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PubMed2005

The role of apical instrumentation in root canal treatment: a review of the literature.

The issue of final apical preparation size remains controversial despite considerable clinical and in vitro research. The astute clinician must be aware of this research before choosing any instrumentation system because the informed clinician's decision must be guided by the best available evidenced-based information. This review article generated a Medline-based search strategy to disclose these studies and provides a critique and summary of the results.

Dental Instruments↗

PubMed2004

Accuracy of probing attachment levels using a CEJ probe versus traditional probes.

BACKGROUND: Current interest in the assessment of probing attachment level measurements has been stimulated by recent introduction of novel periodontal probes as well as by the reclassification of periodontal diseases. Clinical attachment level (CAL) is currently the "gold standard" for diagnosing and monitoring periodontal diseases. AIM: To evaluate the performance of the newly introduced cementoenamel junction (CEJ) Probe in detecting CAL using the CEJ as a fixed reference point, and to compare the CEJ Probe with the Florida Disk Probe and a standard Manual Probe (North Carolina Probe). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three examiners probed 12 periodontal patients to determine intra- and inter-consistency of both the probes and the examiners, over a 4-week time interval. Subjects ranged in age from 22 to 74 years. The experimental design was structured to balance the intra- and inter-examiner consistency at the same site during the two visits. RESULTS: Using the PROC MIXED of SAS, a strong interaction (p<0.001) between the examiner and probes was found. The consistency of probing (repeatability of measurements) depended upon the type of periodontal probe used as well as the skill (experience) of the examiner. Overall, the CEJ Probe displayed a more consistent performance. The CEJ Probe demonstrated greater intra-examiner consistency than the Disk Probe for two examiners (p<0.01). The CEJ Probe also showed increased inter-examiner consistency (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The CEJ Probe has the potential to offer the dental team an efficient, accurate mechanism to chart and monitor attachment level measurements over time. Additional studies, using large numbers of examiners, are needed to assess more clearly the performance of each individual probe.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

The effect of application time of EDTA and NaOCl on intracanal smear layer removal: an SEM analysis.

AIM: To verify, under the scanning electron microscope (SEM), the influence of irrigation time with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on intracanal smear layer removal. METHODOLOGY: Twenty-one extracted human permanent teeth with single straight root canals were included. The root canals of the teeth were instrumented and, at the end of preparation, were irrigated with 3 mL of 15% EDTA, followed by 3 mL of 1% NaOCl for 1 min (group 1), for 3 min (group 2), and for 5 min (group 3). The canals of teeth in group 4 (control) did not receive the final irrigation. The teeth were sectioned longitudinally and prepared for an SEM. The dentinal wall of cervical, middle and apical thirds was graded according to the amount of debris and smear layer remaining on the walls. The results were analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Conover-Inman tests. RESULTS: In all the canals of experimental groups irrigation with EDTA and NaOCl completely removed the smear layer from the cervical and middle thirds. In the apical third, the dentine surface were partially covered, particularly in the teeth of group 1, where there was significantly more smear layer when compared with the other thirds in the same group (P<0.007). However, the Kruskal-Wallis test showed overall that there were no significant differences between groups 1, 2 and 3 (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: In this limited laboratory study, canal irrigation with EDTA and NaOCl for 1, 3 and 5 min were equally effective in removing the smear layer from the canal walls of straight roots.

Chelating Agents↗

PubMed2005

Influence of cervical preflaring on apical file size determination.

