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PubMed2005

Differential processing of self-referenced versus other-referenced body information among American and Chinese young adults with body image concerns.

Two experiments assessed the impact of self-referenced and other-referenced primes on processing of body-related information in samples of young adults from the United States and China. In Experiment 1, 46 American university students (41 females, 5 males) comprising groups higher and lower in body weight concerns engaged in a computer-based experiment wherein subliminal self-relevant (I) and other-related (He) primes were followed by positive and negative body words to be correctly classified as such. Relative to control group participants, those high in weight concerns had slower response latencies when classifying words presented with an I prime, especially positive I-primed words, compared to He-primed body words. This pattern was not observed for control words. In a second experiment comprised of 48 Chinese university students (45 females, 3 males), respondents high in weight concerns were again slower responding to I-primed body words relative to He-primed body words and control group participants. Consistent with cognitive perspectives identifying self-schemata as a central basis for body image disturbances, findings indicated both Chinese and American young adults with concerns about body weight experience interference in processing body information linked to the self.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Rickettsia rickettsii infection of cultured endothelial cells induces release of large von Willebrand factor multimers from Weibel-Palade bodies.

The clinical manifestations of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) result from Rickettsia rickettsii (R rickettsii) infection of endothelial cells and are mediated by pathologic changes localized to the vessel, including in situ thrombosis and tissue ischemia. This study uses in vitro infection of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells with R rickettsii to test the hypothesis that such infection induces von Willebrand factor (vWF) release from Weibel-Palade bodies, a process that could contribute to thrombotic changes. At 24 hours postinfection, there was an increase in metabolically prelabeled large multimers of vWF in the culture medium, with a concomitant decrease of these forms in the cell lysate samples. This release reaction was specific for the large multimer pool of vWF, localized to Weibel-Palade bodies, because no change in the distribution of dimeric forms between cells and culture medium was detected. Double-label immunofluorescence staining showed an inverse correlation between the number of R rickettsii and the number of Weibel-Palade bodies in infected cells. Cell lysis was minimal at 24 hours postinfection, as no detectable intracellular precursor forms (molecular weight 260,000) of vWF were released into the culture medium, there was no decrease in cell viability as measured by trypan blue exclusion, and no increase in 51Cr-release into the culture medium was observed when compared with uninfected controls. Release was likely a direct effect of the intracellular presence of the organism, rather than due to a noxious soluble factor such as endotoxin, because culture medium conditioned by infected endothelial cells was ineffective at inducing release in uninfected endothelial cell cultures. In summary, in vitro infection of endothelial cells by R rickettsii induces release of Weibel-Palade body contents, a process that may contribute to the pathogenesis of RMSF.

Cell Survival↗
PubMed2005

Monitoring and quantification of inclusion body formation in Escherichia coli by multi-parameter flow cytometry.

Multi-parameter flow cytometry was used to monitor the formation of promegapoietin (PMP) inclusion bodies during a high cell density Escherichia coli fed-batch fermentation process. Inclusion bodies were labelled with a primary antibody and then with a secondary fluorescent antibody. Using this method it was possible to detect PMP inclusion body formation with a high specificity and it was possible to monitor the increased accumulation of the protein with process time (6-48 mg PMP/g CDW) whilst highlighting population heterogeneity.

Bioreactors↗
PubMed2005

Considerations of isolated destruction of the short process of the incus in a case of cholesteatoma.

Cholesteatoma occurs frequently with the destruction of the ossicles. The most commonly eroded ossicle has been reported to be the incus. Many studies report destruction of the long process and body of the incus. However, isolated erosion of the short process of the incus is an unusual finding. We present such a case with a slight conductive hearing loss that remained unchanged at 2 1/2 years postoperatively. The short process of the incus may contribute to hearing up to 10-15 dB. It is also possible that it plays a role in epitympanic aeration by supplying an attachment surface to the incudal folds.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Persistence of an amine uptake system in cultured rat sympathetic neurons which use acetylcholine as their transmitter.

