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PubMed2003

Correlates of osteoporosis among Jewish and Arab women aged 45-74 in Israel: national women's health interview survey.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and correlates of osteoporosis among middle-aged and elderly Jewish and Arab women in Israel. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study on a random sample of Israeli women, carried out through telephone interviews. Questions included physician-diagnosed osteoporosis, demographic and lifestyle variables, medical conditions, and present and past use of estrogen-containing medications. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from reported height and weight. SETTING: A national population-based survey conducted from March through August 1998. PARTICIPANTS: A national random sample of 888 women aged 45-74. MAIN RESULTS: The overall prevalence of self-reported osteoporosis was estimated at 13.7%. The rates increased abruptly from about 5.8% at ages 45-59 to 19.6% at ages 60-64, and reached 27.7% at ages 70-74. Between ages 45-59, the rates were higher among Arab women, whereas in the older group they were higher among Jewish women. There was a marked increase following menopause. After adjustment for potential confounders, at ages 45-59, osteoporosis was positively associated with menopause and BMI, whereas at ages 60-74, it was positively associated with age and family history of osteoporosis, and negatively associated with BMI. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of physician-diagnosed osteoporosis in Israel among women aged 45-74 is estimated to be 13.7%, which is similar to that for the United States. The association of osteoporosis with risk factors is age-dependent, and in particular, age-BMI interaction on osteoporosis requires further investigation.

Age Distribution↗

PubMed2003

An analysis of osteoporosis-related hip fractures using hospital discharge data.

The purpose of this study was to assess whether physicians in practice inadequately diagnose osteoporosis in a high-risk population of postmenopausal women who have sustained hip fractures. Using the Texas Hospital Discharge Data-Public Use Data File (PUDF) provided through the Texas Health Care Information Council, the authors conducted a review of all postmenopausal women older than 55 years with fractured hips discharged from Texas hospitals during 1999. A total of 13,628 patients meeting these criteria were found using the PUDF. In their diagnoses, physicians for 2233 (16.3%) of these 13,628 women also specified the code for osteoporosis (P < .001) from the ninth revision of the International Classification of Diseases. It is estimated that between 40% and 50% of postmenopausal women have osteoporosis. Therefore, women with fragility fractures form an even more at-risk subset of the population--so much so that one would expect a majority of these women to carry diagnoses of osteoporosis. The age distribution in each group was comparable, implying that receiving a coded diagnosis for osteoporosis was not related to the age of the patient when she was admitted to the hospital. Further, when data was analyzed by race or ethnicity, percentages for each group (ie, diagnosed with hip fracture only versus diagnosed with hip fracture and osteoporosis) were comparable. In conclusion, physicians practicing in Texas during calendar year 1999 inadequately diagnosed osteoporosis in a high-risk population of postmenopausal women who were admitted to hospitals with fractured hips. Future analysis of subsequent annual databases will identify whether continuing medical education efforts cause physicians to diagnosis osteoporosis in this high-risk population more frequently.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

How reliable is a radiological report in osteoporosis in diagnosing low bone density?

Patients are often referred to osteoporosis clinics with a radiological diagnosis of osteoporosis. Previous studies attempting to ascertain risk of osteoporosis from radiographs have been conflicting. The aim of our study was to determine how reliable spinal radiographs were at detecting low bone density compared with Dual Energy X ray Absorptiometry (DXA). We retrospectively measured the Bone Mineral Density (BMD) at the spine in 130 patients with a radiological diagnosis of osteopenia or osteoporosis in the absence of vertebral fractures. They were compared with a group of 119 age and sex matched patients with one or more low trauma vertebral fractures. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean BMD between these two groups. 12.7%, of the x-ray group with osteopenia reported, had a normal bone density, 49.2% had osteopenia (T-score -1 to -2.5) and 38.1% had osteoporosis (T-score <-2.5). Of those with a radiological report of osteoporosis, 12.8% had a normal bone density, 44.7% had osteopenia and 42.6% had osteoporosis. We conclude that a radiological report of low bone density is a strong predictor of osteopenia or osteoporosis by BMD measurement.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2003

Studies on the effects of biomedicinal agents on serum concentration of Ca2+, P and ALP activity in osteoporosis-induced rats.