AIM: To investigate the influence of cervical preflaring with different instruments (Gates-Glidden drills, Quantec Flare series instruments and LA Axxess burs) on the first file that binds at working length (WL) in maxillary central incisors. METHODOLOGY: Forty human maxillary central incisors with complete root formation were used. After standard access cavities, a size 06 K-file was inserted into each canal until the apical foramen was reached. The WL was set 1 mm short of the apical foramen. Group 1 received the initial apical instrument without previous preflaring of the cervical and middle thirds of the root canal. Group 2 had the cervical and middle portion of the root canals enlarged with Gates-Glidden drills sizes 90, 110 and 130. Group 3 had the cervical and middle thirds of the root canals enlarged with nickel-titanium Quantec Flare series instruments. Titanium-nitrite treated, stainless steel LA Axxess burs were used for preflaring the cervical and middle portions of root canals from group 4. Each canal was sized using manual K-files, starting with size 08 files with passive movements until the WL was reached. File sizes were increased until a binding sensation was felt at the WL, and the instrument size was recorded for each tooth. The apical region was then observed under a stereoscopic magnifier, images were recorded digitally and the differences between root canal and maximum file diameters were evaluated for each sample. RESULTS: Significant differences were found between experimental groups regarding anatomical diameter at the WL and the first file to bind in the canal (P < 0.01, 95% confidence interval). The major discrepancy was found when no preflaring was performed (0.151 mm average). The LA Axxess burs produced the smallest differences between anatomical diameter and first file to bind (0.016 mm average). Gates-Glidden drills and Flare instruments were ranked in an intermediary position, with no statistically significant differences between them (0.093 mm average). CONCLUSIONS: The instrument binding technique for determining anatomical diameter at WL is not precise. Preflaring of the cervical and middle thirds of the root canal improved anatomical diameter determination; the instrument used for preflaring played a major role in determining the anatomical diameter at the WL. Canals preflared with LA Axxess burs created a more accurate relationship between file size and anatomical diameter.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2005

3D finite element model and cervical lesion formation in normal occlusion and in malocclusion.

The aim of this study was to develop a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model (FEM) of the first maxillary premolar in order to compare the stress profiles in the buccal and palatal cervical regions. The 3D geometry of the tooth was reconstructed, the solid model was transferred into a finite element program where a 3D mesh was created, and the stress distribution analysis was performed. Two typical cases have been considered: the tooth under normal occlusion (case I) and the tooth under malocclusion (case II). In case I, larger compressive stresses were found in the cervical enamel and dentine. Tensile stresses were found in the fissure system, adjacent area, and at the vestibular surface of the buccal cusp. The peak values for the principal stress ranged from -259 to +2.25 MPa in the cervical areas. In the case II, larger compressive stresses were found in the palato-cervical enamel and dentine. Tensile stresses were found inside the enamel in the fissure system, adjacent area, at the vestibular surface of the buccal cusp, and in the bucco-cervical enamel. The peak values for the principal stress ranged from -501.947 MPa in palatal region to +82.4 MPa in the buccal region This study implies a role of occlusal forces in development of non-carious lesions. In the case of malocclusion, tensile stresses generated on the cervical areas were higher compared with the stresses generated in the case of normal occlusion and it is probably capable of producing non-carious cervical lesion.

Bicuspid↗

PubMed1996

Effects of polyglactin mesh combined with resorbable calcium carbonate or replamineform hydroxyapatite on periodontal repair in dogs.

