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At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Fumaric acid production from hydrolysates of starch-based substrates.

Fumaric acid production by Rhizopus arrhizus from commercial hydrolysates of corn starch (i.e. glucose molasses) was studied at different initial concentrations of glucose (S) and C:N ratios (R) by performing a 3(2) factorial experiment. By using the response surface methodology and statistical analysis, fumaric acid (YF) and mycelial biomass (YX) yields, as referred to the initial concentration of glucose and fumaric acid productivity (PF), were fitted to the only significant first-order effects of S and R with mean percentage errors ranging from 11 to 15%. The resulting empiric models were used to determine the optimal values of S (100-130 g dm-3) and R (150-210 g-atom C per g-atom N) associated with YF and PF varying in the ranges 40-49% and 7-8.5 g dm-3 day-1, respectively. After establishing the validity of these data at the 95% confidence level, an optimal operating condition (S = 120 g dm-3 and R = 150) was further tested using other substrates (i.e. glucose and acid or enzymatic hydrolysates of cassava, corn and potato flours). Statistically significant improvements in the fumaric acid yield and productivity were determined with respect to the predicted values. Since the highest values of YF and PF were obtained from the acid hydrolysates of the starch-based materials and such values were also found to be insensitive to the substrate used (at a probability level of 0.05), the above operating condition might be further employed to minimise fumaric acid production costs as a function of the feedstock used.

Culture Media↗
PubMed1995

Biological treatment of distillery waste for pollution-remediation.

The biological treatment of spent wash from molasses distilleries was investigated. Analysis of raw spent wash showed it to be a recalcitrant waste, with a high COD of 85,170 mg/l and containing inhibitory phenolic compounds. Reverse phase thin layer chromatography identified gallic and vanillic acid present in spent wash. The fungi Geotrichum candidum, Coriolus versicolor, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Mycelia sterilia were screened for their ability to decolourize spent wash and to reduce the COD level. A 10 day pretreatment with Geotrichum candidum at 30 degrees C resulted in reducing the COD by 53.17% and total phenols by 47.82%, enabling other bioremediating organisms to grow. Coriolus versicolor immobilized in a packed-bed reactor reduced the COD of spent wash by a further 50.3%, giving an overall reduction in COD of 77% to 15,780 mg/l. A small amount of decolourization was achieved (4.2%), although the spent wash was still coloured. Present studies are encouraging and indicate that it is possible to bioremediate spent wash using a multi-stage treatment process involving an initial pretreatment step with Geotrichum candidum.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1978

Nutritive value of Leucaena leucocephala for growing bull calves.

Twelve cross-bred (Holstein X Gir) bull calves (11-12 months of age) were divided into two groups and fed over a 90 day period on two levels of leucaena. Animals in Group I were offered leucaena ad lib. whilst those in Group 2 received a restricted amount of leucaena plus a mixture of sorghum straw and molasses (75:25) fed ad lib. Digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre for leucaena are presented. The live weight gain was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in animals fed leucaena ad lib. than in those fed a restricted amount of the forage. The animals did not show any symptoms of toxicity during the experimental period.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

Effect of consumption of molasses/urea blocks on the growth of housed bullocks fed ad libitum with Pennisetum purpureum.

Ten bullocks in individual pens were provided ad libitum with cut chopped pasture grass (Pennisetum purpureum). One group of five animals had access to a molasses/urea block (experimental group) and the other group of five did not (control group). Daily dry matter intakes of 5.04 kg/animal (control group) and 4.83 kg/animal (experimental group) were not significantly different. However the experimental group gained weight at a significantly (P less than 0.05) faster rate (514 g/animal per day) than the control group (346 g/animal per day). Food conversion efficiency was significantly (P less than 0.01) better in the experimental group (11.6 kg feed per kg weight gained) than in the control group (16.4 kg feed per kg weight gained). Mean daily intake of the molasses urea blocks was 206 g per animal.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2002

Influence of cultivation conditions on citrate production by Aspergillus niger in a semi-pilot-scale plant.