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of biomedicinal agents on Ca2+, P and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in ovariectomized rats. Rats were ovariectomized bilaterally and were fed up with Ca2+ and P-free diet during 8(9,10) weeks to induce osteoporosis. Osteoporosis was determined by the extent of bone density and by lowering the concentrations of serum Ca2+, P and ALP activity every week. Rats in antler, safflower, ipriflavon, or co-administrated with estrogen groups were administrated with feed supplement for 5 weeks to elucidate the protective and therapeutic effects against osteoporosis. The bone tissue was examined with electron microscope to determine the effects of each treatment on osteoporosis. 1. The levels of serum Ca2+ and P in osteoporosis-induced rats, administrated with antler, ipriflavon and estrogen groups, were little higher than those of control rats. However, the levels of serum Ca and P in ovariectomized rats were significantly higher than those of control group (p<0.05). 2. The activities of serum ALP in osteoporosis-induced rats, administrated with antler extract, safflower, ipriflavon, or co-administrated with estrogen, were little increased in comparing with those of control group, but were significantly decreased in with combination of estrogen for 5 weeks. However, The connections were interrupted and the bone matrix was destroyed in the osteoporosis-induced rats. 3. The inter-trabecular connections were examined under electron microscope. The connections were well maintained and bone loss was without in the administration with antler, safflower, and ipriflavon with combination of estrogen for 5 weeks. However, The connections were interrupted and the bone matrix was destroyed in the osteoporosis-induced rats.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗

PubMed2004

Multifaceted educational program increases prescribing of preventive medication for corticosteroid induced osteoporosis.

OBJECTIVE: Despite evidence that oral corticosteroids increase fracture risk and the existence of guidelines for the prevention of corticosteroid induced osteoporosis, few patients prescribed longterm corticosteroids receive osteoporosis prevention. We performed a controlled trial of a comprehensive educational program aimed at increasing the use of osteoporosis preventive therapy in patients prescribed longterm oral corticosteroids. METHODS: The intervention was conducted in Southern Tasmania, Australia, using Northern Tasmania as a control area. All general practitioners and community pharmacies were sent educational material and locally produced guidelines on the prevention of corticosteroid induced osteoporosis. This was followed by academic detailing visits and reminders. Pharmacists were provided with supplies of an educational refrigerator magnet, intended for patients. Outcomes were measured using evaluation feedback from the general practitioners and pharmacists, and drug utilization data provided by (1). a series of patients presenting to hospital and taking oral corticosteroids for at least 3 consecutive months; and (2). dispensing of osteoporosis preventive therapy under the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. RESULTS: The prevalence of osteoporosis preventive therapy increased from 31% of admitted hospital patients taking longterm oral corticosteroids to 57% postintervention (p < 0.0001). The use of bisphosphonates (6% to 24% of patients), calcium (5% to 19%), and vitamin D (3% to 11%) all increased significantly. Prescription data also indicated a significant (p < 0.01) increase in the use of osteoporosis preventive therapy in the intervention region. CONCLUSION: A multifaceted education program, incorporating academic detailing of general practitioners and community pharmacists, increased the use of osteoporosis prevention strategies in longterm oral corticosteroid users.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Pharmacoeconomic analysis of osteoporosis treatment with risedronate.