This study evaluates periodontal repair and biomaterial reaction following implantation of a polyglactin mesh with or without porous resorbable calcium carbonate (RCC) or porous replamineform hydroxyapatite (RHA) in conjunction with reconstructive surgery. Ligature- and surgically-induced interproximal periodontal defects of left and right mandibular premolar teeth in 7 dogs were used. Bilaterally, mesial defects of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th premolar teeth were treated with polyglactin mesh, polyglactin mesh and RHA, or polyglactin mesh and RCC, respectively. The polyglactin mesh, shaped according to the contour of the defect, was adapted to the experimental teeth; its coronal margin positioned immediately apical to the cemento-enamel junction. Gingival flap margins were adapted and sutured to cover the polyglactin mesh completely. Clinical healing was generally uneventful. The dogs were sacrificed to provide block sections for histologic evaluation at 1, 3, 6, 12, 26, 32 and 56 weeks following wound closure. Generally, cementum regeneration was observed beginning at week 6 in all groups. Bone regeneration was observed from week 3 in polyglactin mesh-treated groups, and from week 6 in polyglactin mesh+RCC or polyglactin mesh+RHA treated groups. Bone regeneration appeared enhanced in polyglactin mesh+RCC or polyglactin mesh+RHA treated defects at week 12 and 26, with little difference between the three experimental conditions at week 56. Polyglactin mesh degradation was observed at week 3 and appeared complete at week 12. The RHA did not appear to resorb, while the RCC was gradually replaced by bone from week 3. Within limitations of the study conditions, periodontal regeneration was observed following implantation of a polyglactin mesh with or without RCC or RHA in conjunction with reconstructive surgery. As a conclusion, there seems to be no significant difference in periodontal regeneration after 12 months of healing between the group treated with the membrane only, and the group treated with the membrane and the bone substitution material. Changes in connective fiber orientation over the 1st 12 weeks of healing may suggest that "fibrous encapsulation" observed in earlier studies may only represent a transient stage in periodontal regeneration.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Prevalence of cervical dentine sensitivity in a population of patients referred to a specialist Periodontology Department.

The reported prevalence of cervical dentine sensitivity (CDS) ranges from 8 to 35%. Detailed epidemiology of the condition, particularly with regard to possible causal factors, is lacking. In particular, no published data appear to exist on its prevalence in periodontal patients. The aim of the present study was therefore to determine the prevalence, distribution and severity of CDS in a population of patients referred to a Periodontology Department of a specialist postgraduate hospital. 507 patients (181 M; 326F, mean age 44.2 (SD 10.31) years) attending a periodontal clinic were assessed for CDS by a questionnaire. The results demonstrated a prevalence of CDS of 84% with no significant gender difference. 71.1% of patients perceived cold as the most common cause of discomfort. A higher prevalence of self-reported discomfort was observed between 40 and 49 years. Of the patients with a reported history of periodontal surgery (34.7%), those treated within 6 months prior to assessment appeared to be more at risk to CDS. Of the patients who received hygienist treatment (88.2%), only 10.5% reported discomfort persisting > or = 3 days after treatment. Generally, patients who complained of varying degrees of discomfort over time (84.5%) did not perceive the condition as severe and consequently did not seek treatment. The prevalence of CDS in these referred patients was very high, suggesting that periodontal diseases and/or treatment effects play a rôle in its aetiology.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Efficacy of a potassium nitrate mouthwash in alleviating cervical dentine sensitivity (CDS).

