SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Screen”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources

PubMed2002

[Integration of prenatal screening for Down syndrome in the first and third trimester (proposal for a screening protocol].

OBJECTIVE: Proposal of antenatal Down syndrome screening protocol using integration of first and second trimester results. DESIGN: Review. SETTING: Antenatal screening centre GENNET, Prague. METHODS: Search of relevant articles, software analysis and pilot implementation. RESULTS: Screening of Down syndrome (DS) is divided into two phases: at first phase combined DS risk is calculated using pregnancy plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) at 9th-11th gestational week and ultrasound fetal nuchal translucency (NT) at 11th-13th week with risk cut-off 1/100 (about 2 per cent of screened). Positive mothers are counselled immediately after NT measurement: First phase negative mothers continue to second phase where PAPP-A and NT values are integrated with second trimester screening results. Protocol is supported with special software (Obstetrician's Screening Guide-OSG). CONCLUSION: At proposed protocol the information on significant first trimester DS risk is not withheld to second trimester and mother can choose early prenatal diagnosis. Expected detection rate is near 90 per cent at 5 per cent false positive rate.

Biomarkers↗

PubMed1979

[Comparison of screens and screen-film-systems (author's transl)].

Important details are to be payed attention in comparison of different scrreens resp. screen-film-systems: 1. Physical characteristics of different groups of luminescent materials: f.i. calcium tung-state, rare-earths compounds, double halogenides. - 2. Different types of screens: highest details up to highest speed intensifying screens, have to be defined more specifically and differentiated against to each other too. - 3. Besides intensification, resolution has to be included into consideration since one of these dates alone does not allow any statement on the total function of a screen or a screen-film-system. - 4. The technical methodological conditions of apparatuses, object and its positioning have to be defined, f.i. X-ray quality, distances, grid, and in automatically controlled exposition, if necessary, position of ionization chamber as well as absorption of cassetts and screen. - 5. Considering these points gradation curves have to include the whole necessary or interesting diagnostic range. - 6. Due to functional correlation between intensification and resolution, the resolution has to be taken in consideration due to application; its interdependence of density and object (f.i. scattered radiation) is often not taken enough in consideration.

Humans↗

PubMed1984

Screening for gestational diabetes--analysis by screening criteria.

A previously studied glucose screening test for gestational diabetes was evaluated by six screening test criteria for appropriateness and cost effectiveness as a widespread screening tool. The test consisted of a serum glucose level in a pregnant patient one hour after 50 g of a glucose solution was ingested. Determination was made of price per case detected and of the number of cases missed when using this test or the oral glucose tolerance test on all prenatal patients or on a selected subset of patients. Screening all pregnant patients aged over 25 years for gestational diabetes with the one-hour glucose screening test is recommended. The need for further evaluation of the sensitivity of this screening test is discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

[Screening for Down's syndrome: results at the Klimentská Polyclinic Screening Center 1992-1994].

Between January 1992 and March 1994 in Klimentska Screening Centre 635 second trimester amniocenteses were performed because of the risk of a chromosomal aberration. 416 (66 per cent) procedures were recommended because of the mother's age over 35 years and 219 ones (34 per cent) because of a positive screening test. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotrophin were used as screening markers in most cases. Five trisomy 21 cases in the advanced age group were detected. Serum markers were assessed in three older mothers with an affected foetus after amniocentesis. All were ex post screen positive. Three trisomy 21 foetuses of mothers younger than 35 years were detected in the screen positive group. Recent advances in screening for Down's syndrome and other congenital defects are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Some ethical and design challenges of screening programs and screening tests.