The influence of some fermentation parameters on the semi-pilot scale (alteration of growth conditions, e.g., sugar concentration, incubation temperature and initial pH) on citrate production was demonstrated in parent and mutant strains of Aspergillus niger. Raw material from sugar industry (cane molasses) was examined as basal fermentation medium in a stirred stainless-steel 15-L fermentor. After growth on medium with 150 g/L sugar, the parent strain produced 51.2 g/L citric acid; the mutant strain achieved production maximum of 96.2 g/L. Comparing the growth, kinetic (volumetric substrate uptake rate, rate of substrate consumption and volumetric productivity rate) and production parameters it was found that the mutant strain grows more rapidly, with slightly changed morphology (intermediate, shiny round pellets with diameter 0.6-0.7 mm), and exhibits a higher citrate production and higher efficiency of sugar utilization.

Aspergillus niger↗
PubMed1977

The fermentative production of oxytetracycline on industrial by-products by Streptomyces rimosus 12907.

Three strains of Streptomyces rimosus were grown on four different media. The one suitable for the production of oxytetracycline by Streptomyces rimosus 12907 was modified by black strap molasses, fodder yeast (40% total protein) and rice bran. The volume of the fermentation medium was sealed up in a 1200-litre fermentor aerated with sterile air obtained from a system used in the purification of air. 850 g crude oxytetracycline was obtained when the fermented medium (700 litres) was extracted with 1-butanol.

Culture Media↗
PubMed1978

Production of L-glutamic acid by a Bacillus sp.

A strain of Bacillus cereus var. mycoides isolated from Burdwan soil produces L-glutamate in the medium. The strain is able to grow and produce in a synthetic medium but supplementation with casamino acid or yeast extract improves the yield. Maintenance of pH of the fermentation medium near neutrality prolongs the active growth period and improves the yield. Glucose and ammonium nitrate were found to be most suitable carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Cane sugar molasses (as a substitute for glucose) significantly stimulated the growth but glutamate production was less. Various B vitamins stimulate the growth and glutamate yield. The yield of glutamate under optimal condition is 5.2 g/l.

Bacillus cereus↗
PubMed2006

Application of kaolin to improve citric acid production by a thermophilic Aspergillus niger.

Citric acid production by a thermophilic strain of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger IIB-6 in a medium containing blackstrap cane molasses was improved by the addition of kaolin to the fermentation medium. The fermentation was run in a 7.5-l stirred bioreactor (60% working volume). The optimal sugar concentration was found to be 150 g/l. Kaolin (1.0 ml) was added to the fermentation medium to enhance volumetric production. The best results in terms of product formation were observed when 15 parts per million (ppm) kaolin was added 24 h after inoculation. With added kaolin, citric acid production was enhanced 2.34-fold, compared to a control fermentation without added kaolin. The length of incubation to attain this product yield was shortened from 168 to 96 h. The comparison of kinetic parameters showed improved citrate synthase activity of the culture (Y (p/x)=7.046 g/g). When the culture grown at various kaolin concentrations was monitored for Q (p), Q (s), and q (p), there was significant improvement in these variables over the control. Specific production by the culture (q (p)=0.073 g/g cells/h) was improved several fold. The addition of kaolin substantially improved the enthalpy (DeltaH (D)=74.5 kJ/mol) and entropy of activation (DeltaS=-174 J/mol/K) for citric acid production, free energies for transition state formation, and substrate binding for sucrose hydrolysis. The performance of fuzzy logic control of the bioreactor was found to be very promising for an improvement ( approximately 4.2-fold) in the production of citric acid (96.88 g/l), which is of value in commercial applications.

Aspergillus niger↗
PubMed1997

Incidence of SUC-RTM telomeric repeated genes in brewing and wild wine strains of Saccharomyces.