Cultures of dissociated rat superior cervical ganglion neurons (SCGN) were treated with the sympatholytic agent, guanethidine. When treated within the first couple of weeks in vitro, the neurons were rapidly destroyed. The cells grew less susceptible to the toxic effects of guanethidine with age in vitro. Moreover, the apparent affinity, Km, of the transport molecule for norepinephrine (NE) and guanethidine remained essentially unchanged between 2 and 7 wk in culture, as did the maximum velocity of transport (Vmax). This is at a time when previous studies have shown these neurons to be using acetylcholine (ACh) as their neurotransmitter. Cultures which were grown without supporting cells and from which cholinergic synaptic interactions were recorded physiologically were processed for autoradiography after incubation with [3H]NE. All cell bodies and processes seen had silver grains accumulated over them. These experiments show that sympathetic neurons in vitro maintain their amine uptake system relatively unchanged, even though they use ACh as their transmitter. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2006

Gender differences in body esteem among older adults.

Ninety-five adults aged 60-91 completed measures of Body-as-Object Esteem (BOE) (i.e., appearance) and Body-as-Process Esteem (BPE) (i.e., function) to explore gender differences in body esteem among older adults. As hypothesized, a significant age by gender interaction revealed that men become more disparaging of the appearance and function of their bodies in their last decades of life, while women do not. Level of physical disability was negatively correlated with BOE, particularly for disabled women. Furthermore, as is seen across the lifespan, self-esteem is a significant predictor of BOE. Disabled participants who were older than 74 years had disproportionately low BPE scores and similarly poor global self-esteem. Whether working with older adults or studying body esteem in this population, it is vital that both dimensions of body esteem are assessed along with the impact of disability status, gender, self-esteem, and age.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Bilateral damage to the sexually dimorphic medial preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus of male ferrets causes a female-typical preference for and a hypothalamic Fos response to male body odors.

Previous studies showed that bilateral lesions of the male ferret's preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus (POA/AH), centered in the sexually dimorphic nuclei present in this region, caused subjects to seek out a same-sex male, as opposed to a female conspecific. Male subjects with POA/AH lesions (which were also castrated and given estradiol) displayed female-typical receptive behavior in response to neck gripping by a stimulus male, implying that subjects' approaches to a same-sex conspecific were sexually motivated. We asked whether the effect of POA/AH lesions on males' partner preference reflects a shift in the central processing of body odorant cues so that males come to display a female-typical preference to approach male body odorants. Sexually experienced male ferrets in which electrolytic lesions of the POA/AH caused bilateral damage to the sexually dimorphic male nucleus (MN) resembled sham-operated females by preferring to approach body odors emitted from anesthetized male as opposed to female stimulus ferrets confined in the goal boxes of a Y-maze. This lesion-induced shift in odor preference was correlated with a significant increase in the ability of soiled male bedding to induce a Fos response in the medial POA of males with bilateral damage to the MN-POA/AH. No such partner preference or neural Fos responses were seen in sham-operated males or in other groups of males with POA/AH lesions that either caused unilateral damage or no damage to the MN-POA/AH. Male-typical hypothalamic processing of conspecifics' body odorants may determine males' normal preference to seek out odors emitted by female conspecifics, leading to mating and successful reproduction.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

The role of global negative self-evaluations in the influence of body weight on weight and eating concerns.

The aim of this study was to test a model based on the assumption that a social comparison-process of body mass index could lead to weight and eating concerns by lowering self-evaluation. Three hundred and ninety-five girls from five age cohorts (in grades five through nine at the time of data collection) participated in a questionnaire-based study. Support for a model where global negative self-evaluations played a mediating role was found among the oldest girls who perceived slimness norms among their peers. Among girls not perceiving a norm of thinness, and among younger girls perceiving such a norm, the model found no support. The proposed model gives an explanation of how the dynamic process of social norms of thinness, body weight and self-evaluation, can cause some girls to become concerned about their body weight.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The out-of-body experience: disturbed self-processing at the temporo-parietal junction.