BACKGROUND: There are many examples of inadequate screening studies because of design faults and consent problems. ISSUES: Informed consent is the right of each person engaged in a clinical interaction, including service and research involvement in presymptomatic screening. Any screening approach must answer questions of efficacy, effectiveness, availability and efficiency. Accurate information, presented in clear language, must state a realistic assessment of the limitations, harms and benefits of the screening, including the consequences of false positive and false negative tests. There must be no coercive element in obtaining consent. Written and oral information should be presented. It is also important to recognize cultural differences between societies that emphasize individual autonomy and those in which autonomy derives from membership of a family, group or community, thus requiring different strategies to protect the vulnerable. Testing for genetic disorders presents additional challenges, partly due to the presence of relatively small numbers of affected individuals in the population, but also because of the complexity of counseling, confidentiality issues and the potential for social, insurance or employment discrimination. CONCLUSIONS: It is becoming increasingly difficult to present the data for many screening procedures in ways that can be understood by possible participants, and at the same time deal clearly with the costs to society and the efficacy and efficiency of the tests.

Anemia, Sickle Cell↗

PubMed2002

Newborn mass screening and selective screening using electrospray tandem mass spectrometry in Japan.

Electrospray tandem mass spectrometry was applied to detect a series of inherited metabolic disorders during a newborn-screening pilot study and a selective screening in Japan. In our mass screening of 102,200 newborns, five patients with propionic acidemia, two with methylmalonic acidemia, two with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, three with citrullinemia type II, and one with phenylketonuria were identified. In a selective screening of 164 patients with symptoms mainly related to hypoglycemia and/or hyperammonemia, 12 with fatty acid oxidation disorders and six with other disorders were found. The results indicated the importance of newborn screening using this technology in Japan.

Humans↗

PubMed2003

Detection of proximal adenomatous polyps with screening sigmoidoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of screening colonoscopy.

BACKGROUND: The relative effectiveness of flexible sigmoidoscopy compared with colonoscopy to screen for colorectal cancer depends on the magnitude of the association between findings in the proximal and distal colon and the false-negative rate of screening sigmoidoscopy for proximal neoplasia. To address this, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of screening colonoscopy studies. METHODS: Published studies through July 31, 2000, of asymptomatic patients undergoing screening colonoscopy were identified from the MEDLINE database. We generated pooled estimates of the odds ratio for the association between findings in the distal and proximal colon and the prevalence of isolated proximal adenomatous neoplasia. RESULTS: Using the sigmoid-descending colon junction to identify the beginning of the distal colon, the pooled odds ratio for the association between distal adenomatous polyps and any proximal neoplasia was 2.40 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.42-4.05). Diminutive distal adenomatous polyps were also associated with proximal neoplasia (odds ratio, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.30-4.29). Distal hyperplastic polyps were not associated with proximal neoplasia (odds ratio, 1.44; 95% CI, 0.79-2.62). The prevalence of isolated advanced proximal neoplasia in the 3 studies was 2%, 3%, and 5%. Using the sigmoid-descending colon junction to identify the beginning of the distal colon yields a pooled estimate of isolated proximal neoplasia of 16.3% (95% CI, 13.6%-19.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Distal adenomatous polyps, including diminutive distal adenomatous polyps, are associated with an increased prevalence of synchronous proximal neoplasia. Two percent to 5% of patients undergoing screening colonoscopy may have isolated advanced proximal neoplasia. Even more patients may have isolated nonadvanced proximal neoplasia.

Adenomatous Polyps↗

PubMed1998

Neuroblastoma screening in the United States: results of the Texas Outreach Program for neuroblastoma screening.