Potassium nitrate (KNO3) has been used previously in a dentifrice or gel to alleviate cervical dentine sensitivity (CDS). The aim of this study was to compare a 3% KNO3 Silica/NaF mouthwash with a NaF/silica mouthwash in a 6-week multi-centre double-blind study. 47 subjects (12M; 35F, mean age 36.2 (SD 11.46) years) participated in the study. Subjects were evaluated for tactile (Yeaple probe) and air sensitivity (dental air syringe) together with subjective perception of pain (0-10 scale) at 0, 2 and 6 weeks. Results for Yeaple probe (gm wt) (Wilcoxon paired rank test) between 6 weeks and baseline, were highly significant for both groups. Differences between groups at 6 weeks were statistically significant. Subjective Yeaple probe scores (paired t-tests) between 6 weeks and baseline were significant for both groups. There were no significant differences (unpaired t-tests) between groups over 6 weeks for subjective Yeaple probe scores. Subjective air scores (paired t-tests) between 6 weeks and baseline were significant for both groups. There were significant differences (unpaired t-tests) between groups in favour of the 3% KNO3/Silica/NaF group at 6 weeks. The 2 weeks and baseline results for both groups were the same as reported for 6 weeks and baseline. The results demonstrated that a 3% KNO3/Silica/NaF mouthwash compared to a Silica/NaF control significantly reduced CDS when evaluated by tactile and thermal stimuli. A 3% KNO3/silica/NaF mouthwash would, therefore appear to have therapeutic potential to alleviate CDS.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Alveolar bone anatomic profiles as measured from dry skulls. Clinical ramifications.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship of alveolar bone morphology to tooth shape and form. 111 dry skulls were evaluated at Baylor College of Dentistry (Dallas, Texas). The skulls were arbitrarily divided into flat, scalloped and pronounced scalloped anatomic profiles according to alveolar bone anatomy. The number of buccal dehiscences and fenestrations was determined for each skull according to their anatomic morphotype. 10 skulls from each group were selected for bone height measurements. The measurements were made with a periodontal probe and ruler from the height of the interproximal bone to the buccal alveolar crest. Kodachrome slides were used to measure mesial-distal tooth width and length from ten skulls from each anatomic category. The average number of fenestrations for each group was 3.5. The mean number of dehiscences for flat and scalloped skulls was 0.5. The average number of dehiscences for pronounced scalloped was 1.2. There were no significant differences when the groups were compared. The mean distance from the height of the interdental bone to the alveolar crest was statistically significant when the groups were compared (flat 2.1 mm, scalloped 2.8 mm, pronounced 4.1 mm) (Tukey, p = 0.05). There were no significant differences when tooth shapes were compared with bone anatomy. Pronounced scalloped anatomic profiles were slightly narrower when compared with the other groups. The observations reported have treatment ramifications when patients with scalloped or pronounced scalloped morphotypes are being considered for dental implant placement.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

A clinical evaluation of a bioresorbable barrier with and without decalcified freeze-dried bone allograft in the treatment of molar furcations.

This study evaluated a bioresorbable barrier with and without decalcified freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) in the treatment of human molar furcations. 14 subjects with paired class II mandibular molar furcation defects participated in the study (8 male and 6 female). The class-II furcation defects were randomly treated with either the resorbable barrier alone or resorbable barrier in combination with decalcified freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA). Gingival recession, probing depth, clinical attachment, and bone fill were measured 6 months post-treatment measurements were repeated and each site was surgically re-entered. When the resorbable barrier alone was compared to resorbable barrier in combination with DFDBA, probing depth reduction was significantly (p < 0.01) in favor of the combination therapy. Vertical bone gain was significant with the combination treatment demonstrating more bone fill (p < 0.02). Smoking was also a variable examined in this study. When compared to smokers, non-smokers for both treatment groups revealed greater probing depth reduction, vertical bone gain, and horizontal bone gain. Within the non-smoking group, probing depth reduction was also significantly higher for the resorbable barrier and DFDBA group than the resorbable alone group (p < 0.02). These results illustrate that the probing depth reduction is better in the non-smoker and the best in the non-smoker with the combination therapy of resorbable barrier and DFDBA than with resorbable barrier alone.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Selection of the most accurate method of conventional radiography for the assessment of periodontal osseous destruction.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the radiographic measurements of periodontal osseous destruction with the surgical measurements, which represent the true value of osseous destruction, and to select the most successful method of conventional radiography in detecting and accurately assessing periodontal osseous destruction. A total of 5072 proximal surfaces in 2536 teeth of 100 patients with periodontitis were evaluated surgically during periodontal flap surgery and radiographically by using periapical and panoramic radiography. Comparative evaluation of the measurements obtained by these 3 different methods of osseous destruction assessment revealed the following. (1) The radiographic detection ability of small osseous destruction (1-4 mm) was very low for both methods of assessment and became even lower for the initial osseous destruction (1 or 2 mm). (2) Periapical radiography was more successful than panoramic in the detection of osseous destruction, especially of the small destruction (4.7x). (3) Panoramic radiography underestimated the osseous destruction, whereas periapical radiography was relatively accurate in the osseous destruction assessment. (4) Periapical radiography was more accurate in the osseous destruction assessment than panoramic, regardless of the location of the dental surfaces (jaw, tooth group, mesial or distal) and the degree of osseous destruction. (5) The deviation of the radiographic measurements of osseous destruction from the surgical measurements, as well as the difference between the two radiographic methods, depended on the jaw location, the tooth group and the degree of osseous destruction. (6) The radiographic assessment of osseous destruction underestimated the osseous destruction in initial periodontitis, it was relatively accurate in moderate periodontitis, but overestimated it in severe periodontitis. The radiographic measurements of osseous destruction deviated least from the surgical measurements in the group of moderate periodontitis and most in that of severe osseous destruction. (7) The 2 radiographic methods agreed most in the assessment of osseous destruction in the severe periodontitis group and least in the initial periodontitis group. (8) The indirect Schei method was less successful in detecting the small osseous destruction and less accurate in assessing the osseous destruction than the direct millimetric method of radiographic evaluation. (9) The osseous destruction as assessed from periapical radiographs by the Schei method was not significantly different from that assessed by the radiopaque Fixot-Everett grid. The results of the present study suggest that periapical radiography is more successful in detecting periodontal osseous destruction and more accurate in assessing it than panoramic radiography.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

