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PubMed1977

[Influence of destruction of the lateral reticular nucleus and nuclei of the inferior olive in cats on electrical responses of the cerebellar cortex evoked by stimulation of the vagus nerve].

The role of the lateral reticular nucleus and inferior olive in production of the cerebellar cortex evoked potentials to stimulation of n. vagus was studied on 28 cats under chloralose-nembutal narcosis. After electrolytical destruction of the lateral reticular nucleus prolongation of the latency and a decrease in the evoked potential amplitude were observed, especially ipsilaterally. After bilateral destruction the potentials could be depressed completely. A conclusion is made that the lateral reticular nucleus provides a relay to to the cerebellar cortex of interoceptive vagal impulses. Appearance of predominantly simple discharges of the Purkinje cells responses to vagal stimulation is considered as an additional evidence for such a role of the lateral reticular nucleus. After damaging the inferior olive the evoked potentials arose with unchanged latency but reduced in the amplitude. Significance of the inferior olive as an intensity regulatory for the interoceptive impulse flow to the cerebellum is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Discriminative stimulus properties of nicotine at low doses: the effects of caffeine preload.

Discriminative stimulus properties of low nicotine doses administered in the form of chewing gum in combination with caffeine have been evaluated in humans, using established behavioural drug discrimination procedures. Twenty-one smokers who were also regular coffee drinkers were trained to discriminate 0 versus 1 mg nicotine chewing gum. Twenty subjects (11 men and nine women) were able to reach criterion performance (at least 80% correct). Generalization of responding across nicotine doses of 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg was then examined. Subjects were randomly allocated to receive either 50 mg caffeine or placebo before testing. Nicotine-appropriate responding was linearly related to dose, demonstrating that smokers can accurately discriminate nicotine from placebo and between relatively small doses of nicotine. Nicotine-appropriate responding was high at the 0 mg nicotine dose in the caffeine group demonstrating a partial generalization. Subjective effects assessed concurrently with behavioural discrimination revealed that nicotine discrimination was guided by the interoceptive cues of 'sensations in mouth', 'taste', 'heart rate', 'stimulated', 'alert' 'jittery' and 'nausea'. Caffeine increased self-ratings of 'stimulated' and 'alert' (at the 0 mg nicotine dose) and 'jittery' at the 0.5 and 1.0 mg nicotine dose. Relationships between nicotine-appropriate responding and subjective feelings induced by caffeine suggested that feelings of 'stimulated' and 'alert' were guiding discrimination behaviour. These data are discussed in terms of interoceptive nicotine cues and their importance at different doses and after caffeine preload.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

[Eating disorders in adolescents: clinical and epidemiological aspects].

OBJECTIVE: To compare in female adolescents clinical and epidemiological aspects of eating disorders. METHODS: Three hundred schoolgirls, university students and young girls with weight problems who did not score within the pathological range of the Eating attitudes test (EAT-40) (group S), one hundred and thirty eight schoolgirls, university students and young girls with weight problems who scored within the pathological range of the EAT-40 (group SC) and one hundred eating disordered patients (group THC) were given the Eating disorders inventory (EDI). RESULTS: The EAT-26 emerged as an abbreviated and trustful instrument. The scores on the EAT-40 and EDI were lower in group S, intermedial in group SC and higher in group THC. The same statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed on Interoceptive awareness. Bulimia, Ineffectiveness and Maturity fears. Diet (EAT-40-Factor I) (90%) and EDI-Drive for thinness (87%) had the highest sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: The EAT-26, EAT-40 and EDI were useful to confirm an eating disorder. On one hand, the profile of the eating disordered patients and the adolescents at risk was characterized by a high Drive for thinness and Body dissatisfaction and on the other, by a low Interoceptive awareness. Diet and Drive for thinness may be helpful for screening large non-clinical groups to predict an eating disorder. Finally, the importance of the nutrition assessment and primary prevention is emphasized.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

'Loss of control' in alcoholics.