Hip fracture is an important and costly problem. Therapy with the bisphosphonate risedronate effectively prevents hip and other fractures among women with established osteoporosis. Risedronate is a first-choice therapy option in the German Guidelines of the Dachverband Osteologie for Osteoporosis according to evidence-based medicine criteria for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, osteoporosis of the elderly (women aged > 75 years) and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. There are few published economic evaluations of bisphosphonates in Germany. Therefore, an assessment of the cost-effectiveness of risedronate utilizing a state transition Markov model of established postmenopausal osteoporosis based on randomized clinical trial data was developed. Uncertainty underlying model parameters and outcomes was dealt with using traditional sensitivity analysis and stochastic sensitivity analysis to produce quasi-95% Cls. We focused on patients aged 70 years, since this population most closely matches the randomized controlled trial and is typical of osteoporosis patients in Germany. The baseline model was a cohort of 1,000 70-year-old women, who received risedronate for 3 years and were followed up for an overall observation period of 10 years, modelling transitions through estimated health states and evaluating outcomes. Over the 3-year treatment period and 10-year observation period, risedronate dominated the current average basic treatment in Germany. In the risedronate group 33 hip fractures were averted and 32 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were gained (discounted values). Risedronate treatment saves costs for German social insurance: the present net value of the associated costs from the perspective of German social insurance is [symbol: see text]10.66 million if risedronate treatment is used versus [symbol: see text]11 million if basic treatment is used. Thus, net savings of [symbol: see text]340,000 for the treatment group per 1,000 treated women were calculated. Furthermore, risedronate treatment is cost effective from the perspective of the statutory health insurance with costs per averted hip fracture in the analyzed population of [symbol: see text]33,856 and cost per QALY gained of [symbol: see text]35,690. Both results demonstrate cost-effectiveness and are far below the accepted threshold level of [symbol: see text]50,000. Based on this analysis, risedronate is a cost-effective treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis within the German health care system, offering benefits for osteoporotic patients and for budget decision-makers.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Prevention and treatment of nonpostmenopausal osteoporosis.

PURPOSE: The causes, prevention, and treatment of osteoporosis in specific populations are discussed. SUMMARY: Osteoporosis and osteopenia affect 44 million women and men ages 50 years or older. Fractures are the most devastating consequence of this disease and significantly affect quality of life, activities of daily living, survival, and health care costs. Most osteoporosis research has focused on postmenopausal women, but several other populations are at risk for osteoporosis, such as patients taking certain medications that affect bone health and those with various health conditions that cause bone loss, including anorexia nervosa, hyperthyroidism, organ transplantation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and inflammatory bowel disease. Glucocorticoids are the most common secondary cause of osteoporosis. Other medications that have been implicated as secondary causes include anticonvulsants, heparin, warfarin, and methotrexate. Preventing osteoporosis may be even more important in adolescence than after menopause. CONCLUSION: Osteoporosis needs to be recognized, monitored, and appropriately treated in patients taking medications that affect bone health and in patients with conditions that increase the risk of osteoporosis.

Education, Pharmacy, Continuing↗

PubMed2005

Osteoporosis influences the middle and late periods of fracture healing in a rat osteoporotic model.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of osteoporosis on the middle and late periods of fracture healing process through observing the histomorphological changes, bone mineral density and biomechanical properties in ovariectomized rats. METHODS: Eighty-four female SD rats of 4 months old were randomly divided into osteoporosis group and sham operation group, 42 in each. Rats in osteoporosis group were performed ovariectomy operation while those in sham operation group were given sham operation. A midshaft tibia fracture model was established 10 weeks after ovariectomy. Tibias were harvested 2, 4, 6, 12, 18 weeks after fracture for bone mineral density, histomorphological and biomechanical evaluation. RESULTS: Compared with the sham operation group, callus bone mineral density was 12.8%, 18.0%, 17.0% lower in osteoporosis group 6, 12, 18 weeks after fracture, respectively (P<0.05); callus failure load was 24.3%, 31.5%, 26.6%, 28.8% lower in osteoporosis group, and callus failure stress was 23.9%, 33.6%, 19.1%, 24.9% lower in osteoporosis group 4, 6, 12, 18 weeks after fracture, respectively (P<0.05). In osteoporosis group, endochondral bone formation was delayed, more osteoclast cells could be seen around the trabecula, and the new bone trabecula arranged loosely and irregularly. CONCLUSIONS: Osteoporosis influences the middle and late periods of fracture healing in the rat osteoporotic model. The impairment is considered to be the result of combined effects of prolonged endochondral calcification, high activated osteoclast cell and the deceleration of the increase in bone mineral density.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

[Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis].

Despite the fact that osteoporosis is a common disease and an important cause of morbidity and mortality, that screening tests are available which are safe and acceptable to patients, and that effective therapy is possible, osteoporosis remains a controversial subject. The Dutch Health Advisory Board (Gezondheidsraad) recently submitted to the Ministry of Health a balanced and comprehensive report to remedy this controversial situation. As often in a consensus report made by a variety of experts, completeness is assured but the necessary relevance of the statements and the feasibility of the therapeutic recommendations are not always clear. Based on personal experience, clinical practice and research in osteoporosis, the author formulates a number of messages which complement the report. The following messages are elaborated: osteoporosis is a silent thief; backache during the menopause is not always osteoporosis; detection of the patient at risk for osteoporotic fractures is possible; primary osteoarthrosis protects against osteoporosis; bone densitometry has given osteoporosis a scientific cachet; bones are not stones, effective prevention and treatment are possible, there are alternatives to calcium and hormone replacement therapies. There is still much to learn about osteoporosis and its treatment. Nevertheless, there is a great deal that is known and we need to give the best advice we can in the light of this knowledge.

