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At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Steady-state kinetic evaluation of the reverse reaction for Escherichia coli 5-enolpyruvoylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase.

Recently it has been found that the kinetic mechanism for Escherichia coli 5-enolpyruvoylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) in the forward direction is random with synergistic binding of substrates and inhibitors (K. J. Gruys, M. C. Walker, and J. A. Sikorski, 1992, Biochemistry 31, 5534). This work, however, did not address the reverse reaction with 5-enolpyruvoylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) and phosphate (Pi) as substrates where a similar question of random versus ordered addition of substrates remained. Previous transient-state kinetic results led to a proposal for an equilibrium-ordered mechanism, where binding of EPSP occurs first followed by Pi (K. S. Anderson, and K. A. Johnson, 1990, Chem. Rev. 90, 1131). Steady-state kinetic results of the reverse reaction presented here suggest that, like the forward reaction, addition of substrates occurs randomly. Initial velocity studies with EPSP and Pi show a normal intersecting pattern in the reciprocal plots, consistent with a random or steady-state-ordered mechanism, but not with equilibrium-ordered addition of substrates. Inhibition of the EPSPS reverse reaction by 5-amino-S3P or the S3P-glyphosate hybrid molecule gave the expected competitive patterns versus EPSP, but mixed noncompetitive patterns versus Pi. These results also disfavor an equilibrium-ordered model, but again are consistent with a random or steady-state-ordered mechanism. A more quantitative mechanistic analysis of the inhibition data to determine the true rather than apparent Ki values provides evidence for a random over a steady-state-ordered addition of substrates. These results in combination with previous findings lead to the conclusion that the mechanism is random addition of EPSP and Pi since it is the only possible model for substrate addition that is consistent with the cumulative data from all kinetic (transient- as well as steady-state) and direct binding studies.

3-Phosphoshikimate 1-Carboxyvinyltransferase↗
PubMed1996

Structural constraints on the ternary complex of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase from rotational-echo double-resonance NMR.

The 46 kDa enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase catalyzes the condensation of shikimate-3-phosphate (S3P) and phosphoenolpyruvate to form EPSP. The reaction is inhibited by N-(phosphonomethyl)-glycine (Glp), which in the presence of S3P, binds to EPSP synthase to form a stable ternary complex. As part of a solid-state NMR characterization of this structure, 15N labels were introduced selectively into the lysine, arginine and histidine residues of EPSP synthase and distances to a 13C label in Glp and to the 31P in S3P and Glp were measured by rotational-echo double-resonance NMR. Three lysine and four arginine residues are in the proximity of the phosphate group of S3P and the carboxyl and phosphonate groups of Glp. A single histidine residue is in the vicinity of the binding site (closer to Glp than to S3P) but is more distant than the lysine and arginine residues.

3-Phosphoshikimate 1-Carboxyvinyltransferase↗
PubMed2001

Cloning and overexpression in soluble form of functional shikimate kinase and 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase enzymes from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) resurged in the late 1980s and an estimated 1.87 million people died of TB in 1997. The reemergence of tuberculosis as a public health threat, the high susceptibility of HIV-infected persons, and the proliferation of multidrug-resistant strains have created a need to develop new antimycobacterial agents. The existence of a shikimate pathway has been predicted by the determination of the genome sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The M. tuberculosis aroK-encoded shikimate kinase and aroA-encoded 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase were cloned and the enzymes overexpressed in soluble form. Overexpression was achieved without isopropyl beta-d-thiogalactoside induction, and cells grown to stationary phase yielded approximately 30% of target proteins to total soluble cell proteins. Enzyme activity measurements using coupled assays demonstrated that there was a 328-fold increase in specific activity for shikimate kinase and 101-fold increase for EPSP synthase.

Cloning, Molecular↗
PubMed1999

A unique reaction in a common pathway: mechanism and function of chorismate synthase in the shikimate pathway.

Chorismate synthase, the seventh enzyme in the shikimate pathway, catalyzes the transformation of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate to chorismate which is the last common precursor in the biosynthesis of numerous aromatic compounds in bacteria, fungi and plants. The enzyme has an absolute requirement for reduced FMN as a cofactor, although the 1,4-anti elimination of phosphate and the C(6proR)-hydrogen does not involve a net redox change. The role of the reduced FMN in catalysis has long been elusive. However, recent detailed kinetic and bioorganic approaches have fundamentally advanced our understanding of the mechanism of action, suggesting an initial electron transfer from tightly bound reduced flavin to the substrate, a process which results in C-O bond cleavage. Studies on chorismate synthases from bacteria, fungi and plants revealed that in these organisms the reduced FMN cofactor is made available in different ways to chorismate synthase: chorismate synthases in fungi--in contrast to those in bacteria and plants--carry a second enzymatic activity which enables them to reduce FMN at the expense of NADPH. Yet, as shown by the analysis of the corresponding genes, all chorismate synthases are derived from a common ancestor. However, several issues revolving around the origin of reduced FMN, as well as the possible regulation of the enzyme activity by means of the availability of reduced FMN, remain poorly understood. This review summarizes recent developments in the biochemical and genetic arena and identifies future aims in this field.