This study evaluates the ability of alcoholics to regulate their blood alcohol levels (BAL) within a designated range by relying primarily on interoceptive cues. Forty male alcoholics and 20 control subjects were exposed to an initial training session in which they received sufficient ethanol to maintain them within a designated BAL range over a 2 1/2-hour period. They were then exposed to two experimental sessions, one providing "overfeedback" and one "underfeedback." During each session, subjects had ten drinking decisions to make with respect to regulation of their BAL. The results indicated that alcoholics displayed greater "loss-of-control" than control subjects. This finding supported the hypothesis that alcoholics may possess a neurophysiologic feedback dysfunction that contributes to their relative inability to regulate ethanol intake.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Cognitive behavioral treatment compared with nonprescriptive treatment of panic disorder.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of cognitive behavioral treatment for panic disorder has been established in controlled studies. However, little is known about the efficacy of other psychological treatments. We report the results of a study comparing cognitive behavioral treatment with a focused nonprescriptive treatment for panic. METHODS: Three sessions of panic-related information were provided in each treatment, followed by 12 sessions of either nonprescriptive, reflective listening (non-prescriptive treatment) or a treatment package that included breathing retraining, muscle relaxation, cognitive reframing, and exposure to interoceptive and agoraphobic stimuli (cognitive behavioral treatment). RESULTS: Posttreatment and 6-month follow-up assessments revealed a good response to both treatments. We observed a high rate of panic remission and significant improvement in associated symptoms in subjects in each treatment group. CONCLUSION: These findings raise questions about the specificity of cognitive behavioral treatment.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Characterization of the "seasonal" bulimic patient.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether bulimia nervosa (BN) patients who experience marked fall/winter worsening in eating behavior and/or mood are otherwise distinct from nonseasonal BN patients. METHODS: We empirically identified "seasonal" and "nonseasonal" groups from a sample of 208 consecutive BN patients completing the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ). t Tests were performed to determine if seasonal patients differed from nonseasonal patients with respect to demographic and weight variables, age of onset of symptoms, illness severity, and attitudes and beliefs. RESULTS: Seasonal BN patients exhibited a greater discrepancy between maximum lifetime and current weight, an earlier age of onset of binging, and a higher current monthly binge frequency than did the nonseasonal group. Seasonal patients also scored significantly higher on the Bulimia and Interoceptive Awareness (reflecting lower self-awareness) subscales of the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI). DISCUSSION: The results suggest that seasonal BN patients may represent a distinct subgroup characterized by a low threshold for binging behavior, greater preoccupation with bulimic behaviors, poor awareness of moods and feelings, and a unique course of illness. More research is needed to confirm these initial findings and to further assess the effectiveness of light therapy for these patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Laxative abuse among women with eating disorders: an indication of psychopathology?

OBJECTIVE: The results of the scant research on laxative abuse among women with eating disorders suggest that laxative abuse is a diagnostic indicator of greater psychopathology. We further investigated the relationship of history of laxative abuse to eating and related attitudes, impulsivity, and personality pathology. METHOD: Women assessed in an outpatient clinical setting and diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, binge-eating/purging type (n = 51) or bulimia nervosa, purging type (n = 280) completed measures of laxative abuse, eating and related attitudes, and personality psychopathology at intake. RESULTS: More than one-half of both groups had abused laxatives at some point. History of laxative abuse was unrelated to eating disorder diagnostic category, current age or body weight, history of stealing, self-induced injury, having attempted suicide, interpersonal distrust, maturity fears, or compulsive or dependent personality features. Compared to nonabusers, laxative abusers demonstrated more perfectionism and avoidant personality features. Significant statistical interactions among variables revealed that bulimia nervosa patients who had abused laxatives exhibited the most pathological scores on scales measuring drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, ineffectiveness, lack of interoceptive awareness, and passive-aggressive and borderline personality features. Anorexia nervosa patients who had abused laxatives had the highest scores on the histrionic scale. DISCUSSION: Results are discussed with regard to past research and clinical implications. We propose that laxative abuse among eating disordered women may serve different functions depending on diagnosis and underlying personality dynamics.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

The relationship between sexual abuse and eating pathology.