Bone Density↗

PubMed2005

Uses and limitations of bone mineral density measurements in the management of osteoporosis.

CONTEXT: Bone mineral density (BMD) is used to diagnose osteoporosis, and often to measure efficacy in osteoporosis treatment trials; however, there is a poor correlation between lumbar spine BMD increases and vertebral fracture risk reduction in patients receiving treatment for osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the uses and limitations of BMD measurements and the relationship between BMD and bone strength. DATA SOURCE/STUDY SELECTION: A MEDLINE literature search was conducted with the terms bone mineral density , fracture , osteoporosis , and bone strength as well as the generic names of osteoporosis therapies (alendronate, risedronate, raloxifene, teriparatide, and calcitonin). Search results were limited to English language journals and articles published within the last 20 years. Published abstracts from scientific meetings were also reviewed. CONCLUSION: BMD measurement remains the most useful diagnostic tool for identifying patients with osteoporosis. Although they are helpful in guiding decisions to initiate osteoporosis treatment, subsequent changes in BMD provide an imperfect indicator of treatment efficacy. Analyses of clinical trials show an inconsistent relationship between increased spinal BMD and a decreased risk of vertebral fracture. Increased BMD accounts for less than 25% of the overall reduction in fracture risk in most instances. Consequently, fracture risk reduction itself remains the most clinically relevant therapeutic outcome of osteoporosis therapy.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2005

[Relationship between the age of menarche, menopause and other factors and postmenopause osteoporosis].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between osteoporosis (OP) and the age of menarche and menopause, parity and lactation and bone mineral density (BMD). METHODS: BMD was measured in 1472 postmenopausal women by Norland XR-36 dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) from May 1999 to April 2003 in our hospital. All data of BMD were compared and statistically analyzed between women with different age of menarche and menopause, parity and lactation period. The diagnostic criteria of osteoporosis was defined by a loss of BMD greater than 2.5 standard deviations below average peak BMD of young adult women. RESULTS: In all 1472 subjects, the incidence of osteoporosis is 58.5% (861/1472). There was significant increase in osteoporosis of lumbar spine in women with the age of menarche > or = 17 (119 out of 336 cases were with osteoporosis in lumbar) compared with women with age of menarche < or = 13 (75 out of 276 cases were with osteoporosis in lumbar). In women with menarche age of 11-13, 14-16, 17-19, lumbar vertebral (L(2-4)) BMD values were (0.83 +/- 0.16), (0.82 +/- 0.16), (0.80 +/- 0.14) g/cm(2), respectively. There was significant increase in BMD of lumbar in the menarche age group of 11-13 compared with the age group of 17-19 in women within menopause 1-10 years (P < 0.05). Among all women aged between 55-65, there was significant increase in OP in women with the menopause age < or = 48 compared with menopause age > or = 54 (P < 0.01). BMD of the L(2-4), Trochanter, Ward triangle was significantly increased in women who had had one delivery or being nulliparous compared with women having more than four deliveries; BMD of the L(2-4), Ward's triangle were significantly increased in women with less than six months of lactation compared with those lactating more than thirty-six months. CONCLUSIONS: The later the menarche and the earlier the menopause, the higher the degree of osteoporosis; the more deliveries and period of lactation, the lower the BMD. Age is one of the high risk factors of osteoporosis.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Ethnic difference in osteoporosis-related phenotypes and its potential underlying genetic determination.