Folk psychology postulates a spatial unity of self and body, a "real me" that resides in one's body and is the subject of experience. The spatial unity of self and body has been challenged by various philosophical considerations but also by several phenomena, perhaps most notoriously the "out-of-body experience" (OBE) during which one's visuo-spatial perspective and one's self are experienced to have departed from their habitual position within one's body. Here the authors marshal evidence from neurology, cognitive neuroscience, and neuroimaging that suggests that OBEs are related to a failure to integrate multisensory information from one's own body at the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ). It is argued that this multisensory disintegration at the TPJ leads to the disruption of several phenomenological and cognitive aspects of self-processing, causing illusory reduplication, illusory self-location, illusory perspective, and illusory agency that are experienced as an OBE.

Brain Mapping↗
PubMed2006

Higher cortical deficits influence attentional processing in dementia with Lewy bodies, relative to patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's type and controls.

BACKGROUND: Attentional dysfunction is believed to be a prominent and distinguishing neuropsychological feature of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB); yet, the specific nature of the attentional deficit and factors that can potentially influence attentional processing in DLB have not been fully defined. AIMS: To clarify the nature of the attentional deficit in early-stage DLB relative to patients with early-stage dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) and elderly controls, and examine the effect of task complexity and type of cognitive load on attentional processing in DLB. METHODS: Attentional impairment and fluctuating attention were investigated in three groups of subjects--patients with clinical features of early probable DLB (n = 20), a group with early probable DAT (n = 19) and healthy elderly controls (n = 20)--using an experimental computerised reaction time paradigm. RESULTS: Patients with DLB showed greater attentional impairment and fluctuations in attention relative to patients with DAT and elderly controls. The attentional deficit was generalised in nature but increased in magnitude as greater demands were placed on attentional selectivity. Attentional deficits in DLB were most pronounced under task conditions that required more active recruitment of executive control and visuospatial cognitive processes. CONCLUSIONS: Attentional deficits in DLB are widespread and encompass all aspects of attentional function. Deficits in higher cortical function influence the degree of attentional impairment and fluctuating attention, suggesting that attentional processing in DLB is mediated by interacting cortical and subcortical mechanisms. These findings serve to clarify the nature of the attentional deficit in DLB and have potentially important ramifications for our understanding of the neurocognitive underpinnings of fluctuations.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

CT evaluation of the pattern of odontoid fractures in the elderly--relationship to upper cervical spine osteoarthritis.

Odontoid fractures are common in the elderly following minor falls. Almost all of them have osteoarthritis of the cervical spine below the axis vertebra. As a result, there is increased stress on the spared upper cervical spine, resulting in a higher incidence of injuries. As movement in the upper cervical spine involves participation of five joints, degeneration in any one particular joint may affect the biomechanics of loading of the upper cervical spine. We aimed to analyse the relationship of odontoid fractures to the pattern of upper cervical spine osteoarthritis in the elderly. We studied the CT-scan images of the cervical spine in 23 patients who were over the age of 70 years and had odontoid fractures. In each patient, the type of odontoid fracture and the characteristics of the degenerative changes in each joint were analysed. Twenty-one of 23 patients had Type-II odontoid fractures. The incidence of significant atlanto-odontoid degeneration in these individuals was very high (90.48%), with relative sparing of the lateral atlantoaxial joints. Osteoporosis was found in 13 of 23 patients at the dens-body junction and in seven of 23 patients at the odontoid process and body of the axis. With ageing, progressively more severe degenerative changes develop in the atlanto-odontoid joint. These eventually obliterate the joint space and fix the odontoid to the anterior arch of the atlas. In contrast, the lateral atlantoaxial joints are hardly affected by osteoarthritis. Thus, ultimately, atlantoaxial movements including atlantoaxial rotation are markedly limited by osteoarthritis of the atlanto-odontoid joint. However, there is still potential for movement in the lateral atlantoaxial joints, as they remain relatively free of degenerative change. The vulnerability of the atlantoaxial segment is further increased by markedly limited rotation below the axis vertebra due to severe facet-joint degeneration. As a consequence, a relatively low-energy trauma to the lateral part of the face, for instance by a fall, will induce forced atlantoaxial rotation. This, with the marked limitation of movement at the atlanto-odontoid joint, will produce a torque force at the base of the odontoid process leading to a Type II fracture.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Aggresome-related biogenesis of Lewy bodies.

Neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and 'dementia with Lewy bodies' (DLB) are characterized pathologically by selective neuronal death and the appearance of intracytoplasmic protein aggregates (Lewy bodies). The process by which these inclusions are formed and their role in the neurodegenerative process remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrate a close relationship between Lewy bodies and aggresomes, which are cytoplasmic inclusions formed at the centrosome as a cytoprotective response to sequester and degrade excess levels of potentially toxic abnormal proteins within cells. We show that the centrosome/aggresome-related proteins gamma-tubulin and pericentrin display an aggresome-like distribution in Lewy bodies in PD and DLB. Lewy bodies also sequester the ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), the proteasome activators PA700 and PA28, and HSP70, all of which are recruited to aggresomes for enhanced proteolysis. Using novel antibodies that are specific and highly sensitive to ubiquitin-protein conjugates, we revealed the presence of numerous discrete ubiquitinated protein aggregates in neuronal soma and processes in PD and DLB. These aggregates appear to be being transported from peripheral sites to the centrosome where they are sequestered to form Lewy bodies in neurons. Finally, we have shown that inhibition of proteasomal function or generation of misfolded proteins cause the formation of aggresome/Lewy body-like inclusions and cytotoxicity in dopaminergic neurons in culture. These observations suggest that Lewy body formation may be an aggresome-related event in response to increasing levels of abnormal proteins in neurons. This phenomenon is consistent with growing evidence that altered protein handling underlies the etiopathogenesis of PD and related disorders.

Acetylcysteine↗
PubMed1994

SR13/PMP-22 expression in rat nervous system, in PC12 cells, and C6 glial cell lines.

SR13/PMP-22 is a protein that was identified after screening a sciatic nerve cDNA library. Our study focused on comparing the level and pattern of expression of SR13/PMP-22 protein and RNA. Northern blot analysis revealed that although SR13/PMP-22 mRNA was present in all nervous tissues and cells studied, levels were at least seven fold higher in the sciatic nerve and the spinal cord. During sciatic nerve postnatal development and maturation, the SR13/PMP-22 mRNA was detected at 2 days after birth, reached a maximal level at day 24, and decreased to 1/3 of the maximum in adult animals. Nerve transection reduced the level of SR13/PMP-22 mRNA to less than 5% in the segment distal to the nerve injury. Experiments using in situ hybridization localized the SR13/PMP-22 mRNA in Schwann cells. Schwann cells present in the vicinity or distal to the nerve cut repressed the signal for the message. In situ hybridization experiments also demonstrated that dorsal root ganglia satellite cells contained the message for SR13/PMP-22. The SR13/PMP-22 antisera used in our study showed a complex pattern of staining. As expected, the SR13/PMP-22 antibody peptide 1 immunoreacted with the sciatic nerve sheath. However, immunocytochemistry of the dorsal root ganglia revealed that the staining was contained in the neuron's cell body and processes and also in satellite cells. We also identified immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Tissue culture studies demonstrated that SR13/PMP-22 mRNA is induced in NGF treated PC12 but not in C6 glioma cell lines grown under experimental conditions that stimulated cell growth arrest. Our experiments suggest that SR13/PMP-22 may have some other function(s) in addition to its hypothesized role in peripheral myelination.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Embalming, body preparation, burial, and disinterment. An overview for forensic pathologists.

This article is designed as a basic guide for pathologists who are called upon to examine human remains that have been embalmed and buried for periods brief enough that soft tissues are still intact. Included is a discussion of disinterment laws; guidelines for deciding whether disinterment is warranted; funeral home and cemetery procedures; features of caskets, vaults, tombs, and gravesites; basic burial procedures; and a description of embalming chemicals and the embalming and body preparation process. Emphasis is placed on basic, routine procedures and principles of body preparation, burial, and disinterment, and on the recognition of predictable artifacts that result from such procedures. Although decomposition and skeletonization ultimately occur after burial, bodily changes that occur after burial are not discussed in this article. Disinterment is only sometimes warranted and is best accomplished in such cases through a cooperative effort among those requesting disinterment, the funeral director, the cemetery administrator, and the pathologist. If possible, autopsies should be performed according to law and prior to burial so that the need for disinterment is minimized.

