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PubMed2000

Risk of childhood injury: predictors of mothers' perceptions.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Safety education often targets parental risk perception. Predictors of risk perception, however, are not well known, thus limiting the feasibility of effective safety education. Accordingly, in this study, a range of predictors of maternal risk perception were examined. METHODS: A random sample of 870 mothers in northern Sweden was included in the study. Three different questionnaires, with scenarios of a burn injury, a bicycle injury in the home environment, and a bicycle injury in traffic, were completed by the subjects. Multiple linear regression models tested the possible influence of causal attributions, normative beliefs, and sociodemographic and behaviour-related variables on mothers' risk perception. RESULTS: Only 14-23% of the variance in mothers' risk perception could be explained by the multivariate models. Causal attribution to the child was found to be the most important predictor of maternal risk perception. CONCLUSION: Present theoretical models give few clues about how to design educational models that might influence risk perception. To make safety education more effective, other modifiable factors that influence parental safety behaviour, such as subjective norms and self-efficacy, might be better targets.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

[Standardized new method for measuring vibration perception].

The examination of the vibration perception is one of the basic measurements applied in the evaluation of the peripheral neuropathies in hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) The detailed guidelines on how this kind of examinations should be performed, presented in the 1998 ISO standard, differ substantially from those currently binding in Poland. The aim of this study was to standardize the method of vibration perception measurements, taking account of the parameters consistent with the ISO recommendations, such as algorithm (stimulus presentation method), vibration frequency, the size and contact force of vibrating probe, as well as the comparison of the results obtained by means of both methods (ISO-recommended method and standard Polish method). It was found that the algorithm change (ascending method replaced by Bekesy's technique, recommended by ISO) did not affect the of the vibration perception thresholds values within the wide range of frequencies (32-500 Hz), whereas the decreased size of probe, pressed with smaller contact force, resulted in significantly higher values of perception thresholds within the frequency range of 125-400 Hz. The comparison of the outcomes of the ISO-recommended and Polish standard methods revealed that the perception thresholds did not differ at the frequency of 125 Hz, but at the frequencies of 250 and 400 Hz, the ISO-recommended method produced higher values. Moreover, at the frequencies ranging from 125 to 400 Hz, the results of the perception threshold measurements, taken several times in the same persons (intrasubject variability) by means of both methods, were more scattered. It was revealed that the measurements at the frequency range of 4-125 Hz should be included in the vibration perception examinations, and the certification of the ability to work in the conditions of exposure to hand-arm vibration should be based on their results. It is also essential that in the standard examination, a smaller vibratory probe (phi = 5 mm) and lighter contact force (0.1 N) than those currently used, should be applied.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

[Effects of individual features on the measurement of vibration perception thresholds: standard setting for healthy people].

The thresholds of vibration perception in healthy people may differ significantly depending on individual and constitutional features: age, weight, height, race and gender, and also on various addictions like smoking or alcohol abuse. These variables have not as yet been analyzed in setting Polish standards of vibration perception thresholds used for therapeutical and certification purposes. The aim of the study was to develop a model that could render it possible to assess the normative values of vibration perception, taking account of individual features. The study covered 187 healthy persons free from exposure to vibration. Two methods were used to determine vibration perception thresholds: the standard Polish method and the method based on the ISO 13091-1/2001 standard. The methods differed in the technical parameters (contact force of vibrating probe 1.2 N and 0.1; probe diameter 12 and 5 mm-standard method and the method according to ISO, respectively), the presentation of stimuli (ascending method versus von: Bekesy method) and their frequencies. Vibration perception thresholds were significantly influenced by age (within the range of 63-250 Hz-standard method; 4-250 Hz-method according to ISO), body mass (full range of frequencies--standard method; 4-125-method according to ISO) and height (single frequencies--both methods). A model for determining vibration perception thresholds, taking account of age, height and body mass of study subjects, was developed. The results of the study show that individual and constitutional features should be taken into consideration when interpreting the results of the vibration perception examinations conducted for the purpose of occupational disease certification.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Perceptions of the prevalence of cigarette smoking by peers: a study of Taiwanese, Filipino, and Thai high school students.