OBJECTIVE: The present study examined whether patients with histories of sexual abuse reported a higher degree of pathological eating behaviors and attitudes than a nonsexually abused control group. METHOD: Subjects, 134 psychiatric inpatients, completed the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) to assess eating pathology, and a questionnaire that gathered information regarding sexual abuse experiences. RESULTS: A logistic regression model found that a complex of EDI subscales was significantly related to a history of childhood abuse. Exploratory analyses found that survivors of sexual abuse obtained higher scores on the EDI subscales scores of Drive for Thinness, Interpersonal Distrust, Perfectionism, and Interoceptive Awareness. Further, the mean score for sexual abuse survivors without an eating disorder on the majority of EDI subscales was above established means for eating-disordered groups. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that inpatients with a history of sexual abuse are likely to present with eating disorder symptomatology.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Psychometric properties of the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI-1) in a nonclinical Chinese population in Hong Kong.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Chinese Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI-1) in a nonclinical population in Hong Kong. METHOD: 1,172 (females 606, males 566) Chinese undergraduates completed the Chinese EDI-1; 105 of them also completed the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). RESULTS: In female subjects, the Chinese EDI-1 and its subscales met conventional standards of internal consistency, item-total, item-subscale, and subscale correlations, and exhibited an excellent degree of factorial integrity. The subscales discriminated among male, female, high Drive for Thinness, high Body Dissatisfaction, constitutionally slim, and Canadian female subjects. Female GHQ-12 cases and noncases were only distinguished by the Interpersonal Distrust, Interoceptive Awareness, and Ineffectiveness subscales. 3.3% of female subjects could be characterized as being pathologically weight preoccupied. DISCUSSION: This study provides preliminary evidence that the Chinese EDI-1 is an economical, reliable, and potentially useful self-report instrument for investigating the psychological and behavioral dimensions of eating disorders in Hong Kong. But further work is needed to evaluate its transcultural validity in clinical and less modernized Chinese populations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Smoking and body image concerns in adolescent girls.

OBJECTIVE: Use of cigarettes has increased dramatically among adolescent females. Because young women use smoking as a weight control strategy, increased drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction may be associated with smoking. This study examined the relationship between smoking and body image concerns among adolescent females with and without eating disorders. METHODS: Incidence of smoking and Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) scores were compared among 411 nonclinical females and 82 eating disorder females with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa aged 11 to 18. RESULTS: Of the three groups, anorectic-restrictors were the least likely and bulimics the most likely to smoke. After covarying age, both eating disorder and nonclinical smokers had significantly greater psychopathology on Drive for Thinness, Body Dissatisfaction, and Interoceptive Awareness than nonsmokers. DISCUSSION: Despite high levels of body image disturbance, anorectic-restrictors did not use smoking as a weight control strategy. Body image concerns were more prevalent in smokers than in nonsmokers.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Perfection as acculturation: psychological correlates of eating problems in Chinese male and female students living in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between acculturation, self-esteem, depression, and characteristics associated with eating disorders among Chinese university students in the United States. METHOD: A self-report questionnaire which included an acculturation scale (SL-ASIA), Center for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression (CES-D), Index of Self Esteem (ISE), and the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) was administered to 197 Chinese university students in the United States (93 females and 104 males). RESULTS: Highly acculturated females reported significantly higher EDI total scores, more maturity fears, and a greater sense of ineffectiveness. Males who were less acculturated also reported high ineffectiveness while high male scores on acculturation were associated with greater perfectionism. Overall, females reported more body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness, and respondents with high acculturation reported more perfectionism and interoceptive awareness. DISCUSSION: The impact of perfecting onself or one's body as a means of acculturating is discussed along with potential gender differences in perceived efficacy in a new culture.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Eating disorder symptoms in a cohort of 11 to 16-year-old black and white girls: the NHLBI growth and health study.