Burial↗
PubMed1988

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone-like immunoreactive neurons in rabbit medulla oblongata.

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone-like immunoreactive (TRH-LI) neuronal cell bodies and processes were identified by using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method in the medullar oblongata of rabbits. TRH-LI cell bodies were mainly distributed in the ventral medulla (paraolivary and parapyramidal regions), and caudal raphe nuclei (nucleus raphe obscurus and nucleus raphe pallidus). TRH-LI processes with varicosities were densely distributed in the solitary nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and area postrema. TRH-LI processes appeared to be in contact with unlabelled cell bodies in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Microtubule-associated protein-2 and neurofilament immunoreactivity in neurons and small, intensely fluorescent cells of an amphibian cardiac ganglion.

The localization of two cytoskeletal proteins was analysed in the cell bodies and processes of ganglionic neurons and small, intensely fluorescent cells of the parasympathetic cardiac ganglion of Necturus maculosus (mudpuppy). Antibodies against microtubule-associated protein-2 and against the highly phosphorylated isoforms of high and middle molecular weight neurofilament subunits were used as somatodendritic and axonal markers, respectively. The ganglionic neurons, which usually have only one major process, and small, intensely fluorescent cells, which have several processes, showed distinctly different staining patterns with the two antibodies. In control and denervated ganglia, the ganglionic cell bodies and several hundred micrometers of the proximal processes were labeled with the antibody against microtubule-associated protein-2, whereas small, intensely fluorescent cells and processes showed a paucity of immunoreactivity. The neurofilament antibody labeled numerous axons in the ganglion but did not label the proximal part of the postganglionic process or small, intensely fluorescent cell processes. Denervation resulted in the presence of phosphorylated neurofilament subunit immunoreactivity in the soma and proximal process of the ganglionic neuron. These data suggest that (i) small, intensely fluorescent cells and ganglionic neurons in the mudpuppy cardiac ganglion contain distinctly different cytoskeletal proteins, (ii) the proximal part of postganglionic "axons" contains dendrite-like and not axon-like cytoskeletal proteins, and (iii) deafferentation promotes the localization of phosphorylated forms of neurofilament subunits in the soma and proximal process of parasympathetic ganglionic neurons.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Plain radiography of the lumbosacral spine in Marfan syndrome.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Marfan syndrome is a connective tissue disorder that results from a defect in the production of fibrillin. These patients tend to have several osseous anomalies of the lumbosacral spine. PURPOSE: This study examines the effectiveness of plain radiographic findings in predicting Marfan syndrome. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Case-control study. PATIENT SAMPLE: Fourteen height-matched controls and 33 patients with Marfan syndrome were obtained from our genetics clinic or through the National Marfan Foundation. OUTCOME MEASURES: Determined using measurements taken on plain radiographs. METHODS: Five measurements were acquired of the lumbosacral spine from the radiographs of both groups: interpedicular distance, scalloping value, sagittal canal diameter, vertebral body width and transverse process width. RESULTS: The following measurements were significantly larger in patients with Marfan syndrome: interpedicular distance at L1-L5 (p<.0001); sagittal diameters of the vertebral canal at L4-S2 (p<.01); transverse process to vertebral body width ratio at L2-L5 (p<.01). There was no significant difference in the scalloping values from L1-L5 between the patients with Marfan syndrome and the controls. A multivariate regression analysis generated the following criteria for plain film diagnosis of Marfan syndrome (two criteria need to be met for diagnosis): interpedicular distance at L5 greater than or equal to 36.0 mm, sagittal diameter at L5 greater than or equal to 13.5 mm or transverse process to vertebral width ratio at L3 greater than or equal to 2.25. CONCLUSION: Based on this criteria, patients can be diagnosed with Marfan syndrome with a high sensitivity (81.8%) but a low specificity (58.3%). Thus, plain radiography can be a useful means of screening patients with Marfan syndrome.

Adult↗