Youth cigarette smoking is a major public health concern in Southeast Asia. A suspected determinant of youth smoking is perceived peer behavior. Previous research has suggested that the probability that a teenager will use substances increases when there is the perception that most peers engage in the substance use behavior. This study aimed to assess the perceptions of the prevalence of peer cigarette smoking in samples of high school students from three Southeast Asian countries and to examine the association of these perceptions to self-reported personal use of cigarettes. Perceptions of the prevalence of peer smoking were generally characterized by the perception that most students do not smoke. However, a significant percentage of students held the perception that most students were current smokers. Students who held this perception were at increased risk of being current smokers relative to those who believed most students were not current smokers. The results of this study imply that public health programs may benefit from health promotion interventions which focus on dispelling misconceptions that most youth smoke cigarettes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Preventing occupational injuries: women's perception of risk from musculoskeletal exposures.

Perception of injury risk is associated with an individual's propensity to act. This study examined the relationship between women's demographic, occupational, and risk characteristics, and health and occupational stressors as predictors of their perceptions of injury risk to self and other women from occupational musculoskeletal exposures. This cross-sectional study included a random sample of women who were employed in the 12 months prior to survey administration (N = 123, 27% response rate). A telephone survey consisting of 154 items was administered in English or Spanish. For the perception of injury risk to self, the final multiple regression equation explained approximately 66% of the variance with significant unique contributions identified for bodily pain, occupational exposure to repeated strenuous physical activity or repetitive hand motion, perceived seriousness and controllability of the risk, and perception of risk to other women. Similarly, for perception of injury risk to other women, the final multiple regression equation explained approximately 57% of the variance with significant unique contributions identified for household size, occupational exposure to repetitive hand motion, familiarity of the risk, and perception of injury risk to self. Exposure experiences and risk characteristics were found to increase women's perceptions of risk from occupational musculoskeletal exposures.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Perceptions of athletic training services by collegiate student-athletes: a measurement of athlete satisfaction.

OBJECTIVE: I evaluated the perceptions student-athletes had of their athletic trainers and of the medical coverage provided them by the athletic departments at their institutions. My intent was to assess differences between male and female athletes, between athletes of high-profile and low-profile sports, and between athletes who competed at the NCAA Division I and Division II levels. The research design was also directed at identifying any subgroup of student-athletes who demonstrated a significantly different perception toward their athletic trainer(s). DESIGN AND SETTING: Questionnaires were sent to 32 athletic training programs at 28 NCAA Division I and II institutions. Eighteen of the 32 programs participated, yielding a 56% response. SUBJECTS: A total of 343 student-athletes from 18 selected athletic programs at both the NCAA Division I and II levels participated. One questionnaire contained response errors and was not included in the analysis. MEASUREMENTS: A questionnaire was developed and pilot tested at 3 collegiate settings apart from those participating in the study. Validity and reliability analyses were conducted and confirmed by additional professionals in the field of athletic training. Cumulative mean perception scores between groups were measured using independent t tests. Differences in scores between subgroups were measured using a 1-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: I observed significant differences in mean cumulative perception scores between sex and sport-profile groups. Male athletes and athletes in high-profile sports demonstrated a higher mean perception score than did females and athletes in low-profile sports. There was no difference in scores when compared across athletic divisions. Subgroups of all the athletes participating were identified. Several subgroups demonstrated significant differences in mean cumulative perception scores. CONCLUSIONS: Males and females in low-profile sports at Division II schools and females in high-profile sports at Division II schools had significantly lower mean perception scores than did other subgroups of athletes.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1988

Relationship between leadership styles of hospital pharmacists and perceptions of work-unit effectiveness.

Relationships between hospital pharmacists' perceptions of their own and their immediate supervisors' leadership styles and their perceptions of the effectiveness of their work units were examined. Pharmacists practicing in 12 large Chicago-area hospitals were asked to complete a four-part questionnaire that consisted of demographic questions, the LEADSelf instrument, the LEADOther instrument, and a measure of perceived work unit effectiveness. Respondents' primary, secondary, and combination leadership styles and their degree of style adaptability were determined and compared with the primary, secondary, and combination leadership styles and style adaptability of their immediate supervisors and with their perceptions of the effectiveness of their work units. Pharmacists involved in providing clinical or drug information services and pharmacists responsible for purchasing activities perceived their work units to be most and least effective, respectively. Most respondents perceived their primary leadership style to be high task-high relationship, but only 32% perceived their immediate supervisors to exhibit this style. Pharmacists who perceived their immediate supervisors to have high relationship leadership styles (based on primary and combination style classifications) had significantly more favorable perceptions of the effectiveness of their work units than did pharmacists who perceived their supervisors to exhibit low relationship styles. Respondents' perceptions of their supervisors' style adaptability were positively and significantly correlated with their perceptions of work-unit effectiveness. Respondents who thought their supervisors' leadership styles were more adaptable than their own had the most favorable perceptions of work-unit effectiveness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship of consumers' perceptions of drugs to drug use.