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to provide reference data for the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) with use of young adolescent black and white girls. Moreover, the study examined the relationship between race, age, socioeconomic status, and adiposity and each of the eight EDI scales. METHOD: To achieve these aims, data were used that had been collected in Years 3, 5, and 7 as part of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study, a longitudinal cohort study of risk factors for obesity in black and white girls. For the present report, data were available from 2,228 girls in Year 3, 2,056 girls in Year 5, and 1,902 girls in Year 7. RESULTS: EDI scores were found to vary by race, age, socioeonomic status, and body weight of respondents. Black girls scored different from white girls on all EDI subscales. Scores on all but two subscales (Body Dissatisfaction, Drive for Thinness) decreased significantly with increasing age. Significant inverse associations were found between maximum parental education and all EDI subscales except Body Dissatisfaction and Perfectionism. Elevated body weight was associated significantly with Body Dissatisfaction, Drive for Thinness, Bulimia, Interoceptive Awareness, and Ineffectiveness. DISCUSSION: Our results illustrate the importance of taking into consideration the potentially confounding role of demographic characteristics and body weight when comparing different race or ethnic groups on the EDI.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Distribution of the EP3 prostaglandin E(2) receptor subtype in the rat brain: relationship to sites of interleukin-1-induced cellular responsiveness.

The activation of neurosecretory neurons that express corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in response to increased circulating levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) depends on prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) acting locally within the brain parenchyma. To identify potential central targets for PGE(2) relevant to pituitary-adrenal control, the distribution of mRNA encoding the PGE(2) receptor subtype EP3 (EP3R) was analyzed in rat brain. Hybridization histochemistry revealed prominent labeling of cells in discrete portions of the olfactory system, iso- and hippocampal cortices, and subcortical telencephalic structures in the septal region and amygdala. Labeling over the midline, intralaminar, and anterior thalamic groups was particularly prominent. EP3R expression was enriched in the median preoptic nucleus and adjoining aspects of the medial preoptic area (MPO) implicated in thermoregulatory/febrile responses and sleep induction. EP3R-expressing cells were also prominent in brainstem cell groups involved in nociceptive information processing/modulation (periaqueductal gray, locus coeruleus (LC), parabrachial nucleus (PB), caudal raphé nuclei), arousal and wakefulness (LC, midbrain raphé and tuberomammillary nuclei); and in conveying interoceptive input, including systemic IL-1 signals, to the endocrine hypothalamus (nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and rostral ventrolateral medulla [VLM]). Combined hybridization histochemical detection of EP3R mRNA with immunolocalization of IL-1beta-induced Fos protein expression identified cytokine-sensitive, EP3R-positive cells in the medial NTS, rostral VLM, and, to a lesser extent, aspects of the MPO. These findings are consistent with the view that increased circulating IL-1 may stimulate central neural mechanisms, including hypothalamic CRH neurons, through an EP3R-dependent mechanism involving PGE(2)-mediated activation of cells in the caudal medulla and/or preoptic region.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Personality predictors of bulimic behavior and attitudes in males.

This study was an investigation of personality factors associated with bulimic behaviors and attitudes in males. Various measures that have been noted as predictors of female bulimia were tested on 96 college students. Chronic dietary restraint and interoceptive awareness were the strongest predictors of more maladaptive eating patterns. The results suggest that maladaptive eating patterns in males and females may share a common set of features.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Eating related and general psychopathology in obese females with binge eating disorder.

