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Results for “INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE”

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PubMed1977

The effect of systemic hypotension during cardiopulmonary bypass on intraocular pressure and visual function in humans.

The effect of controlled systemic hypotension on intraocular pressure (IOP) and visual function was measured in a group of 12 patients undergoing extracorporeal perfusion during cardiovascular surgery. When venous pressure was controlled, intraocular pressure was noted to fall following a fall in the systemic blood pressure. There was a return of IOP toward normal levels with recovery of the systemic blood pressure. Systemic hypotension of 25 to 100 mm Hg for up to 201 minutes in the presence of hemodilution and hypothermia was not associated with any functional or morphologic change in ocular function.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[Intraocular pressure values following vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade].

Secondary glaucoma is a relatively common complication after pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil injection for repair of complex retinal detachment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of silicone oil tamponade on intraocular pressure elevation and to identify the mechanism of this elevation. The study included 45 eyes of 45 patients who had undergone pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade for repair of complex retinal detachment. Ophthalmic examination was performed before vitrectomy, and one and six months after vitrectomy. The increase in intraocular pressure was measured one month postoperatively in 37.77% of patients. The mechanism of intraocular pressure increase was silicone oil emulsification in 52.98%, closure of Ando's iridectomy in 23.54%, and idiopathic angle closure glaucoma in 23.54% of patients with elevated intraocular pressure. After silicone oil removal, elevated intraocular pressure persisted in 7 (15.55%) patients; in 5 patients it was controlled medically, while two patients underwent glaucoma surgery. Six months postoperatively 3 patients developed secondary neovascular glaucoma due to the prolipherative ischemic disease. Elevation of intraocular pressure following vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade had a temporary effect, as it did not lead to permament intraocular pressure elevation but regressed after silicone oil removal from the eye.

Glaucoma↗

PubMed1991

Increased intraocular pressure in severely burned patients.

Six eyes of three patients with severe body burns had intraocular pressure ranging from 37.2 to 81.7 mm Hg. Because of extreme orbital congestion, lateral canthotomies were performed, which caused abrupt decrease in intraocular pressure (range, 17.6 to 49.0 mm Hg). None of the patients had a history of glaucoma, narrow angles, or any precondition for a pupillary block mechanism. Two patients survived and neither had optic nerve damage or increased intraocular pressure after hospital discharge. Tonometry should be performed in patients with severe burns and orbital congestion, especially in those patients receiving large amounts of intravenous fluids. Lateral canthotomies may be of benefit to relieve potentially damaging high intraocular pressure.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

[Intraocular pressure after ND: YAG laser capsulotomy in pseudophakic patients with glaucoma].

AIM: The aim of the study was to analyze changes in intraocular pressure after Nd: YAG laser capsulotomy in pseudophakic patients with glaucoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Intraocular pressure was recorded before, and 1 and 3 hours after YAG laser capsulotomy in 69 pseudophakic patients with glaucoma. Twenty eight patients received no therapy before capsulotomy, 21 patients received topical brimonidine 0.2%, and 20 patients received topical dorzolamide 2% 1 hour before laser capsulotomy. All patients received topical tropicamide 1% and tetracaine 0.5%. Nd: YAG laser posterior capsulotomy was performed using inverted-U technique to make a 3-4 mm diameter capsulotomy. After capsulotomy, all eyes received topical fluorometholone for 10 days. RESULTS: A pressure rise was greater in patients without any therapy before YAG laser capsulotomy. Eight patients with glaucoma showed intraocular pressure rise of 5 mm Hg, and 2 patients pressure rise of 10 mm Hg after laser capsulotomy. A reduction of intraocular pressure rise was found in patients who received dorzolamide 2% or brimonidine 0.2%, only 1 patient in each group developed a pressure rise of 5 mm Hg. In all patients a significant pressure rise developed within the first hour. DISCUSSION: It is difficult to compare different studies due to different techniques of cataract surgery and different intraocular lense material and design. Barnes showed that 6 of 29 (21%) developed a pressure rise of 5 mm Hg, and 1 of 29 (3%) patients a pressure rise of 10 mm Hg. In our study, 29% of patients had a pressure rise of > or =5 mm Hg, and 7% of patients had a rise of > or =10 mm Hg after laser capsulotomy. These results may be associated with a large proportion of extracapsular cataract extraction (71%) versus phacoemulsification (29%) in our patients. CONCLUSION: Pretreatment with dorzolamide 2% or brimonidine 0.2% reduce the intraocular pressure rise after Nd: YAG laser capsulotomy in pseudophakic patients with glaucoma.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed2002

Effectiveness of nonocclusive ligature and fenestration used in Baerveldt aqueous shunts for early postoperative intraocular pressure control.