When over-expressed, RTM yeast genes confer resistance to the toxicity of molasses. They are found in distiller's and baker's industrial yeasts in multiple copies, scattered on the telomeres and physically linked to the telomeric SUC genes. Because these genes are absent from some laboratory strains, we explored the genomes of other industrial yeasts (brewing strains) and wine wild strains. A collection of 47 wine yeast strains (S. cerevisiae and S. bayanus) and 15 brewing strains, lager, ale and possible ancestors (S. monacensis, S. paradoxus and S. carlsbergensis) were screened for the presence of RTM genes. Only three wine strains and all brewing strains proved to contain RTM sequences in different copy numbers. PCR and chromosome blotting confirm the presence of SUC sequences in tandem with RTM. Moreover, analysis of the entire S. cerevisiae genome sequence shows that three other, non-telomeric, genes related to RTM are scattered on different chromosomes.

Genes, Fungal↗
PubMed2005

Yeast population dynamics of industrial fuel-ethanol fermentation process assessed by PCR-fingerprinting.

Yeast population used in industrial production of fuel-ethanol may vary according to the plant process condition and to the environmental stresses imposed to yeast cells. Therefore, yeast strains isolated from a particular industrial process may be adapted to such conditions and should be used as starter strain instead of less adapted commercial strains. This work reports the use of PCR-fingerprinting method based on microsatellite primer (GTG)5 to characterize the yeast population dynamics along the fermentation period in six distilleries. The results show that indigenous fermenting strains present in the crude substrate can be more adapted to the industrial process than commercial strains. We also identified new strains that dominate the yeast population and were more present either in molasses or sugar cane fermenting distilleries. Those strains were proposed to be used as starters in those industrial processes. This is the first report on the use of molecular markers to discriminate Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains from fuel-ethanol producing process.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed2005

Impact of post-methanation distillery effluent irrigation on groundwater quality.

Molasses-based distilleries generate large quantities of effluent, which is used for irrigation in many countries including India. The effluent is rich in organic and inorganic ions, which may leach down and pollute the groundwater. An on-farm experiment was conducted to assess the impact of long-term irrigation with post-methanation distillery effluent (PMDE) on nitrate, sulphate, chloride, sodium, potassium, and magnesium contents in the groundwater of two sites in northwest India. Electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and colour were also determined to assess the chemical load in the groundwater. Nitrate content in the groundwater samples ranged from 16.95 mg L(-1) in the unamended fields to 59.81 mg L(-1) in the PMDE-amended fields during the 2-year study (2001-2002). Concentrations of TDS in water samples from tubewell of the amended field was higher by 40.4% over the tubewell water of the unamended field. Colour of the water samples of the amended fields was also darker than that of the unamended fields. The study indicated that the organic and inorganic ions added through the effluent could pose a serious threat to the groundwater quality if applied without proper monitoring.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1992

Detection of Clostridium botulinum in natural sweetening.

Various sugar products were examined for contamination with C. botulinum spores. Type A, B and C spores were detected in three of 56 samples of sugar for apiculture, which may attest the significance of bee-feed as a source of contamination of honey. The heavy contamination of honey with C. botulinum spores sometimes encountered, however, can not be explained unless some other factors, e.g., that allowing germination and multiplication of the spores somewhere during honey production, are found. Type A spores were detected in some samples of raw sugar and molasses and also in two of 41 samples of brown sugar lump, but not in refined sugar or other various samples taken at a sugar factory or in sugar cane left on the field in Okinawa. The fact that some natural sweetenings are contaminated with C. botulinum spores, even in low concentrations, may be food-hygienically important.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Production of alkaline protease from an alkaliphilic actinomycete.

