared with those in partially breast-fed or formula-fed infants at late infancy.

Anemia, Hypochromic↗

PubMed1997

Rat intestinal alkaline phosphatase II messenger RNA is present in duodenal crypt and villus cells.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Rats produce two messenger RNA (mRNA) isoforms encoding intestinal alkaline phosphatase that are regulated differentially by fat feeding but whose tissue distribution is not known. The aim of this study was to examine the distribution of these isoforms along the crypt/villus axis during fat feeding. METHODS: Nucleotide probes and polyclonal antibodies unique for each isoform were used for in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS: mRNAs encoding isoforms I and II were distributed along the entire villus. The mRNA content of isoform II was more abundant. Quantitative grain counts showed that mRNA abundance of each isoform in the upper third of the villus was significantly (40%-65%) lower than in the remaining villus in the fasting duodenum. After fat feeding, the mRNA content of both isoforms increased over the villus. Five hours after feeding, the content of the mRNA encoding only isoform II was increased in the upper third of the villus relative to the rest of the villus. Only the mRNA encoding isoform II was found in the crypt cells. However, no immunoreactive enzyme was present in the crypt cells. CONCLUSIONS: The spatial expression of the two rat intestinal alkaline phosphatase isoforms is regulated differently in response to fat feeding.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗

PubMed2006

Research on the protection effect of pioglitazone for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in rats.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has markedly increased. Insulin resistance has been implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. This study was aimed at observing the relationship between insulin resistance and NAFLD, and evaluating the role of pioglitazone (PGZ) acting as insulin-sensitizing agents in the prevention and treatment of rat fatty liver induced by high fat feeding. METHODS: The rats were separated randomly into 6 groups: model group I were fed high fat diet for 8 weeks, PGZ prevention group were given PGZ 4 mg/(kg.d) simultaneously, while control group I were fed normal food for 8 weeks; model group II were fed high fat diet for 16 weeks, PGZ treatment group were given PGZ 4 mg/(kg.d) orally simultaneous with high fat diet for 8 weeks after high fat feeding for 8 weeks, control group II were fed normal food for 16 weeks. The rats were sacrificed after 8 weeks and 16 weeks respectively. Liver weight, body weight, serum activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting plasma insulin (FINS), HOMA (homeostasis model assessment) insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), and the liver histology of rats of all groups were assayed. RESULTS: After 8 weeks, the liver in model group I showed typical steatosis, accompanied with mild to moderate lobular inflammatory cell infiltration, liver indexes and serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, TNF-alpha were significantly increased (P<0.05) compared with control group I. Whereas, the degree of hepatic injury was attenuated in PGZ prevention group, liver indexes and serum levels of ALT, ALP were significantly decreased (P<0.05) compared with model group I. After 16 weeks, notable steatosis, and lobular inflammation were observed in model group II rat liver, while the degree of hepatic injury was attenuated in the PGZ treatment group. Liver index, serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, FINS and HOMA-IR were significantly increased (P<0.05) in model group II compared with control group II. Whereas, in PGZ treatment group, serum levels of AST and FINS showed decreasing tendency, liver indexes, serum levels of ALT, ALP, TNF-alpha and HOMA-IR were significantly decreased compared with model group II. CONCLUSION: Insulin resistance plays a role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD in rats. Pioglitazone can attenuate insulin resistance and biochemical and histological injury in high fat-induced fatty liver in rats.

Alanine Transaminase↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The nasojejunal tube in early postoperative nutrition].

BACKGROUND: To verify the effectiveness of the nasojejunal tube inserted during operation as an alternative to jejunostomy to perform early enteral feeding. METHODS EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Department of Surgery, General Hospital. PATIENTS: 27 patients undergoing laparotomy because of a gastric pathology. INTERVENTIONS: In 18 patients before construction of the distal jejunum anastomosis the tube was inserted by nasal route and advanced into the jejunum ansa until the end reached 15 to 20 cm down the anastomosis (group A); 9 patients underwent a jejunostomy according to Delany (group B). All the patients started enteral feeding 24 hours after operation and had the same polymeric diet, given to them using the same procedures. MEASURES: postoperative complications, tube intolerance, intestinal tolerance. RESULTS: The degree of non-acceptance of the tube was: absent in 3 patients of group A and in 7 patients of group B (p > 0.05); slight in 6 patients of group A and in 2 patients of group B (p > 0.05); medium in 9 patients of group A and in no one of the group B (p no measurable); high in neither groups. The intestinal tolerance was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Nasojejunal tube is an effective alternative to jejunostomy to perform early postoperative enteral feeding.

Aged↗