PURPOSE: The authors determined the effectiveness of two different methods of modification of Baerveldt aqueous shunts in the control of early postoperative intraocular pressure. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed charts of 122 eyes of 113 patients who underwent a Baerveldt 350-mm(2) modified with tube fenestration and charts of 129 eyes of 122 patients who underwent a Baerveldt 350-mm(2) modified with a nonocclusive ligature to examine early postoperative intraocular pressure control. In the fenestration group, the tube was modified with a 4-0 intraluminal suture and an occlusive 6-0 external polyglactin ligature before ocular placement. After ocular placement, the tube was further modified with one to three perforating fenestrations. In the nonocclusive-ligature group, the tube was modified with a 4-0 nylon intraluminal suture with a nonocclusive 6-0 external polyglactin ligature before ocular placement. RESULTS: A total of 94 eyes (77%) achieved adequate intraocular pressure control with or without adjunctive medications and. A total of 28 eyes (23%) had postoperative hypertension or hypotony in the fenestration group versus 81 (62.8%) and 48 (37.2%) eyes in the nonocclusive-ligature group (P = 0.014), respectively. The mean change in intraocular pressure preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively was 18.2 mm Hg versus 21.0 mm Hg (P = 0.11) in the fenestration and nonocclusive-ligature groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Both the nonocclusive ligature and the fenestration methods provide desirable decreases in intraocular pressure in the immediate postoperative period and 3 months postoperatively; however, the fenestration modification may achieve adequate intraocular pressure control more often in the early postoperative period.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Retinal nerve fiber layer analysis in the diagnosis of glaucoma.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The detection of optic disc and retinal nerve fiber layer damage and change is the cornerstone of glaucoma management. Assessment of the retinal nerve fiber layer for localized and diffuse damage has been traditionally based on clinical examination, with documentation of change primarily qualitative. With the latest improvements in optical imaging instruments, objective and quantitative measurements of the retinal nerve fiber layer are now possible. This review summarizes the results from recent cross-sectional studies evaluating the discriminating ability of automated retinal nerve fiber layer measurements to detect glaucoma, and from longitudinal studies assessing the ability to predict and monitor glaucomatous changes. RECENT FINDINGS: Numerous cross-sectional studies have documented good diagnostic accuracy of a scanning laser polarimeter (GDx VCC), the optical coherence tomograph (Stratus), and the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph retinal nerve fiber layer measurements for differentiating between healthy and glaucoma eyes. There are only limited data available on the ability of these retinal nerve fiber layer measurements to document change over time. SUMMARY: It is essential that the clinician understand the specific strengths and weaknesses of each technique so that only good quality retinal nerve fiber layer information will be used in conjunction with careful clinical examination and visual function testing for glaucoma management decisions. Longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the ability of these instruments to document retinal nerve fiber layer change over time.

Diagnostic Imaging↗

PubMed1989

Intraocular pressure in cats is lowered by drops of hornet venom.

1. Nine cats were given an intravenous injection of the Oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis, Vespinae; Hymenoptera) venom sac extract (VSE) and seven cats had the same VSE administered as eye drops. 2. When injected intravenously, the hornet VSE decreased the intraocular pressure in both eyes sharply during the first 20 min and with a slower rate later on until the end of the 3 hr experiment. The intraocular pressure dropped to zero in some cases. 3. VSE eye drops decreased the intraocular pressure only in the treated eye, while in the second eye (left as a control) the intraocular pressure remained the same throughout the experiment. 4. The decrease in the intraocular pressure was sharp during the first 20 min and slowed down afterwards until the end of the experiment. 5. The intraocular pressure did not reduce to zero. 6. This study shows that the active components of the hornet venom which caused a decrease in the intraocular pressure can cross the cornea and exert a hypotensive effect in the eye.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

The effect of pneumoperitoneum on intraocular pressure in rabbits with alpha-chymotrypsin-induced glaucoma.

