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At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Intrauterine position, parenting, and nest-site attachment in male Mongolian gerbils.

We housed male Mongolian gerbils, their mates, and foster litters of standardized size and sex ratio in enclosures that provided cover in two locations. Males had been gestated in known intrauterine positions: either between two females (2F males) or between two males (2M males). From Days 1 to 20 postpartum, we examined the frequency with which both males and females were in contact with the pups they were rearing. We found that 2F males spent more time with pups than did 2M males both during entire observation periods and when females were away from the nest. Further, when pups were moved from the nest site. 2M males spent more time than did 2F males in the vacated nest site. We concluded that 2F male gerbils spent more time with pups than 2M males not because of a greater attachment of 2F than 2M males to places of concealment, their male, or their nest site. Rather, 2F males were more attracted to pups than were 2M males.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1981

Parental backgrounds of homosexual and heterosexual men: a cross national replication.

In the present study of British respondents, few differences were found in the parental backgrounds of homosexual vs. heterosexual males. These findings were similar to those reported for male homosexuals vs. male heterosexuals living in the United States. It is suggested that a multifactorial and developmental theory of sexual orientation, including a more precise definition of homosexuality-heterosexuality, is needed to replace the simplistic and thus far generally unsupported explanations involving limited types of parental behavior.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed2004

Evolutionary relationships in the sand-dwelling cichlid lineage of lake tanganyika suggest multiple colonization of rocky habitats and convergent origin of biparental mouthbrooding.

The cichlid species flock of Lake Tanganyika is comprised of seven seeding lineages that evolved in step with changes of the lake environment. One seeding lineage diversified into at least six lineages within a short period of time. Our study focuses on the diversification of one of these lineages, the Ectodini, comprising highly specialized, sand- and rock-dwelling species. They display two distinct breeding styles: maternal and biparental mouthbrooding. By analyzing three mtDNA gene segments in 30 species representing all 13 described genera, we show that the Ectodini rapidly diversified into four clades at the onset of their radiation. The monotypic genus Grammatotria is likely to represent the most ancestral split, followed by the almost contemporary origin of three additional clades, the first comprising the benthic genus Callochromis, the second comprising the benthic genera Asprotilapia, Xenotilapia, Enantiopus, and Microdontochromis, and the third comprising the semi-pelagic genera Ophthalmotilapia, Cardiopharynx, Cyathopharynx, Ectodus, Aulonocranus, Lestradea, and Cunningtonia. Our study confirms the benthic and sand-dwelling life-style as ancestral. Rocky habitats were colonized independently in the Xenotilapia- and Ophthalmotilapia-clade. The Xenotilapia-clade comprises both maternal and biparental mouthbrooders. Their mode of breeding appears to be highly plastic: biparental mouthbrooding either evolved once in the common ancestor of the clade, to be reverted at least three times, or evolved at least five times independently from a maternally mouthbrooding ancestor. Furthermore, the genera Xenotilapia, Microdontochromis, Lestradea, and Ophthalmotilapia appeared paraphyletic in our analyses, suggesting the need of taxonomic revision.

Africa↗
PubMed1991

Individual variation in the neural timing of infanticide and parental behavior in male house mice.

In male house mice (Mus domesticus and M. musculus), the act of coital ejaculation provides a fail-safe neural signal for timing the birth of their offspring. A unique aspect of this phenomenon is the extraordinary latency that can occur between the stimulus (ejaculation) and its adaptive neural response (male mice cease killing pups and behave parentally toward them). Thus the inhibition of infanticide is routinely time-delayed for many days after mating. In the absence of mating, cohabitation with a female will not inhibit infanticide in CF-1 stock males (M. domesticus), whereas the birth of pups in the male's home cage will inhibit infanticide. But with regard to the ejaculatory phenomenon, which also includes the spontaneous reemergence of infanticide 50-60 days after mating, this entire behavioral cycle toward pups can occur in the total absence of regular time cues from a light/dark cycle following ejaculation. However, exposure to photoperiodic (L:D 12:12) or constant light (LL) accelerated the transition time from infanticide to parenting after ejaculation, while in constant dark (DD), the transition time to parenting was significantly prolonged. The time interval between ejaculation and the inhibition of infanticide, which varied among individuals first mated at 6 months of age, was repeatable when the same males were remated at 9 months of age; however, when males were again mated at 18 months of age, the time interval between ejaculation and parenting was dramatically prolonged. In general, coital ejaculation triggers a neural timing system that cannot be explained by any presently known physiological mechanism. Our results do suggest, however, that the neural timing variation observed among individuals is influenced by sex steroid exposure during late fetal development.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Perceptions of mothers' and fathers' abusive and supportive behaviors.

Young adults' perceptions of parenting behaviors were explored, specifically with regard to the issue of how perceptions may be affected by gender of parent, child, or observer. Ratings of psychologically (emotionally), physically, and sexually abusive behaviors and ratings of love/support, promotion of independence, and positive modeling/fairness were obtained for mothers and fathers as well as daughters and sons. When father was the referent, female subjects rated the behaviors as more emotionally, physically, and sexually abusive than male subjects did. When mother was the referent, gender of subject and gender of child interacted, with female subjects rating the behaviors as more abusive when done to sons than male subjects did. Male and female subjects agreed that behaviors representing love/support and fairness were highly supportive when done by fathers. When done by mothers, female subjects rated love/support behaviors as more supportive for sons than male subjects did. Results indicated that gender of parent, child, and observer may affect young adults' perceptions of parental abusiveness and supportiveness.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Recall of parental behavior by acute depressives, remitted depressives, and nondepressives.