To examine consumers' perceptions of nonprescription and prescription drugs and the relationship of these perceptions to drug use, a sample of 200 adult residents of a northern midwestern area who were similar in age and education to the national population was surveyed. Respondents who rated nonprescription drugs as safe and somewhat effective used nearly 90 percent less nonprescription drugs than respondents rating these drugs as safe and ineffective. Respondents who rated prescription drugs as unsafe used approximately 60 percent less of them than respondents rating them as somewhat safe or safe. Data for the study were collected from March 15 to May 15, 1978. The respondents' perceptions of nonprescription and prescription drugs in respect to safety, efficacy, side effects, and overdose effects were measured on a thermometer scale, with anchors at three points (100 degrees for the most positive perception, 50 degrees for the midpoint, and 0 degrees for the most negative perception). Drug use, based on the respondents' recollections, was measured for 2 days before the interview. The respondents rated prescription drugs as safer and more effective than nonprescription drugs, but as having more dangerous overdose effects. Two-way analysis of variance showed that perceptions of the safety and effectiveness of nonprescription drugs and the interaction between these two variables were related to the use of these drugs. Perceptions of the safety of prescription drugs were related to their use.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed1978

[Perception of your body. A psychoanalytical approach].

This paper discusses body-perception from a psychoanalytic point of view. Ia attempts a "totalizing" view of human behavior which integrates the whole of perception-thought-action-perception as a single process of organism-environment interaction. The underlying episthemological framework implies the rejection of lineal causal deterministic explanations in favor of a dynamic conception, in terms of feed-back mechanisms. Thus it discards the various false oppositions between "body-perception" and "object-perception"; and between cognition, affectivity and connation. The former is resolved through the recognition of the fact that perception is always a comparative process, which results from the organism-environment interaction. The comparative element for body-perception is the dynamic unconsious body scheme. The latter opposition is resolved through the application of the basic psychoanalytic model, which integrates the primary models for cognition, affectivity and connation.

Body Image↗

PubMed1994

Comparing perceptions of dental aesthetics in the USA with those in eleven ethnic groups.

The Standard DAI is an orthodontic index based on perceptions of dental aesthetics in the USA. The Standard DAI is a regression equation linking perceptions of the social acceptability of dental aesthetics with the objective intraoral measurements of ten occlusal traits. Since the Standard DAI is based on perceptions of dental aesthetics in the USA it can be used without modification only where perceptions of dental aesthetics are similar to those in the USA. This study was designed to determine whether perceptions of dental aesthetics of students in eleven diverse ethnic groups are similar to those of students in the USA. The same 25 stimuli (photographs of dental configurations, a subset of the 200 stimuli used in deriving the Standard DAI equation) were rated for dental aesthetics by Australian, Chinese, German, Japanese, Korean, Latvian, Native American, Singaporean Chinese, Singaporean Indian, Singaporean Malay, and Thai students. Their ratings were compared with the ratings of the same 25 stimuli by students in the USA. Spearman rank-order correlations ranged from 0.84 to 0.94. These correlations are sufficiently high to show that perceptions of dental aesthetics in all eleven ethnic groups are very similar to the perceptions of USA students. Therefore the Standard DAI can be used without modification in all eleven ethnic groups.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Comparing perceptions of dental aesthetics in the USA with those in eleven ethnic groups.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Electrically evoked cerebral potentials during esophageal distension at perception and pain threshold.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate esophageal sensory function in normal volunteers. METHODS: The method of evoking cerebral potentials (EPs) after electrical stimulation of the esophagus was applied in eight healthy male volunteers, 20-40 yr old. Electrical stimulation was obtained via bipolar Ag/AgCl electrodes attached to a latex balloon mounted on a catheter. The balloon was inflated stepwise to perception and pain thresholds. At the perception threshold for balloon distension, the intensity of electrical stimulation was increased stepwise to perception threshold for electrical stimulation, and subsequently to 2-fold, 4-fold, and 8-fold perception threshold. EPs were recorded from the vertex (Cz) and forehead (Fz, reference) and compared between the increasing electrical stimulation intensities and between perception and pain thresholds for mechanical stimulation. RESULTS: The results show that amplitudes of EPs significantly increased with increasing electrical stimulation intensities, whereas latencies of EPs were not affected. Latencies and amplitudes of EPs were comparable at perception and pain thresholds for esophageal distension. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that repetitive electrical stimulation of the human esophagus is predominantly mediated via vagal A-delta fibers. The unaltered EPs at the perception and pain thresholds suggest that vagal A-delta fibers are not involved in mediation of pain. The findings support the view that painful and nonpainful stimuli are mediated via different visceral afferents between the esophagus and brain in humans.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