UNLABELLED: Increased intraperitoneal pressure is associated with physiological changes including alterations of intraocular pressure (IOP). We have previously shown that IOP is not adversely affected by increased intraperitoneal pressure up to 15 mm Hg in women with no preexisting eye disease. The aim of this study was to measure IOP changes associated with increased intraperitoneal pressure (up to 15 mm Hg) of 2 h duration in 12 rabbits with alpha-chymotrypsin-induced glaucoma. A reliable model of glaucoma was created by injecting alpha-chymotrypsin into the posterior chamber of the right eye in 12 rabbits. Thereafter, 5 of the 12 rabbits with glaucomatous eyes were treated with topical timolol. The left eye was used as a control. During pentobarbital general anesthesia, increased intraperitoneal pressure up to 15 mm Hg was created by intraperitoneal CO2 insufflation. Body temperature and expired CO2 were kept constant throughout the study. IOP measurements were made using an electronic pneumotonometer. IOP, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and central venous pressure were recorded in head-up and head-down positions before, during, and after increased intraperitoneal pressure. The IOP of both eyes, in both treated and untreated rabbits, increased significantly from baseline only when increased intraperitoneal pressure associated with the head-down position resulted in a significant increase in central venous pressure. However, the IOP increase remained within the diurnal range. The major finding of this study is that, in a reliable model of glaucoma, CO2 pneumoperitoneum was associated with an increase in IOP when a head-down position was combined with pneumoperitoneum. IMPLICATIONS: In rabbits with alpha-chymotrypsin-induced glaucoma, increased intraperitoneal pressure (up to 15 mm Hg) resulted in a significant intraocular pressure increase when pneumoperitoneum was associated with the head-down position. However, the intraocular pressure increase remained within the diurnal range.

Adjuvants, Anesthesia↗

PubMed1989

Intraocular pressure effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in primary open-angle glaucoma.

We tested the effect on intraocular pressure of three commonly used oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor preparations in a controlled, randomized, comparative study on patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Preparations tested included acetazolamide tablets, acetazolamide Sequels, and methazolamide tablets. The effect of the three carbonic anhydrase inhibitors was assessed by using a statistical modeling approach as well as by evaluating the average maximum reduction in intraocular pressure for each preparation. Dosage and time effects were also determined. As expected, each drug preparation was more effective in reducing intraocular pressure when administered to a patient who had already been treated with the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor preparation. The amount of intraocular pressure lowering was directly related to dose for both acetazolamide preparations. Of particular interest was the finding that maximal rapid reduction of intraocular pressure was obtained with a 500-mg dosage of acetazolamide tablets.

Acetazolamide↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Transient intraocular pressure elevation after trabeculotomy and its occurrence with phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation.

PURPOSE: To elucidate the characterization of intraocular pressure (IOP) spike after trabeculotomy, and after the combined procedure of phacoemulsification and aspiration (PEA) and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. METHODS: Included in this study were 39 patients (53 eyes) with primary open-angle glaucoma with IOPs uncontrolled even with anti-glaucoma medication. We conducted a retrospective study for the following two groups: Patients who underwent trabeculotomy alone (25 eyes) and patients undergoing trabeculotomy combined with PEA and implantation of an IOL (28 eyes). RESULTS: In 7 (28%) of the 25 eyes after trabeculotomy alone and 7 (25%) of the 28 eyes after the combined procedure, transient IOP elevation was found postoperatively. The incidence of hyphema-related IOP spike was significantly higher in eyes after trabeculotomy alone (16%) than after the combined procedure (0%). After removal of the blood present in the anterior chamber in eyes with hyphema-related IOP spikes, the IOP levels were well controlled. CONCLUSIONS: Hyphema-related IOP spike is one of the common complications in eyes after trabeculotomy alone, and the combined procedure decreases the incidence of this complication. It is thought that removal of prolonged massive hyphema is effective as treatment for hyphema-related IOP spike.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Nocturnal elevation of intraocular pressure in young adults.

PURPOSE: To distinguish 24-hour (circadian) and postural effects on intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy young adults. METHODS: Thirty-three volunteers were housed in a sleep laboratory for 1 day under a strictly controlled 16-hour light and 8-hour dark environment. Sleep was encouraged in the dark period. Intraocular pressure was measured in each eye every 2 hours using a pneumatonometer. Researchers used night-vision goggles to perform IOP measurements in the dark, while the subject's light exposure was minimized. In the first group of 12 subjects, measurements were taken with subjects in the sitting position during the light-wake period and supine during the dark period. In the second group of 21 subjects, all IOP measurements were taken with the subjects supine. RESULTS: Average IOP was significantly higher in the dark period than in the light-wake period in both groups. The lowest IOP occurred in the last light-wake measurement, and the peak IOP occurred in the last dark measurement. The trough-peak difference in IOP was 8.2+/-1.4 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM) in the first group. Intraocular pressure changed sharply at the transitions between light and dark. In the second group, the trough-peak IOP difference was 3.8+/-0.9 mm Hg. Intraocular pressure changed gradually throughout the 24-hour period. In comparison with the sitting IOP in the first group, the supine IOP in the second group was significantly higher during the light-wake period. CONCLUSIONS: Circadian rhythms of IOP were shown in young adults, with the peaks occurring in the late dark period. A nocturnal IOP elevation can appear independent of body position change, but change of posture from upright to recumbent may contribute to the relative nocturnal IOP elevation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Late-onset elevation in intraocular pressure after neodymium-YAG laser posterior capsulotomy.