The repression of alkaline protease synthesis from alkaliphilic actinomycete was studied by using glucose, peptone, yeast extract, KH2PO4 and amino acids; tyrosine, tryptophan, lysine, and arginine. There was a critical limit of stimulation of enzyme production by these components. Crude components such as molasses, wheat flour, and wheat bran were found to be effective for growth and enzyme production. The high level of enzyme production using agro-industrial by-products is commercially significant due to cheap nature of these sources. The findings are quite attractive, as only few actinomycetes, particularly alkaliphilic ones, have so far been explored for their enzymatic potential and regulation of enzyme synthesis.

Actinobacteria↗
PubMed2006

Characterization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) produced by Cupriavidus necator in solid-state fermentation.

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) has recently been proposed as an alternative to submerged fermentation for the production of poly(hydroxyalkanoates). In the present work, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy were employed to investigate the chemical structure, as well as the thermal properties and the crystalline morphology of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) samples produced by SSF, using as raw material either soy cake or soy cake supplemented with 2.5% (m/m) sugarcane molasses. The results obtained showed that the biopolymer obtained by SSF presented the same properties as commercial PHB, except for the higher molar mass and the lower degree of crystallinity that were observed. Thus, the present data indicate that solid-state fermentation is an interesting alternative for the production of PHB, allowing the production of biopolymers with adequate properties from low-cost, renewable resources.

Culture Media↗
PubMed2006

Long-term persistence of a nutrient-starved biofilm in a limestone fracture.

The persistence of biofilms is a key element of the biobarrier concept applied to fractured rock. After a 43-day biostimulation with molasses for the biofilm growth (phase I), the effects of a 179-day starvation on the persistence of the biofilm (phase II) were investigated in a single-fractured limestone apparatus equipped to detect small changes in hydraulic conductivity (K) (cm min(-1)). The K in the central fracture section (Kf) decreased by 4.6 logs between days 0 and 167 and increased by 1.3 logs between days 167 and 222, leading to an overall 3.3-logs reduction for the 222-day experiment. Accumulation of rod- and filamentous-shaped bacteria and deposition of minerals were thought to account for the decrease in Kf. Even though the filamentous bacterial cells possibly enhanced the stability of the developing biofilm, increases in Kf became more frequent after 100 days of operation. This decrease in stability was presumably related to sloughing events, which were in turn attributed to a combination of processes, including nutrient deprivation, the release of deposited minerals, decreasing fluid flowrate, and endogenous decay as part of biofilm ageing. This study indicates that biofilms developed in fractures can persist for extended periods at reduced K when exposed to a long-term starvation.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2000

Characterization and antimutagenic activity of soybean saponins.

An extract was prepared from a commercial soybean-processing by-product (soybean molasses) and was fractionated into purified chemical components. In previous work, this extract (phytochemical concentrate, PCC) repressed induced genomic DNA damage, whole cell clastogenicity and point mutation in cultured mammalian cells. In the current study, a chemical fraction was isolated from PCC using preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This fraction, PCC100, repressed 2-acetoxyacetylaminofluorene (2AAAF)-induced DNA damage in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells as measured by single cell gel electrophoresis (alkaline Comet assay). Using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, PCC100 was shown to consist of a mixture of group B soyasaponins and 2,3-dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (DDMP) soyasaponins. These include soyasaponins I, II, III, IV, V, Be, betag, betaa, gammag and gammaa. Purified soyasapogenol B aglycone prepared from fraction PCC100 demonstrated significant antigenotoxic activity against 2AAAF. To our knowledge, these data demonstrate for the first time the antimutagenic activity of soybean saponins in mammalian cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Production of Candida utilis on slop by-product of fermentation industries.

The slop (vinas) liquor, a major by-product a alcohol fermentation industries, has been used as growth medium for production of the torula yeast, Candida utilis. Supplementation of the slop with 0.2% ammonium sulphate and 1% to 5% molasses improved the cell yield significantly. The crude slop gave better results than the diluted or centrifuged liquors. Under optimal conditions, more than 15 grams of yeast were obtained on dry weight basis. The application feasibility of these results is presented.

Alcoholic Beverages↗