[Speech perception test in Italian language for profoundly deaf children].

Speech perception tests are an important part of procedures for diagnosing pre-verbal hearing loss. Merely establishing a child's hearing threshold with and without a hearing aid is not sufficient to ensure an adequate evaluation with a view to selecting cases suitable for cochlear implants because it fails to indicate the real benefit obtained from using a conventional hearing aid reliably. Speech perception tests have proved useful not only for patient selection, but also for subsequent evaluation of the efficacy of new hearing aids, such as tactile devices and cochlear implants. In clinical practice, the tests most commonly adopted with small children are: The Auditory Comprehension Test (ACT), Discrimination after Training (DAT), Monosyllable, Trochee, Spondee tests (MTS), Glendonald Auditory Screening Priocedure (GASP), Early Speech Perception Test (ESP), Rather than considering specific results achieved in individual cases, reference is generally made to the four speech perception classes proposed by Moog and Geers of the CID of St. Louis. The purpose of this classification, made on the results obtained with suitably differentiated tests according to the child's age and language ability, is to detect differences in perception of a spoken message in ideal listening conditions. To date, no italian language speech perception test has been designed to establish the assessment of speech perception level in children with profound hearing impairment. We attempted, therefore, to adapt the existing English tests to the Italian language taking into consideration the differences between the two languages. Our attention focused on the ESP test since it can be applied to even very small children (2 years old). The ESP is proposed in a standard version for hearing-impaired children over the age of 6 years and in a simplified version for younger children. The rationale we used for selecting Italian words reflect the rationale established for the original version, but the choice of single words follows different criteria from the original version. In fact, the two languages differ in important linguistic features so that the test can not be not adapted to the Italian language by simply translating the words involved. As currently there is no children's language dictionary in Italian arranged according to age bracket, we chose words used in children and in pre-school reading material.

Child↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Perceptions of caretakers of pre-school children on acute respiratory infection (ARI) in a rural district in Ghana.

Focus group discussions, key informant interviews and structured community interviews were used to describe the perceptions of caretakers of pre-school children in a predominantly rural district in Ghana. Over 75% considered ARI important in the community and there are a variety of local terms of describe various ARI illness entities. The perception of signs of severe ARI in children above two months of age was reasonably high; over 88% could mention at least one of two cardinal signs for severe ARI (difficulty in breathing, rapid breathing). The same cannot be said of their perception of signs for children less than two months of age. There was also a favourable perception of cause; a few misconceptions were however identified. There was no significant difference in perception between locality, age groups and educational levels. A high correlation between perception of cause and prevention of ARI was found. Health education programmes should re-enforce positive perceptions and address misconceptions. The difference in presentation of signs of severe ARI between older children and younger ones should also be stressed.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed1985

Motion perception during dichoptic viewing of moving random-dot stereograms.