Osteoporosis is a serious health problem in both Caucasians and Asians. Caucasians and Asians are two distinct major ethnic groups, which may have differential genetic determination underlying complex genetic diseases such as osteoporosis. However, to date, there has been no systematic review focusing on the aspect of ethnic difference in risk to osteoporosis and its potential underlying genetic determination between Asians and Caucasians. Here, we firstly review diverse aspects of osteoporosis-related differences, including the differences of epidemiology of osteoporotic fractures, peak bone mass, bone loss, bone area, bone geometry and drug treatment response between Asians and Caucasians. Then, we provide some potential genetic evidence on the different heritability and inheritance mode of bone phenotypes, the different osteoporosis candidate genes and the differential results in related molecular studies between them, to explain the above osteoporosis-related phenotypic differences. The results suggest that the osteoporosis-related phenotypic differences between Asians and Caucasians may be partially the result of the different ethnic genetic background. The present review may increase our understanding of potential different mechanisms related to ethnicity in pathogenesis of osteoporosis for effective and potentially customized treatments in different major ethnic groups.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The awareness of osteoporosis among health professionals, consumers, and journalists.

A survey of physicians, consumers, journalists, and experts on osteoporosis showed that the level of awareness, particularly among consumers and physicians, regarding osteoporosis and calcium supplementation is high. Professionals and consumers alike agree that osteoporosis is a serious disease. Most think that the disease is preventable, although serious. Most women are aware that osteoporosis may begin years before symptoms become evident, and that they may be subject to the disease. Most consumers and professionals believe that the ideal time to begin osteoporosis prevention is adolescence. If prevention does not begin during that age, some physicians suggest that any steps toward prevention taken premenopausally are beneficial. Nearly all of those surveyed believe that calcium as well as exercise helps prevent osteoporosis. Although about 90 percent of the physicians surveyed agreed that estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) alleviates osteoporosis; only 48 percent of postmenopausal women believe that ERT is helpful. The majority of the professionals who responded believe that most women do not get enough calcium in their diets, and that most women do not exercise enough. Although in most instances the consumers responding to this study were slightly less informed about the risks and factors associated with osteoporosis than were the professionals, the opinions of the four groups surveyed were similar for most of the topics discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

[Pathophysiology and epidemiology of osteoporosis].

The international consensus definition characterizes the osteoporosis by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration. New genetic aspects of the pathogenesis of osteoporosis underline these characteristics. In the younger age, a reduced bone mineral density and a reduction of the bone structure are predictors of a genetically caused osteoporosis. The short-term maximal mechanical load of the bone structure by Frost (4) was pointed out to be an important pathophysiological element for the balance of the bone metabolism. Sex hormones and other calcium regulating hormones determine the effect of this biomechanical signal. The deficiency of the osteoblast's activity in the older age is caused by a reduced proliferating cell pool of bone tissue. The epidemiologic data of the osteoporosis were derived from incidence of the hip fractures. A densitometrical osteoporosis screening test analyzes only the bone density but not the organisation of the bone structure. There is too little informations about the disease of osteoporosis. It is to hope that, in the future, the European-Vertebral-Osteoporosis-Study will give additional knowledge about osteoporosis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

[Osteoporosis--concept, classification and epidemiology].

Though vertebral fractures were required to make the diagnosis of osteoporosis prior to the advent of methods for accurate bone measurement, osteopenia is readily defined by a decrease of bone mineral density by 2 to 2.5 SD from the peak bone density. After excluding other metabolic bone diseases such as primary hyperparathyroidism, osteomalacia, renal osteodystrophy, multiple myeloma and tumor metastases by means of X-ray studies and biochemical studies on serum and urine, by far the largest proportion of patients with osteopenia are usually found to have osteoporosis. Primary osteoporosis is found in males and females after middle age, and secondary osteoporosis at any age with definite causes such as corticosteroid excess, immobilization, rheumatoid arthritis or vitamin C deficiency. Estrogen withdrawal in young women is classified as secondary osteoporosis, but postmenopausal osteoporosis with similar cause is usually classified into primary osteoporosis, creating a confusion. Rapid bone loss occurring only during a few years after menopause should be clearly distinguished from the life-long process of bone loss common to males and females and should not be classified as a "type" of osteoporosis.