BACKGROUND: Mass screening of infants for neuroblastoma began in Japan after studies suggested that survival rates could be improved by early detection. This study was initiated in 1991 to test the methodology and feasibility of screening for neuroblastoma within the U. S. health care system. METHODS: Infants ages 5-10 months (mean age, 9 months, 25 days) who were born in Texas were screened for neuroblastoma. An enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) for homovanillic acid (HVA) and vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) used to quantify the HVA and VMA was performed on urine extracted from specimens dried on filter paper. Infants were recruited to participate in the study by several methods, and the effectiveness of each method was determined by calculating compliance rates. RESULTS: Between February 1991 and June 1994 a total of 14,046 infants were recruited to participate in neuroblastoma screening. Neuroblastoma was detected in 2 children for an incidence rate of 1 in 7023. A total of 291,158 screening kits were distributed to the parents of these infants, resulting in an overall compliance rate of only 4.8%. Compliance rates varied by method of distribution of the test kits: Houston Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) clinic (53%), volunteers (31%), Rio Grande Valley WIC clinics (14.5%), the patient's private physician (9.9%), and by mail (4.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Early detection of neuroblastoma in infants ages 5-10 months was achieved using ELISA. Compliance rates were poor, but clinics with a preventive health focus, such as the WIC clinics, achieved higher compliance rates than did private physicians.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay↗

PubMed1996

Hypo-osmotic swelling test: a reliable screening assay for routine semen specimen quality screening.

We investigated whether the hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) test is a reliable screening method for routine semen specimen quality screening. Of 159 male patients, 171 semen samples were investigated using the HOS test as well as routine semen specimen screening used in our clinic. There was a significant correlation between the HOS test and most semen parameters. There was no significant correlation between the HOS test and the percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa in the initial semen sample. The HOS test is a reliable screening method for routine semen quality screening.

Humans↗

PubMed2007

Risk-based selection from the general population in a screening trial: selection criteria, recruitment and power for the Dutch-Belgian randomised lung cancer multi-slice CT screening trial (NELSON).

A method to obtain the optimal selection criteria, taking into account available resources and capacity and the impact on power, is presented for the Dutch-Belgian randomised lung cancer screening trial (NELSON). NELSON investigates whether 16-detector multi-slice computed tomography screening will decrease lung cancer mortality compared to no screening. A questionnaire was sent to 335,441 (mainly) men, aged 50-75. Smoking exposure (years smoked, cigarettes/day, years quit) was determined, and expected lung cancer mortality was estimated for different selection scenarios for the 106,931 respondents, using lung cancer mortality data by level of smoking exposure (US Cancer Prevention Study I and II). Selection criteria were chosen so that the required response among eligible subjects to reach sufficient sample size was minimised and the required sample size was within our capacity. Inviting current and former smokers (quit 15 cigarettes/day during >25 years or >10 cigarettes/day during >30 years was most optimal. With a power of 80%, 17,300-27,900 participants are needed to show a 20-25% lung cancer mortality reduction 10 years after randomisation. Until October 18, 2005 11,103 (first recruitment round) and 4,325 (second recruitment round) (total = 15,428) participants have been randomised. Selecting participants for lung cancer screening trials based on risk estimates is feasible and helpful to minimize sample size and costs. When pooling with Danish trial data (n = +/-4,000) NELSON is the only trial without screening in controls that is expected to have 80% power to show a lung cancer mortality reduction of at least 25% 10 years after randomisation.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

The clinical aspects of newborn screening: importance of newborn screening follow-up.

The aim of newborn screening is to identify presymptomatic healthy infants that will develop significant metabolic or endocrine derangements if left undiagnosed and untreated. The goal of ultimately reducing or eliminating irreversible sequelae is reached by maximizing test sensitivity of the primary newborn screening that measures specific analytes by a number of methodologies. Differentiation of true from false negatives is accomplished by the test specificity. This review discusses disorders for which, in general, there are available therapies and that are detected by routine and expanded newborn screening. Recommendations are presented for evaluation by a primary care physician, with confirmation by a metabolic or endocrinology specialist. Disorders are organized in tabular format by class of pathway or analyte, with attention to typical clinical presentations, confirmatory biochemical and molecular tests, and therapies. There are numerous challenges in clinical follow-up, including diagnosis and appropriate understanding of the consequences of the disorders. The data required to meet these challenges can be acquired only by large scale longitudinal comprehensive studies of outcome in children identified by newborn screening. Only with such data can newborn screening fully serve families.