One hundred obese women with a mean age of 39.2 years, and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 35.9 kg/m2 were evaluated before entering a treatment study for weight reduction. According to the results of a structured interview, subjects were divided into four groups: (1) no overeating episodes, (2) episodic overeating episodes without the feeling of loss of control, (3) overeating plus the sense of loss of control (binge eating), and (4) full diagnostic criteria for binge eating disorder (BED). One-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) revealed significant positive associations between binge eating and eating/weight-related characteristics such as a history of frequent weight fluctuations, the amount of time spent dieting, drive for thinness, and a tendency for disinhibition of eating. Furthermore, subjects exhibited more feelings of ineffectiveness, stronger perfectionistic attitudes, more impulsivity, less self-esteem, and less interoceptive awareness the more problems with binge eating they reported. The results support the idea that binge eaters might be a distinct subgroup among the obese population, and corroborate the utility of a diagnosis of BED in identifying the most disturbed obese subjects with regard to the variables tested.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Weight changes and eating attitudes of Japanese adolescents under acculturative stresses: a prospective study.

An increased rate of pathological eating attitudes has been reported among the people under acculturative stresses. We therefore carried out a prospective study of eating patterns in a cohort of 144 Japanese adolescents who spent 1 year with a host family in various countries of the world. The subjects showed a statistically significant gain in standardized body weight. Although the students did not report greater prevalence of abnormal eating attitudes under acculturative stresses than before, a substantial minority of them manifested maladaptive eating patterns. Among the psychosocial variables measured before departure, personality traits of neuroticism and introversion correlated with high drive for thinness during the stay; parental overprotection, lack of interoceptive awareness, and interpersonal distrust predicted bulimic behaviors. The findings are discussed from a transcultural point of view.

Acculturation↗

PubMed2000

Ice-cream consumption, tendency toward overeating, and personality.

OBJECTIVE: The exploration of the mechanisms underlying the tendency toward overeating by investigating the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ)/Revised Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI-R) disinhibition, in sequence to the milkshake-ice cream study (van Strien, Cleven, and Schippers, in press). METHOD: In hierarchical multiple regression analyses, the relative predictive power for ice-cream consumption was assessed, that is, emotional versus external versus bulimic eating using scales of the DEBQ and the EDI-R. In nonplanned stepwise multiple regression analyses, the association was assessed between these three types of eating behaviors and non-eating-related EDI-R scales. RESULTS: Emotional eating was the most important variable for ice-cream consumption. External eating was borderline significant and bulimic eating nonsignificant when emotional and external eating had been partialled out. Emotional eating was best predicted by the EDI-R scales Asceticism, Interoceptive Awareness, and Social Insecurity. DISCUSSION: Results are consistent with psychosomatic theory, which focuses on emotional eating as the result of confusion and apprehension in recognizing and accurately responding to emotional and visceral states related to hunger and satiety.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Association between puberty and disordered eating, body image, and other psychological variables.

OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between puberty and disordered eating, body image, and other psychological variables. METHOD: Females were grouped into three categories of age at puberty onset (Study 1; N = 267) as well as three categories of self-perception of prepubertal weight (Study 2; N = 222). Participants in both studies were matched on current body mass index (BMI) across categories. RESULTS: Females who perceived themselves to be overweight prior to puberty scored significantly higher on measures of disordered eating, body dissatisfaction, asceticism, drive for thinness, impulse regulation, interoceptive awareness, and perfectionism. They also perceived their current body figure to be larger when compared with those who believed they were average or underweight prior to puberty. Age at puberty onset was not significantly associated with disordered eating, body dissatisfaction, depression, or self-esteem. However, females who entered puberty at an earlier age scored higher on measures of asceticism, drive for thinness, impulse regulation, and social insecurity. They also chose a more slender ideal body figure than those who entered at an older age. DISCUSSION: Females who believe they are overweight prior to puberty may be at risk for the development of disordered eating, body image dissatisfaction, and related problems. Age at puberty onset is not a consistent risk factor of pathological eating.

Adult↗