The relation between binocular and monocular motion perception was investigated. A random-dot stereogram (30 X 30 deg arc), containing a central figure seen in front of the background in stereoscopic vision, was viewed dichoptically by human subjects without a fixed visual frame of reference. The images seen by the right and left eye were moved laterally according to a triangular wave form, in counterphase, but with variable amplitude ratios. Under this condition only purely lateral movement and no motion in depth of the stereogram as a whole was perceived, while stereoscopic vision of the figure-background relation was maintained. The magnitude of the binocularly perceived lateral motion, signalled by manual tracking of the perceived displacement, equalled the algebraic mean of the monocular motion percepts. As a special case, when the two images forming the stereogram were moved with equal velocities but in opposite directions they were perceived as a completely stationary, fused image in stereoscopic depth. Only the addition of a stationary reference (a bar or grating seen by both eyes) resulted in the perception of motion in depth. We conclude that a visual frame of reference is essential for perception of motion in depth but not for perception of lateral movements. Moreover, it seems likely that not absolute binocular disparity (retinal locus differences) but relative binocular disparity (differences in angular distance between two or more corresponding features in the two retinal images) is a cue for perception of depth.

Convergence, Ocular↗

PubMed2003

Miracles of perception.

This paper draws a bird's eye view of various counter-intuitive characteristics of perception. Peculiar is that perception is a both tool and topic of its study. As a consequence, its output is easily mistaken for its input. Furthermore, its output is characterized by remarkable Gestalt features, such as mutual dependence of stimulus elements and detour solutions. Detour solutions require a complex perception process of testing countless optional pattern interpretations against a criterion. Likelihood is a plausible criterion for reasoning. For perception, however, the simplicity criterion is more appropriate. The consideration is that reasoning aims at establishing properties of distal objects whereas perception aims at establishing objects from proximal properties. The role of knowledge in perception seems plausible but often leads to conflicts. For instance, the assumption that knowledge about handedness is present in pattern representations conflicts with image mirror-image discrimination data. Moreover, knowledge does not provide an anchor for subjective time direction, but a Gestalt quality does.

Cognition↗

PubMed2006

The bar-cross-ellipse illusion: alternating percepts of rigid and nonrigid motion based on contour ownership and trackable feature assignment.

We present a new multistable stimulus generated by continuously rotating an ellipse behind four fixed occluders. Despite the stimulus remaining constant, observers can alternate between one of four percepts: (1) a continuously morphing cross; (2) two independent perpendicular bars oscillating in depth; (3) a rigidly rotating ellipse observed behind the occluders; (4) a fixed cross observed through a continuously rotating, elliptical aperture. Interestingly, the initial percept naive observers tend to see is percept 1, which is the only nonrigid motion percept. This appears to be a violation of the hypothesized 'rigidity heuristic' in which rigid motion percepts tend to be perceived over retinally equivalent nonrigid ones. Here, we describe the relationships between each of the percepts and the assignment of contour ownership and figure/ground segmentation.

Form Perception↗

PubMed1993

The characteristics of residual motion perception in the hemifield contralateral to lateral occipital lesions in humans.

Unilateral damage to the lateral occipital region in humans can give rise to impaired motion perception in the contralateral visual field [Plant et al. (1993), Brain, 116, 1303-1335]. We report the following characteristics of the residual vision. (i) Spatial acuity and spatial frequency discrimination are not affected. (ii) Contrast thresholds for direction-of-motion (DOM) discrimination of luminance modulated (LMod) sine-wave gratings is unaffected regardless of drift temporal frequency and the effect of spatial and temporal frequency on drifting/counterphase sensitivity ratios is normal (providing further evidence that cortical directionally selective mechanisms are intact). (iii) Contrast thresholds for DOM discrimination of contrast modulated (CMod) gratings are elevated by a log unit across a range of drift velocities. (iv) The residual motion perception shows neither a directional nor a naso-temporal asymmetry. (v) Weber fractions for velocity discrimination are shown in one patient in whom this measurement was carried out, to be elevated by around a factor of three but the functions relating velocity discrimination to stimulus contrast and to the velocity of the standard are parallel in the affected and unaffected hemifields. (vi) Weber fractions for temporal frequency discrimination using counterphase modulated gratings are also elevated. We conclude that the degraded motion perception is mediated by mechanisms which have similar contrast and temporal properties to those subserving normal motion perception. Mechanisms subserving DOM discrimination of LMod gratings may be spared because they are more widely distributed in extra-striate cortex than mechanisms subserving non-Fourier (second-order) motion perception or velocity discrimination. The anomaly resembles that described in some recent animal studies of impaired motion perception after extra-striate cortical damage.

Adult↗