Bone Density↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To answer and comment on a number of controversial issues in relation to osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), including: Is osteoporosis an extra-articular manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis? Does periarticular osteoporosis reflect disease activity in early arthritis? Is there a threshold for corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis? Can anti-resorbing drugs prevent rheumatoid arthritis progression? Are stress fractures rare in rheumatoid arthritis Is methotrexate toxic for bone? METHODS: Confrontation of current literature and our own experience in order to formulate a general opinion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Because most studies agree that osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and in men with RA is more evident at the hip and radius than at the spine, and that the most important determinants of bone loss are disability, local disease activity and cumulative corticosteroid dose, osteoporosis is not a common systemic extra-articular manifestation of RA. In early arthritis, periarticular osteoporosis does indeed reflect disease activity because it is closely related to the acute phase reactants, but once periarticular osteoporosis is established it is no longer a marker of disease activity. The threshold does for corticosteroid-induced osteoporotic fractures is the cumulative rather than the actual dose. Statements based on quantitative computed tomography concerning the acute effects (and their reversal) of corticosteroids on bone have to be interpreted with care because of important body composition changes, in particular in bone marrow fat, during corticosteroid treatment. At present there is no evidence that anti-resorbing drugs can change the progress of RA erosions, probably because erosions are the result of non-osteoclast mediated mechanisms. Stress fractures in RA are underdiagnosed and are often confused with synovitis, and therefore it is likely that they are more frequent than commonly thought, in particular at the lower limbs. Methotrexate osteopathy is known in oncological practice. Whether low dose methotrexate is toxic for bone is not clear, but a number of clinical observations suggest that the occurrence of spontaneous fractures and lower extremity pain is more frequent in methotrexate treated patients than expected. Prospective studies are necessary to confirm these impressions.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗

PubMed1998

[Radiologic, densitometric, morphologic and electron microscopic study of osteoporosis and osteopenia in the third lumbar vertebra in men and women in the city of Mexico].

OBJECTIVE: To determine bone density in the third lumbar vertebra in a group of men and women from the Mexico City correlating the morphometric characteristics of vertebral body by specific techniques and to detect groups with alterations like osteoporosis or osteopenia. METHODOLOGY: The study was made in third lumbar vertebra from 23 patients dead of the Medical Service Forense-México, 8 women between 31 to 72 years old and 15 men between 25 yo 62 years old. The studies were: Radiological, bone densitometry and by image in which was determined density of vertical and horizontal trabeculaes. With x-ray technique in scanning electron microscopy was determined in form semiquantitative the presence of Ca, P, Mg and Na, and Ca distribution by technique of x-ray energy dispersed. RESULTS: In the radiological trail all vertebras of the female group were abnormal, the major finding was degenerative feature; 5 Showed trabeculation increased 3 fractured; in the males group 7 patients were normal, degenerative fracture in 8; of these six had densitometry with DEXA; in the females group only one was normal, 3 osteopenia, 5 osteoporosis; in the male group: 5 osteopenia and 5 osteoporosis. Scanning electron microscopy examination exhibit a homogeneous and dense expression pattern, wherever SEM demonstrated the absence or decrease of deposit calcium in osteoporosis. A morphometric examination of the trabecular thickness demonstrates a difference between the two sexes. The normal median was 222.1 microns, the osteoporosis range was 126.3 to 156.2 microns in the female osteoporosis, in male group was found two normal values with a trabecular density mean of 249.7 microns, in the last two cases one with osteopenia and the other with osteoporosis, the mean value was 186.4 microns. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, was demonstrated that the degenerative alterations in osteoporosis and osteopenia in young people are more frequent to respect other reports. The following observations require special emphasis either because they provide clues to the mechanism of altered expression of calcium: Genetic, ethnic, consume, sedentary and others.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

[Changing concept and definition of osteoporosis].

History of osteoporosis dates back to prehistoric era and no real progress in the understanding of osteoporosis was made until 1900 AC when Roentgen discovered X-ray to make bone visible in vivo. From this time to 1950 when Albright and many others opened way to the pathophysiology of osteoporosis as one of the metabolic bone diseases, X-ray picture was the only tool to assess osteoporosis. Subsequent biochemical, epidemiological and endocrinological approach clarified the risk factors and pathophysiology of osteoporosis in the modern age. Treatment and prevention of osteoporosis also became feasible based on these development. Such a rapid progress in the understanding of osteoporosis also caused an inevitable confusion in the concept of osteoporosis.

Humans↗