Diagnostic Errors↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative study of survival of screen-detected compared with symptom-detected lung cancer cases. Japanese Lung Cancer Screening Research Group.

Survival rates were studied in 1,297 screen-detected and 1297 symptom-detected patients with lung cancer. Resections took place in 20 hospitals and institutions in the Japanese Lung Cancer Screening Research Group. 60.6% of the screen-detected lung cancer patients were from stage 0 to 11 and 39.4% were from stage III and IV. On the other hand, 27.1% of symptom-detected patients were from stage 0 to 11 and 72.9% were stage III to IV. In the screen-detected group, the tumor was peripheral in 83%, adenocarcinoma in 52.4% and the resectability rate was 66.5%. Five- and 10-year survival rates were 32.4% and 22.5% respectively in the screen-detected patients and 13.7% and 9.9% in symptom-detected patients.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Screening test accuracy studies: how valid are our conclusions? Application to visual inspection methods for cervical screening.

While the basic concepts associated with screening are simple, studying the value of new tests requires a very strict methodology. This paper summarizes lessons learned regarding appropriate methodologies to assess the value of new screening approaches using visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), a screening test for cervical pre-cancerous lesions, as an example. In addition to being convenient to, safe for and acceptable by target community members, a screening test should be reliable and have good test characteristics (i.e. be able to discriminate well between early disease and non disease). Test reliability assesses the degree to which repeated measurements of the test yields the same result. To ensure reproducibility of study findings, test reliability should be assessed before any evaluation of test accuracy. The accuracy of a test (specificity and sensitivity) is measured using cross-sectional studies with adequate sample size. Several basic features are necessary to ensure internal validity for such studies: (a) final disease status data should be obtained for all subjects, (b) all tests results must be determined independently of previous results, (c) the reference standard used to determine the disease status should be accurate, (d) the full "spectrum" of the disease should be included in the study. The study results should also have external validity to be applicable to other populations to which the test will be applied. All these consideration are exemplified by 17 very heterogeneous studies published to date assessing VIA test accuracy. The assessment of a new screening test is the first step in researching a new cancer prevention strategy. For this reason, this step should be carefully addressed through rigorous studies.

Acetic Acid↗

PubMed2007

Colorectal cancer screening among low-income African Americans in East Harlem: a theoretical approach to understanding barriers and promoters to screening.

African Americans (AAs) have the highest incidence rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) among all races in the US. These disparities may be attributed to lower participation in CRC prevention and control activities [e.g., flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS), fecal occult blood testing (FOBT)]. This is a current issue in East Harlem where less than half the residents in this area participate in CRC screening and mortality rates due to CRC are higher than the national average. We examined correlates of FS and FOBT screening among AAs based on the transtheoretical model (TTM) of behavior change. One hundred and eleven AA men and women, 50 years and older (51-92), low-income, and at average risk for CRC were recruited at an ambulatory care center in East Harlem. Assessments focused on sociodemographic, medical, psychosocial and TTM variables. The first logistic regression model showed that higher levels of education (p < 0.05), greater knowledge of FS (p < 0.05), and greater endorsements of Thinking Beyond Oneself (p < 0.05) were associated with adherence to FS screening guidelines. The second model showed that only greater knowledge of FOBT (p < 0.05) and receiving a physician's recommendation (p < 0.01) were significant correlates of adherence to FOBT screening guidelines. This study supported the application of components of the TTM for FS and FOBT screening among low-income AAs receiving care in an urban medical center and illustrated the need for interventions targeting both patients and their providers.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1991

Who is being screened for melanoma/skin cancer? Characteristics of persons screened in Massachusetts.