The goal of this study was to determine whether depressives' recall of parental behavior is a stable characteristic that persists even during asymptomatic periods. Recall of parental behavior was measured in a large community sample that was followed for one year. Four groups of subjects were formed according to their depression status: depressed, remitted depressed who had a history of depression but were not depressed during the study, cases who became depressed during the follow-up period, and never-depressed subjects. The results were generally consistent with the hypothesis that recalling one's parents as having been rejecting and unloving is not a stable personality characteristic of depression-prone persons. The currently depressed subjects differed as expected from the nondepressed subjects; however, the remitted depressed, regardless of how many past episodes of depression they had, did not differ from the nondepressed controls in their recall of parental behavior. The comparison of controls and cases resulted in an unexpected and difficult-to-interpret Sex X Group interaction. The implication of these findings for cognitive theories of depression are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Mothers' and fathers' behaviors toward their 3- to 4-month-old infants in lower, middle, and upper socioeconomic African American families.

African American mothers' and fathers' availability, caregiving, and social behaviors toward their infants in and around their homes were examined. Twenty lower, 21 middle, and 21 upper socioeconomic families and their 3- to 4-month-old infants were observed for 4 3-hr blocks between 8:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. on 4 different weekdays. With increasing economic resources, children's exposure to multiple caregivers and nonresident fathers declined. Mothers were more available to infants than fathers were, regardless of socioeconomic status. Mothers fed infants more than fathers did, whereas fathers vocalized more and displayed more affection to infants than mothers did when they were examined in proportion to caregiver presence. Mothers and fathers interacted with male and female infants quite similarly, although, in the upper socioeconomic families, fathers of daughters were more available than fathers of sons. Fathers and mothers in the different socioeconomic groups held, displayed affection to, and soothed their infants differently.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Schema and parental bonding in overweight and nonoverweight female adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether family functioning and cognitions in a group of overweight female adolescents differ significantly from those in a group of normal weight female adolescents. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: In all, 23 overweight female adolescents (mean age: 17.6 y, mean body mass index (BMI: 27.8 kg/m2), and 23 normal weight female adolescents (mean age: 17.7 y, mean BMI: 20.2 kg/m2). MEASUREMENTS: The following self-report measures were completed: the Parental Bonding Inventory, the Young Schema Questionnaire-short version, the Eating Attitudes Test, the Beck Depression Inventory and the Eating Disorder Belief Questionnaire. RESULTS: Overweight female adolescents reported more negative self-beliefs and greater belief in schema relating to emotional deprivation, fears of abandonment, subjugation and insufficient self-control. They also perceived their fathers as being significantly more overprotective and significantly less caring. Within this group perceived level of maternal care correlated negatively with negative self-beliefs and schema. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight female adolescents show some of the cognitive features associated with the development of an eating disorder. However, positive parent-child relationships may serve to protect overweight adolescents from developing clinical eating disorders and from psychological distress later in life.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Perceived parental rearing behaviour and adult attachment patterns in intimate relationships].

Based on the assumption that the parental rearing behaviour recalled by adults can be conceptualized as a specific mental representation of attachment, the study examines the associations between these rearing-related memories and adult attachment patterns in intimate relationships. The data for this study were obtained from a large community-based sample of the German population (1509 subjects between the ages of 18 and 50 years). Both, the perceived parental rearing behaviour and the adult attachment patterns have been assessed via questionnaires (Questionnaire of Recalled Parental Rearing Behaviour [Fragebogen zum erinnerten elterlichen Erziehungsverhalten, FEE] and Bielefeld Partnership Expectations Questionnaire [Bielefelder Fragebogen zu Partnerschaftserwartungen, BFPE]). As the result of the study it could be shown that a secure adult attachment pattern in intimate relationships is associated with a parental rearing behaviour that has been perceived as positive, while on the other hand insecure attachment patterns are rather associated with more negative experiences of parental rearing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Monogamy in mammals.

This review considers the behavioral, ecological, and reproductive characteristics of mammals exhibiting monogamy, i.e., mating exclusivity. From a discussion of the life histories of selected species of monogamous primates, carnivores, rodents and ungulates, several trends emerge. Two forms of monogamy occur, Type I, facultative, and Type II, obligate. The selective pressures leading to these two forms of monogamy may have been different. Facultative monogamy may result when a species exists at very low densities, with males and females being so spaced that only a single member of the opposite sex is available for mating. Obligate monogamy appears to occur when a solitary female cannot rear a litter without aid from conspecifics, but the carrying capacity of the habitat is insufficient to allow more than one female to breed simultaneously within the same home range. Within both types of monogamy, the following traits are typically seen: (1) adults show little sexual dimorphism either physically or behaviorally: (2) the adult male and female exhibit infrequent socio-sexual interactions except during the early stages of pair bond formation. Additional trends specific to mammals exhibiting obligate monogamy are: (1) the young exhibit delayed sexual maturation in the presence of the parents, and thus only the adult pair breeds; (2) the older juveniles aid in rearing young siblings; and (3) the adult male (father) aids in the rearing of young by any or all of the following: carrying, feeding, defending, and socializing offspring.

Animals↗