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PubMed1980

Measurement of renal clearance of inulin and PAH in the steady state without urine collection.

Two different methods of inulin and PAH clearance were tested in 25 patients with normal and impaired renal function. The clearance calculated from the infusion rate and the serum levels was equal to the classical clearance calculated from serum levels and urinary excretion. The advantages of the clearance method without urine sampling are: a) catheterization of the bladder can be omitted, b) less analytical work and, c) exact timing serum and urine samples is unneccessary.

Aminohippuric Acids↗

PubMed1980

The effect of route of administration on the disposition of inulin encapsulated in multilamellar vesicles of defined particle size.

Studies were undertaken to evaluate the effect of multilamellar vesicle (MLV) size and route of administration on the tissue distribution of inulin encapsulated in phosphatidyl choline, cholesterol, phosphatidyl serine and alph tocopherol liposomes. Large (MLV (2.7--4.9 micrometers) administered intravenously delivered a large fraction of the dose to the liver, lungs and spleen. However, when large MLV were given intramuscularly (left thigh muscle), a smaller fraction of the absorbed dose was distributed to these organs. Small MLV (0.3--0.8 micrometers) administered by either route resulted in a smaller fraction of the dose distributing to the liver, lungs and spleen compared to large MLV. In addition, release from the injection site was found to be size-dependent with a larger fraction of the intramuscular dose remaining at 24 hours for the large MLV.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Deviated lysis: Transfer of complement lytic activity to unsensitized cells II. Generation of the activity by inulin and by antigen antibody complexes.

Deviated lysis (d.l.) activity, i.e. lysis of unsensitized cells by lytic C activity, was generated via the classical pathway of Cactivation (ag ab complexes) and via the alternative pathway (inulin). The activity was observed on the surface of the activating particles and in the fluid phase. The activity was relatively stable at 32 degrees C. Its generation involved the C components C6 through C9 and possibly also C5.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Effects of the novel thromboxane (TXA2) receptor antagonist linotroban on inulin and para-aminohippuric acid clearances in the conscious male and female rat.

This paper reports the results of experiments designed to determine the effect of linotroban (CAS 141443-73-4) a selective thromboxane (TXA2) receptor antagonist with novel antithrombotic activity, on renal function in conscious male and female rats. Linotroban was administered subcutaneously at doses of 0, 6, 24, 48 and 96 mg/kg/24 h by osmotic minipumps over 6 days. Inulin (Inutest) and para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) clearances were determined on the last day of linotroban treatment. These agents were delivered by a slow release tablet planted s.c. five days after the start of the linotroban treatment. Linotroban did not significantly alter renal functions, although there was a significant difference in GFR (glomerular filtration rate) for male and female rats receiving the highest dose. Linotroban is well tolerated but the difference in renal function between male and female rats at the highest dose may reflect a threshold of renal tolerance.

Acetates↗

PubMed1998

Correlation of plasma concentrations of cystatin C and creatinine to inulin clearance in a pediatric population.

Measurement of blood concentrations of cystatin C (cysC), a cysteine protease inhibitor present in human plasma, has been suggested for use as an indicator of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a manner analogous to the use of plasma creatinine (SCR). In this study, cysC and SCR were measured in plasma from pediatric patients (4-19 years) with renal disease for whom a "gold standard" measurement of GFR via inulin clearance (C(IN)) was available. The data analyses were divided into two age groups: group A (4-12 years, n = 26) and group B (12-19 years, n = 34). For both age groups, the linear correlation coefficient of [cysC](-1) vs C(IN) (mL/min/1.73 m2) (r = 0.765 for group A and r = 0.869 for group B) was less than that of the linear correlation coefficient of [SCR](-1) vs C(IN) (r = 0.841 for group A and r = 0.892 for group B). As a single measurement for detection of abnormal GFR, however, the optimum receiver-operator characteristic point for cysC measurement (for group A at cysC >1.2 mg/L, sensitivity = 80%, specificity = 91%; and for group B at cysC >1.4 mg/L, sensitivity = 87%, specificity = 100%) was numerically superior to that for SCR measurement (for group A at SCR >8.0 mg/L, sensitivity = 67%, specificity = 100%; and for group B at SCR >9.0 mg/L, sensitivity = 91%, specificity = 91%), using a reference value for normal GFR of C(IN) > 90 mL/min/1.73 m2. However, these differences were not statistically significant. CysC measurement appears to be broadly equivalent to SCR measurement for estimation of GFR in pediatric patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Di-D-fructose dianhydrides and related oligomers from thermal treatments of inulin and sucrose.