We retrospectively studied the long-term change in intraocular pressure after neodymium-YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. Uncomplicated extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation was performed in 446 consecutive normal eyes (401 patients), 237 (53%) of which subsequently underwent uncomplicated neodymium-YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. Late-onset elevation in intraocular pressure was seen in three eyes (1.4%) after cataract surgery alone (mean follow-up, 2.7 +/- 1.7 years) and in 14 eyes (5.9%) after cataract and laser surgeries (mean follow-up, 3.0 +/- 1.1 years). This difference was statistically significant (P less than .03). These results suggest that, in addition to immediate changes in intraocular pressure, neodymium-YAG laser posterior capsulotomy may be associated with an increase in intraocular pressure long after the laser surgery, even in normal eyes without obvious postoperative complications.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

Effect of nebulized ipratropium bromide on intraocular pressures in children.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of nebulized ipratropium bromide on intraocular pressures and pupillary responses in children with asthma. DESIGN: A double-blind, randomized, crossover study. SETTING: Children's Hospital of Winnipeg, University of Manitoba. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS: Age 6 to 17 years with asthma. INTERVENTION: Nebulized ipratropium bromide added to albuterol sulfate, albuterol alone, or saline solution was given by face mask and nebulizer. Before and 0.5 h after nebulization, intraocular pressures (mm Hg), pupillary size (mm), and pupillary responses were measured. In a subsequent open study, patients who had been admitted to hospital with acute asthma who were treated with nebulized ipratropium bromide were recruited for measurement of intraocular pressures, pupillary size, and pupillary responses. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Twenty patients completed the double-blind study, and 26 patients completed the open study. There were no changes in intraocular pressures, pupillary size, or pupillary response after any treatment on any study day in either the double-blind or the open studies. CONCLUSION: In children with asthma, who have no pre-existing ocular abnormalities, the risk of an adverse reaction to nebulized ipratropium bromide delivered by face mask inadvertently absorbed in the eye is extremely small.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Effect of seasons upon intraocular pressure in healthy population of China.

Studies have been shown that intraocular pressure (IOP) shows a seasonal variation, but amount of change differs from study to study. The variability in their results may be due to negligence of factors that can affect IOP. Due to differences in environmental conditions of China than other countries, we investigated seasonal variations in IOP of 103 healthy male Chinese of Shanghai. IOP was measured each month over the course of fourteen months with the Goldmann applanation tonometer. The average intraocular pressures in the winter months were higher than those in the spring, summer, and autumn months. The IOP difference between winter and summer months was found to be 1.4 +/- 0.7 mmHg. This study confirms that season influences IOP. As compared to other nations, effect of seasons on IOP seems to be somewhat less pronounced in Chinese. The possible mechanisms, responsible for the seasonal variation of intraocular pressure, are also postulated.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Distribution of central corneal thickness and its association with intraocular pressure: The Rotterdam Study.