The rôle of a dentine-bonding agent in reducing cervical dentine sensitivity.

This double-blind split-mouth trial with 16 adult patients investigated the ability of a dentine bonding agent (DBA) to reduce cervical dentine sensitivity. Following stimulation of pairs of teeth by conventional tactile and air blast stimuli, together with controlled evaporative and cold fluid stimuli, sensitivity was recorded using tactile threshold, visual-analogue scale (VAS) and short-form McGill pain questionnaire (SFMPQ), prior to and 1 week following treatment with DBA. Prior to assessment, subjects recorded their perceived overall sensitivity using VAS and SFMPQ. Application of each stimulus was separated by 10 min. Sensitivity was recorded by a clinician blinded to the treatment status of each tooth. The control tooth was treated by applying DBA to coronal enamel. Dietary information was collected after the post-treatment assessment. There was a significant (p<0.05) improvement in tactile threshold and air flow and air blast VAS scores, together with reductions in sensitivity to evaporative stimuli when assessed by SFMPQ. Treatment response was not influenced by the subjects' age, gender, diet, use of fluoride-containing or silica-based toothpastes or fluoride mouthwashes, or a history of previous sensitivity treatment. It is concluded that topical application of DBA is an effective way to reduce cervical dentine sensitivity.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Probe penetration in relation to the connective tissue attachment level: influence of tine shape and probing force.

Previous research has shown that probing force and probe tine shape influence the clinically assessed probing depth. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of tine shape and probing force on probe penetration, in relation to the microscopically assessed attachment level in untreated periodontal disease. In 22 patients, scheduled for partial or full mouth tooth extraction and no history of periodontal treatment, 135 teeth were selected. At mesial and distal sites of the teeth reference marks were cut. Three probe tines, mounted in a modified Florida Probe handpiece, were tested: a tapered, a parallel and a ball-ended; tip-diameter 0.5 mm. The three tines were distributed at random over the sites. At each site increasing probing forces of 0.10 N, 0.15 N, 0.20 N, 0.25 N were used. After extraction, the teeth were cleaned and stained for connective tissue fiber attachment. The distance between the reference mark and the attachment level was determined using a stereomicroscope. The results showed that the parallel and ball-ended tine measured significantly beyond the microscopically assessed attachment level at all force levels; with increasing forces, the parallel tine measured 0.96 to 1.38 mm and the ball-ended tine 0.73 to 1.06 mm deeper. The tapered tine did not deviate significantly from the microscopic values at the forces of 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25 N. It can be concluded that for the optimal assessment of the attachment level in inflamed periodontal conditions, a tapered probe with a tip diameter of 0.5 mm and exerting a probing force of 0.25 N may be most suitable.