Thermal treatment of anhydrous, acidified sucrose or inulin yields caramels containing monosaccharides and oligomers, predominantly dianhydrides and higher oligomers derived by the addition of glycosyl residues to dianhydrides. Fourteen dianhydrides, most of which comprise two fructose moieties, have been identified by mass spectroscopy of the per-O-trimethylsilyl ethers. Thirteen of these dianhydrides have been isolated and characterized; five of the dianhydrides are novel compounds and one of these is a glucose-fructose dianhydride. The dianhydrides and related oligomers are thought to have a prebiotic effect by stimulating the proliferation of bifidobacteria in the large intestine.

Acetals↗

PubMed2005

Emulsion polymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate using a hydrophobically modified inulin and comparison with other surfactants.

The use of a new class of graft polymer surfactants, based on inulin, in emulsion polymerization of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) particles is described. PS and PMMA were synthesized by emulsion polymerization, and stable particles with a high monomer content (50 wt %) were obtained with a very small amount of polymeric surfactant ([surfactant]/[monomer] = 0.0033). The latex dispersions were characterized by dynamic light scattering and by transmission electron microscopy to obtain the average particle size and the polydispersity index, and the stability was determined by turbidimetry measurements and expressed in terms of critical coagulation concentration. The last section gives a comparison of PMMA particles prepared by emulsion polymerization using classical surfactants from different types as emulsifiers with that obtained using the copolymer surfactant. It shows the superiority of INUTEC SP1 as it is the only one that allows stable particles at 20 wt % monomer content, with a smaller ratio [surfactant]/[monomer] = 0.002.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

Purification and properties of a heat-stable inulin fructotransferase from Arthrobacter ureafaciens.

An inulin fructotransferase producing difructose dianhydride I (EC 2.4.1.200) was purified from Arthrobacter ureafaciens A51-1. It had maximum activity at pH 5.5 and 45 degrees C, and was stable up to 80 degrees C. This is the highest thermal stability for this enzyme reported to date. The molecular mass was estimated to be 38000 by SDS-PAGE, and 61000 by gel filtration. It was therefore estimated to be a dimer.

Arthrobacter↗

PubMed2003

Expression, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of Arthrobacter globiformis inulin fructotransferase.

A recombinant form of Arthrobacter globiformis inulin fructotransferase (DFAIII-producing) has been overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. Crystals were obtained at 293 K by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion technique using 0.1 M Na HEPES pH 7.5 buffer containing 1.5 M lithium sulfate as a precipitant. Crystals of the recombinant wild-type enzyme diffracted to better than 1.5 A at 100 K using a synchrotron-radiation source at the Photon Factory. The crystal belonged to space group R32, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 92.02, c = 229.82 A in the hexagonal axes. Assuming the presence of one molecule in the asymmetric unit, the V(M) value for the crystal was 2.15 A(3) Da(-1), indicating a solvent content of 42.8%. Selenomethionine-derivative crystals belonged to a different space group, C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 159.32, b = 91.92, c = 92.58 A, beta = 125.06. Matthews coefficient calculations suggested that the C2 selenomethionine-derivative crystal contained three molecules per asymmetric unit.

Arthrobacter↗

PubMed2004

Fecal water genotoxicity is predictive of tumor-preventive activities by inulin-like oligofructoses, probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis), and their synbiotic combination.