Catalysis↗
PubMed1996

Transport of the antibacterial agent (6S)-6-fluoroshikimate and other shikimate analogues by the shikimate transport system of Escherichia coli.

We show that the antibacterial agent, (6S)-6-fluoroshikimate, is a substrate for the shikimate transport system of Escherichia coli because in exchange-diffusion experiments it displaced intracellular [14C]shikimate with the same kinetics as did unlabelled shikimate. Other shikimate analogues were also substrates: as judged by similar experiments or, in the case of (6R)-6-fluoroshikimate, by inference.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1983

Kinetics of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase inhibition by glyphosate.

The herbicide glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) is a potent reversible inhibitor of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase activity of the purified arom multienzyme complex from Neurospora crassa. Inhibition of the EPSP synthase reaction by glyphosate is competitive with respect to phosphoenolpyruvate, with K(i) 1.1 microM, and uncompetitive with respect to shikimate-3-phosphate. The kinetic patterns are consistent with a compulsory order sequential mechanism in which either PEP or glyphosate can bind to an enzyme: shikimate-3-phosphate complex.

3-Phosphoshikimate 1-Carboxyvinyltransferase↗
PubMed1993

Differential scanning calorimetric study of 5-enolpyruvoyl shikimate-3-phosphate synthase and its complexes with shikimate-3-phosphate and glyphosate: irreversible thermal transitions.

The thermal denaturation of native Escherichia coli 5-enolpyruvoyl shikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase, its binary complex with shikimate-3-phosphate (S3P) and its ternary complex with S3P and glyphosate have been studied using highly-sensitive differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). All observed transitions are strongly scanning-rate-dependent and irreversible. Consistent with these observations, the data were better fit by a simple irreversible model than by the controversial reversible model more commonly employed. The results obtained provide additional support for the application of irreversible models to the thermal denaturation of proteins. The calculated parameters, activation energy (Ea), enthalpy of denaturation (delta H) and transition temperature (Tm), obtained from fitting to an irreversible model agree well with values obtained from approximation techniques. Further, the results show that the formation of the ternary complex greatly enhances the thermal stability of the enzyme (delta Tm = 10.6 degrees C), while the binding of S3P alone increases the transition temperature only slightly (delta Tm = 3 degrees C). The heat of binding calculated at the transition temperature also demonstrates the greater stability of the ternary complex (delta H = -70 kcal/mol) versus the binary complex (delta H = -10 kcal/mol).

3-Phosphoshikimate 1-Carboxyvinyltransferase↗
PubMed2006

Determination of shikimate in crude plant extracts by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography.

A method based on micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) has been developed for the determination of shikimate in water and crude plant extracts. The analytes are separated in a cholate-taurine buffer by MECC at pH 7.3 and measured by direct UV detection at 206 nm. Shikimate showed linearity up to 12.5 mM, with a squared correlation coefficient (r(2)) of 0.9997. The method has concentration limit of detection (cLOD) and concentration limit of quantification (cLOQ) at 24.4 and 67.8 microM, respectively, corresponding to detection in the femtomol range. The number of theoretical plates (N) was estimated to 245,000 for the optimized system using a capillary with an effective length of 560 mm. The method was tested on plant samples by measuring the shikimate content in leaves of rapeseed plants grown in hydroponic solutions containing the herbicide glyphosate, a well-known inhibitor of the shikimate pathway. In crude extracts of these plants, shikimate was found to accumulate in the leaves, confirming earlier reports of shikimate as a potential biomarker for glyphosate treatment. The method now developed was also able to detect shikimate-3-phosphate, but this compound was not accumulated in glyphosate inhibited plants as found for shikimate.

Brassica rapa↗
PubMed2005

Plasmodium falciparum: interaction of shikimate analogues with antimalarial drugs.

The shikimate pathway for aromatic biosynthesis presents a target for antimalarial drug development as this pathway is absent from animals. This study extends previous work on inhibitors of the shikimate pathway, by examining their interaction with the antimalarial drugs pyrimethamine and atovaquone. Combinations of atovaquone with several shikimate analogues exhibited synergistic effects. These findings highlight potential use of shikimate pathway inhibitors in combination therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Crystallographic studies of shikimate binding and induced conformational changes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis shikimate kinase.

The X-ray crystal structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis shikimate kinase (SK) with bound shikimate and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) has been determined to a resolution of 2.15 A. The binding of shikimate in a shikimate kinase crystal structure has not previously been reported. The substrate binds in a pocket lined with hydrophobic residues and interacts with several highly conserved charged residues including Asp34, Arg58, Glu61 and Arg136 which project into the cavity. Comparisons of our ternary SK-ADP-shikimate complex with an earlier binary SK-ADP complex show that conformational changes occur on shikimate binding with the substrate-binding domain rotating by 10 degrees. Detailed knowledge of shikimate binding is an important step in the design of inhibitors of SK, which have potential as novel anti-tuberculosis agents.

Cloning, Molecular↗