Connective Tissue↗

PubMed1998

Assessment of alveolar bone levels from intraoral radiographs in subjects between ages 15 and 94 years seeking dental care.

Studies have shown that <20% of the US population has periodontal disease. Studies of radiographs have shown that alveolar bone loss increases with age. Bone loss assessed from intraoral radiographs describing 10,282 teeth from 416 subjects seeking dental care during a 3 month period at the University of Washington were studied. The mean age of the subjects was 47.2 years (SD+/-15.2). The youngest subjects (15-24) had on average 29.6 teeth (SD+/-2.2) and the oldest subjects (75-94) 19.3 teeth (SD+/-6.6). This difference was statistically significant (F=16.57, p<0.001). No association was found between alveolar bone loss (CEJ-ABC), and TMD symptoms. Smoking was significantly associated with both general bone loss (CEJ-ABC) (chi(2)=114.9, p<0.0001), and vertical bone defects (angular) (chi(2)=101.8, p<0.0001). In this study population (15-94 years), alveolar bone loss progressed as defined by the slope (beta=0.29) between age 15-44, but was almost flat from age 50 years (beta=0.04). The data suggested an overall rate of alveolar bone loss of 0.02 mm per year. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that smoking was the primary factor in bone loss (t= 7.7, p<0.0001), followed by age (t=7.0, p<0.001) and gender (t=3.0, p<0.01). TMD symptoms could not explain the presence and severity of horizontal or vertical defects. If the CEJ-ABC distance above the mean plus 2x the SD was used as the cutoff value to define abnormal bone levels, 10.9% of the younger (15-45 years), and 10.7% of the older subjects (50-94) had significant alveolar bone loss. 73.9% of the younger and 100% of the older subjects with such extent of alveolar bone loss were smokers.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Regenerative periodontal surgery with non-resorbable and biodegradable barriers: results after 24 months.

The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with non-resorbable (ePTFE) and biodegradable barriers (Polyglactin 910). 23 patients provided 29 pairs of similar contralateral periodontal defects (12 pairs of interproximal intrabony lesions, 11 pairs of degree II and 6 pairs of degree III furcation defects). Each defect was randomly assigned to treatment with either non-resorbable (control [c]) or biodegradable (test [t]) devices. At baseline, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after surgery, clinical measurements (PlI, GI, PPD, PAL-V, PAL-H) were performed. Standardized radiographs were obtained at baseline 12 and 24 months postsurgically. On the radiographs, the linear distances from the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar crest (AC) and from the CEJ to bottom of the bony defect (BD) were measured using a computer-assisted analysing method (LMSRT). Both treatments revealed a significant (p<0.05) PPD reduction [all defects: -2.97 +/- 1.90 mm (t), -2.21 +/- 1.73 mm (c); intrabony defects: -4.00 +/- 1.96 mm (t), -3.00 +/- 1.87 mm (c); degree II furcations: -2.67 +/- 0.97 mm (t), -2.08 +/- 1.54 mm (c)], PAL-V gain [all defects: 2.02 +/- 1.83 mm (t), 1.18 mm +/- 1.50 (c); intrabony defects: 3.45 +/- 1.48 mm (t), 1.95 +/- 1.64 mm (c); degree II furcations: 1.33 +/- 0.94 mm (t), 0.92 +/- 1.47 mm (c)], PAL-H gain [degree II furcations: 2.22 +/- 0.94 mm (t), 1.86 +/- 0.60 mm (c)], and radiographic changes [CEJ-AC: -0.56 +/- 1.98 mm (t), -0.06 +/- 1.19 mm (c); CEJ-BD: 2.10 +/- 1.92 mm (t), 1.24 +/- 2.04 mm (c)] after 24 months. For degree III furcations, neither statistically significant PPD reduction nor PAL-V gain was observed. Similar clinical and radiographic results were found 12 and 24 months after surgical treatment using either non-resorbable or biodegradable barriers. More favorable results concerning PAL-V gain in interproximal intrabony defects could be observed with biodegradable barriers after 24 months than using nonresorbable membranes. Whereas interproximal intrabony lesions and degree II furcation defects responded favorably to GTR therapy, through-and-through furcations must be looked upon as a contraindication for this regenerative technique. Based on the results of the present study, the use of biodegradable barriers in GTR may be recommended and, thereby, a surgical re-entry to remove nonresorbable barriers can be avoided.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Interleukin-1 levels in gingival crevicular fluid adjacent to restorations of calcium aluminate cement and resin composite.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this clinical study was to intra-individually compare Class V restorations of a calcium aluminate cement (CAC), resin composite and enamel with respect to the adjacent levels of interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). The hypothesis was that there are higher IL-1 levels adjacent to resin composite, compared with CAC and enamel. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 15 subjects, at least one set of two Class V restorations with subgingival margins, one CAC and one universal hybrid resin composite, and one control surface of enamel were included. In a cross-sectional study and on days 0, 3 and 7 of an experimental gingivitis study, GCFs were collected with Periopaper for 30 s. The GCF concentrations of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and IL-1ra were quantified with enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS: Neither the cross-sectional study nor the experimental gingivitis study showed any significant differences in the levels of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and IL-1ra between CAC, resin composite and enamel sites (p>0.05). In the cross-sectional study, low IL-1 concentrations were observed. The IL-1 levels increased significantly during the experimental gingivitis. CONCLUSION: Regardless of CAC or resin composite, the restorations per se did not affect the GCF levels of IL-1 and IL-1ra, neither at healthy gingiva, nor at initiation of plaque-related gingival inflammation.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Is pre-term labour associated with periodontitis in a Danish maternity ward?