The measurement of fecal water genotoxicity in human colon cells could be a useful biomarker to study effects of diet in the colon. Here we assessed aqueous fecal extracts of samples from a chronic study with rats fed prebiotics, probiotics, and their combination. Treatments were maltodextrins (controls), inulin/oligofructoses (prebiotic), Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Bifidobacterium lactis (probiotics) or both (synbiotic). Azoxymethane (AOM) was administered to initiate tumors. Rat feces were collected at 0 and 10 days and 2, 4, and 8 mo, and cecal contents were collected at 8 mo. Aqueous phases were prepared and tested for genotoxicity in HT29 colon cells using the comet assay. The studied types of intervention reduced fecal and cecal genotoxicity. DNA damage by samples from AOM-treated, tumor-free rats was significantly lower than from tumor-bearing animals, especially after 4 mo of synbiotic and prebiotic interventions. Inulin-based diets reduced exposure to genotoxins in the feces, directly reflecting the reported reduction of tumor incidence in these animals. Evidence is provided for the validity of this measurement as a biomarker of chemoprevention because 1) fecal water genotoxicity reflected genotoxic exposure in the cecum, 2) tumor incidence and fecal genotoxicity were directly related, and 3) these interventions reduced tumor risks by reducing exposure to genotoxins in the gut.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the inulin fructotransferase (DFA I-producing) gene of Arthrobacter globiformis S14-3.

A gene encoding an inulin fructotransferase (DFA I-producing) [EC 2.4.1.200] from Arthrobacter globiformis S14-3 was cloned and the nucleotides sequenced, for the first time. The sequence indicated that the native enzyme protein is composed of 392 amino acid residues. The native enzyme is an extracellar enzyme produced in the culture supernatant of A. globiformis S14-3, but the nucleotide sequence of the gene lacks a sequence for signal peptide for secretion. The 1.5-kb DNA fragment encoding the gene was found to produce the active enzyme in the culture supernatant of an E. coli clone, under the control of the lac promoter of pUC119.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2000

Assessment of intestinal permeability in rats by permeation of inulin-fluorescein.

The measurement of intestinal permeability is widely used to assess different aspects of mucosal barrier disorders and related disease states, and has been proposed for evaluation of disease activity. To provide a simple method for assessment of intestinal permeability, we examined the permeation of inulin-fluorescein (InFl) in rat models of small intestinal injury and colitis. Small intestinal or colonic inflammation was induced by either i.p. administration of indomethacin or rectal administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), respectively. For monitoring of intestinal permeability, InFl was administered orally or rectally to rats with small intestinal or colonic inflammation, respectively, and its level in blood was determined by the fluorescence intensity in the plasma. In small intestinal injury, InFl reached its peak in plasma 3 h after oral administration, while in colitis the InFl peak was reached 1 h after rectal administration. The highest permeability was observed at 72 h or 12 h after induction of small intestinal or colonic inflammation, respectively. In small intestinal injury the InFl permeation, as measured by its plasma level prior to sacrifice, was in agreement with intestinal damage evaluated after sacrifice. In colitis, the permeability at 12 h after induction of the disease correlated well with mortality. These findings demonstrate that InFl can be used as a novel, safe and easy-to-use probe for the evaluation of gut permeation and follow-up of gastrointestinal injury.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Glucose conservation by the kidney and effect of systemic glucose infusion on inulin clearance in female goats.

In 6 female goats, the mean threshold for glucosuria was 159.5 +/- 4.3 mg/dl. During increasing filtered loads of glucose, renal reabsorption of glucose reached maximal capacity, which was not exceeded when plasma glucose concentration was increased further. Measured in 10 female goats, the transport maximum for glucose was 119.1 +/- 9.1 mg of glucose reabsorbed/min. During infusion of glucose, there was a significant (P less than 0.05) time-dependent reduction in inulin clearance indicating that IV glucose administration may be inappropriate in goats with compromised renal function.

Animals↗

PubMed1965