PURPOSE: To perform a cross-sectional study on the distribution of central corneal thickness and its association with intraocular pressure in an elderly population. METHODS: We measured central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure in 395 subjects (352 control subjects, 13 patients with ocular hypertension, and 30 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma) aged 55 years or more. RESULTS: Mean central corneal thickness in the 352 control subjects was 537.4 microm (95% confidence interval [CI], 533.8 to 540.9 microm; range, 427 to 620 microm), with a maximal difference between eyes of 42 microm. There were no differences between sexes and no significant association with age. Linear regression analysis showed an increase of 0.19 mm Hg in intraocular pressure with each 10-microm increase in central corneal thickness (95% CI, 0.09 to 0.28 mm Hg). This association was similar in both eyes and in both sexes. The 13 patients with ocular hypertension had corneas a mean of 16.0 microm thicker (95% CI, -2.6 to +34.6 microm) compared with control subjects (P = .093); the 30 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma had corneas a mean of 21.5 microm thinner (95% CI, 8.8 to 34.1 microm) compared with control subjects (P = .001). CONCLUSION: Mean central corneal thickness was similar to that found in clinical studies, was slightly higher in patients with ocular hypertension, and was significantly lower in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Intraocular pressure was positively related with central corneal thickness. Central corneal thickness may influence the division between normal and increased intraocular pressure at a simple cutoff point of 21 mm Hg.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Effect of oxymetazoline nasal spray on intraocular pressure and retrobulbar hemodynamics.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of oxymetazoline nasal spray on intraocular pressure and retrobulbar hemodynamics in patients with open-angle glaucoma and to compare the results with those measured in healthy control participants. STUDY DESIGN: Controlled, prospective clinical trial. SETTING: University hospital. METHODS: Thirty patients with open-angle glaucoma and 30 healthy volunteers as controls were topically self-administered oxymetazoline nasal spray three times a day (one spray in each nostril of 0.05% concentration) for 5 days continuously. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intraocular pressure and retrobulbar hemodynamics were measured in glaucomatous and normal eyes at baseline and at the end of oxymetazoline application . RESULTS: Oxymetazoline nasal spray lowered intraocular pressure significantly in both the glaucoma group (p = .02) and the control group (p = .001) after 5 days of treatment. The systemic parameters in the glaucoma and control groups (systolic blood pressure, p = .14 and p = .17; diastolic blood pressure, p = .18 and p = .49; and pulse rate, p = .06 and p = .50, respectively) did not show statistically significant differences during the study period. Additionally, except with a significant decrease in the resistivity index of the central retinal artery in the glaucoma patients (p = .001), oxymetazoline nasal spray did not result in any significant changes in the retrobulbar hemodynamics in both the glaucoma and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that a 5-day treatment with oxymetazoline nasal spray reduced intraocular pressure in both healthy controls and patients with glaucoma under treatment. In addition, it had no significant adverse effects on the retrobulbar hemodynamics.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1998

Efficacy of hyaluronidase in reducing increases in intraocular pressure related to the use of viscoelastic substances.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of hyaluronidase in preventing increases in intraocular pressure related to injections of hyaluronan-containing viscoelastic substances. METHODS: Twenty-five white rabbits were divided into 5 groups. In groups 1 through 4, 0.15 mL of aqueous humor was removed and replaced with 0.10 mL of a viscoelastic substance in both eyes. Additionally, 10 units of hyaluronidase (0.05 mL) was injected in the anterior chamber of the right eye, whereas the left eye was injected with a volumetrically equivalent dose of balanced saline solution. Viscoelastic substances tested were Healon and Healon GV (Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, Mich), Viscoat (Alcon Laboratories, Fort Worth, Tex), and Ocucoat (Storz Ophthalmics, Clearwater, Fla). In group 5, right eyes were injected with 10 units of hyaluronidase and the left eyes were treated with balanced saline solution. RESULTS: After injections of viscoelastic substance, intraocular pressure rose rapidly, reaching a peak at approximately 46 hours after injection and returning to preinjection levels within 24 hours. Hyaluronidase significantly decreased intraocular pressure when used with Healon, Healon GV, and Viscoat, but not with Ocucoat. When injected in the absence of viscoelastic, hyaluronidase appeared to decrease intraocular pressure, but this result was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Injections of hyaluronidase into the anterior chamber of rabbits effectively prevent increases in intraocular pressure induced by hyaluronan-containing viscoelastic substances. This effect may be related to the ability of hyaluronidase to cleave hyaluronan moieties.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Effects of l- and d-timolol on cyclic AMP synthesis and intraocular pressure in water-loaded, albino and pigmented rabbits.

Topical 2% l- or d-timolol reduced the elevation of intraocular pressure induced by water-loading in conscious rabbits. This drug effect appeared on the peak elevation (in pigmented eyes) and on the down-phase (in albino and pigmented eyes) of elevated intraocular pressure. The contralateral eye and the treated eye responded similarly. In urethane anesthetized, water-loaded rabbits, a greater inhibitory effect of l-timolol was observed in pigmented eyes than in albino eyes. Two per cent l-timolol caused alterations of heart rate and arterial blood pressure in water-loaded anesthetized rabbits, but time courses of these alterations did not correlate with the inhibitory effect on the elevation of intraocular pressure. The beta-adrenergic antagonistic activity of l-timolol and d-timolol were compared by their ability to inhibit l-isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic AMP synthesis in the rabbit iris-ciliary body preparation in vitro. The I50S for l- and d-timolol differ by about 1.5 log units. In our studies, d-timolol has little of the intraocular pressure lowering and the beta-adrenergic antagonistic activity of l-timolol. Thus, the conscious, water-loaded, pigmented rabbit can be used as a model for studying the effects of beta-adrenergic antagonists on intraocular pressure.

Animals↗