OBJECTIVES: To reveal differences in periodontal status and presence of subgingival bacteria in a Scandinavian population of women with pre-term birth compared with women who delivered at term. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-one women with pre-term labour (before week 35) and 33 women with term labour (between weeks 38 and 41) were included in this case-control study. Periodontal measurements included plaque index (PlI), probing pocket depth (PPD) and bleeding on probing (BOP). Inter-proximal distances from the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) to the marginal bone crest (MBC) were measured on bitewing radiographs. In 31 patients (16 cases and 15 controls) the subgingival plaque was analysed using "checkerboard" DNA-DNA hybridization. RESULTS: Differences between the two examined groups were found related to "Twin births" (p=0.0064) and "Smokers" (p=0.03). None of the periodontal measurements showed any association. Significant differences were found concerning presence of Tannerella forsythensis, Treponema denticola, Peptostreptococcus micros, Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus sanguis and Capnocytophaga ochracea but when defining sites with >10(5) bacteria as heavily colonized, no statistical difference was found between the two groups. CONCLUSION: A relation between pre-term birth and periodontitis was not revealed in the present study.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Smokeless tobacco (snuff) use and periodontal bone loss.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to investigate a possible association between the use of Swedish moist snuff and periodontal bone loss. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out on 84 apparently healthy men in the age range 26-54 years, 25 current snuff users, 21 former snuff users, and 38 never-users. The periodontal bone height was evaluated from bitewing radiographs measuring the distance from the cement-enamel junction (CEJ) to the periodontal bone crest (PBC) at pre-molars and molars in each quadrant of the dentition. RESULTS: The mean (95% confidence interval (95% CI)) CEJ-PBC distance was 1.00 (0.87-1.13), 1.12 (0.97-1.26), and 1.06 (0.95-1.16) mm for current users, former users, and never-users, respectively. The association between snuff use and bone height level controlling for age was not statistically significant (anovaF = 0.3, p > 0.05). There was, further, no statistically significant difference between light and heavy exposure users controlling for age (anovaF = 1.0, p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our observations suggest that the use of Swedish moist snuff is not associated with periodontal bone loss.

Adult↗