We conducted a survey of persons who voluntarily attended melanoma/skin cancer screenings in Massachusetts in 1987. Of 1219 persons asked to fill out a questionnaire, 1116 (92%) completed it. Our study demonstrates that persons attending the melanoma/skin cancer screening program were, for the most part, at risk for the disease and appropriately selected themselves to be screened. Most were women, well educated (with college or advanced degrees), and white. More than 86% had at least one risk factor for melanoma/skin cancer whereas 78% had at least two risk factors. Future studies are necessary to determine whether our experience can be verified. Additional efforts should try to attract those who are at risk but perhaps are less willing to attend screening programs--men and those of lower socioeconomic status. These efforts can help target screening to those at highest risk and maximize the yield of these public health efforts.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Breast cancer after a negative screen: follow-up of women participating in the DOM Screening Programme.

First-round screening results for women participating in the DOM project (a screening programme for early detection of breast cancer) are described for the age groups 40-49 and 50-64 at entry. In the younger age group, a low pick-up rate (1.96 per 1000) in proportion to the expected incidence rate in the absence of screening (1.46 per 1000) was found. For the older age group, these rates were 4.25 and 2.03, respectively, per 1000. Interval cancers occurred (relatively) more frequently in younger women. After 2 years the ratio between interval-cancers and screen-detected tumours was about 1:1 in the younger age group and 1:2.5 in the older age group. These different results can be caused by too low a sensitivity of mammography and/or a higher tumour growth rate at a young age. The sensitivity of the screen at various periods of follow-up, was compared: a rapidly decreasing sensitivity of mammography was seen for women under the age of 50, in contrast to a slower decrease for women over this age. This rapid decrease may be caused by a relatively high tumour growth rate in younger women.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Review of outcomes of neonatal screening for cystic fibrosis versus non-screening in Europe.

We reviewed the published results of European prospective cohort and controlled studies and 1 randomized controlled study to assess whether newborn screening (NBS) for cystic fibrosis (CF) leads to an improved prognosis. We used long-term survival, early mortality, nutritional and pulmonary status, and the number of hospital admissions as outcome measures. Effects on reproductive behavior of the parents and relatives were also assessed. In 2 studies, a similar trend for improved long-term survival rate of the screened cohort was observed, whereas in 2 other studies CF NBS appeared to prevent CF-related deaths in infancy and early childhood. Screened patients born in the last 2 decades showed normal growth for height and weight from infancy until late childhood. In most studies, patients who were screened were found to have less lung damage than their non-screened peers. CF NBS significantly reduced the number of affected children who ever required hospitalization. In Brittany, France, a reduction of 15.7% in CF prevalence at birth was attributed to the introduction of a NBS program for CF. We conclude that there is accumulating evidence that CF NBS prevents early CF-related deaths and leads to a substantial and prolonged health gain for patients with CF.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

Urine screening for aminoacidopathies: is it beneficial? Results of a long-term follow-up of cases detected bny screening one millon babies.

One million 6-week-old infants were screened for aminoacidurias and the long-term follow-up analyzed to assess the benefits of the screening program. Apart from phenylketonuria, now normally detected by blood screening at five days, the most frequent abnormalities identified were cystinuria, histidinemia, Hartnup disease, and iminoglycinuria. Other disorders occurred less frequently than 1:100,000. Early diagnosis provided unequivocal clinical benefit only for phenylketonuria. There was probable benefit to patients with cystinuria, homocystinuria, argininosuccinic aciduria, and to some patients with Hartnup disease. However, benefit of early diagnosis in these disorders, of which the combined incidence was 1:10,000, was not clear-cut; for example, in 68 cystinuric children, four had already developed renal stones despite close medical supervision and a regimen of increased fluid intake to the limits of tolerance. No patient detected with any other condition benefited, either because the condition appeared benign and was not treated, or because the disorder was serious or lethal and there was a bad outcome despite early diagnosis and treatment. Existing urine screening programs should explore the incidence and clinical significance of further biochemical abnormalities detectable in the newborn infant, but there is no indication at present for the initiation of new urine screening programs designed to detect only aminoacidurias.

Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors↗