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PubMed2002

State anxiety responses to acute resistance training and step aerobic exercise across eight weeks of training.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to contrast state anxiety responses to acute aerobic and resistance exercise across an 8-week period. METHODS: State anxiety (STAI-Y1) was assessed immediately prior to and 5 min following 50-min exercise sessions in 42 adults enrolled in introductory level resistance training or step aerobic exercise classes. Participants were instructed to maintain an intensity between 70-80% of their own maximum in both exercise conditions. State anxiety was assessed at weeks one, four and eight of 16-week courses. RESULTS: Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that state anxiety decreased (p<0.05) following both exercise conditions (step aerobics: 36.65 to 33.03; resistance training: 35.12 to 30.39). The magnitude of the reduction did not differ significantly between conditions, nor did it change from week one to week eight. Participants were grouped into high and low baseline state anxiety groups to determine the potential influence of baseline anxiety. Reductions (p<0.05) in state anxiety were observed for the high baseline groups (step aerobics: 49.7 to 40.4; resistance: 47.6 to 38.5), and following step aerobic exercise for the low baseline group (29.9 to 26.8). However, state anxiety did not decrease (29.6 to 29.5) following resistance exercise in the low baseline group. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate state anxiety reductions occur following 50-min of aerobic exercise or weight training, and responses were not altered across 8-weeks of training. Similar state anxiety reductions were observed for each exercise mode in cases with elevated baseline state anxiety values, low baseline state anxiety levels were significantly reduced solely in the step aerobics condition.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

[Athletic training of children and adolescents: growth and maturation more important than training for endurance in the young].

The effects of physical training in children differ from those in adults. The study of longterm effects is hampered by the lack of standardised criteria of growth in size and strength, and the standard variables usually adopted (percentage change in weight or body surface area) are as artificial as the absolute values. A review of available evidence suggests the effects of training on aerobic and anaerobic capacity, muscle strength, and flexibility to be limited before puberty, to be impossible to measure during the physical development of pubescence, and not to yield manifest benefit until after puberty. In contrast, prepubescent training of technique and motor skills yields lasting benefits, whereas--as with adults--the benefits derived from training of condition and strength rapidly disappear if not continually maintained.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Effects of weight training on quality of life in recent breast cancer survivors: the Weight Training for Breast Cancer Survivors (WTBS) study.

BACKGROUND: Aerobic exercise training has been shown to have beneficial effects on quality of life (QOL) in breast cancer survivors. However, the effects of weight training on psychological benefits are unknown. We sought to examine the effects of weight training on changes in QOL and depressive symptoms in recent breast cancer survivors. METHODS: A convenience sample of 86 survivors (4-36 months posttreatment) was randomized into treatment and control groups. The primary outcomes were changes in QOL (CARES short form) and depressive symptoms (CES-D) between baseline and month 6 in this randomized controlled trial. RESULTS: Over 6 months the physical global QOL score improved in the treatment group compared with the control group (Standardized Difference = 0.62, P = .006). The psychosocial global score also improved significantly in the treatment group compared with the control group (Standardized Difference = 0.52, P = .02). There were no changes in CES-D scores. Increases in upper body strength were correlated with improvements in physical global score (r = 0.32; P <.01) and psychosocial global score (r = 0.30; P <.01). Increases in lean mass were also correlated with improvements in physical global score (r = 0.23; P <.05) and psychosocial global score (r = 0.24; P <.05). CONCLUSION: Twice-weekly weight training for recent breast cancer survivors may result in improved QOL, in part via changes in body composition and strength.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

[Continued training of elderly workers with reference to changes in the organization of continuing vocational training].

In the following contribution the under-proportional participation rate of older workers in vocational training is analyzed. Regarding the changes concerning the organization of vocational training to more job-integrated, self-directed and computer-based learning the consequences for training opportunities, motivation to learn and performance possibilities as well as institutional basic conditions to optimize the participation of elderly workers in further training are discussed.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

Skeletal muscle buffering capacity and endurance performance after high-intensity interval training by well-trained cyclists.

Skeletal muscle buffering capacity (beta m), enzyme activities and exercise performance were measured before and after 4 weeks of high-intensity, submaximal interval training (HIT) undertaken by six well-trained competitive cyclists [mean maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) = 66.2 ml.kg-1.min-1]. HIT replaced a portion of habitual endurance training and consisted of six sessions, each of six to eight repetitions of 5 min duration at 80% of peak sustained power output (PPO) separated by 1 min of recovery. beta m increased from 206.6 (17.9) to 240.4 (34.1) mumol H+.g muscle dw-1.pH-1 after HIT (P = 0.05). PPO, time to fatigue at 150% PPO (TF150) and 40-km cycle time trial performance (TT40) all significantly improved after HIT (P < 0.05). In contrast, there was no change in the activity of either phosphofructokinase or citrate synthase. In addition, beta m correlated significantly with TT40 performance before HIT (r = -0.82, P < 0.05) and the relationship between change in beta m and change in TT40 was close to significance (r = -0.74). beta m did not correlate with TF150. These results indicate that beta m may be an important determinant of relatively short-duration (< 60 min) endurance cycling activity and responds positively to just six sessions of high-intensity, submaximal interval training.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Surgical activity by Spanish Residents in Neurosurgery under the Training Programme in place since 1984 and changes to be implemented under the New Training Programme.

The Spanish National Committee for Neurosurgery has recently approved a new training programme which will shortly replace the former programme, which dates from 1984. The object of this report was to evaluate training in neurosurgery in Spain under the extant programme as perceived by the residents themselves. Assessment of any educational shortcomings might help in designing and evaluating the new one. Secondary objects were to present and discuss the principal changes to be implemented by the new programme.A questionnaire was circulated to the entire population of Spanish neurosurgical residents nation-wide (N = 62) in 2000, and this was repeated using the same group in 2001 and 2002. Residents were to answer questions concerning their experience during the reporting year and the preceding years, the results compiling information for 1996 to 2002. The questionnaire covered 72 surgical procedures listed in ascending order of complexity, with a five-point scale of surgical responsibility for each type. Responses were received from 48 residents. Spanish residents appeared to uniformly fulfil the general requirements of the former programme. The main shortcomings identified were low levels of surgical activity for certain special operations, especially functional and skull base approaches, and the absence of a log book specific to neurosurgery. The new training programme developed by the Spanish National Committee for Neurosurgery has taken these shortcomings into consideration and has introduced major changes in order to ensure that training will be improved on an ongoing basis.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2005

Training the next generation of researchers in work disability prevention: the Canadian Work Disability Prevention CIHR Strategic Training Program.

INTRODUCTION: There is a need to create, disseminate, and implement new knowledge in the work disability prevention (WDP) field. Training programs attracting high-quality applicants and taking into account the complexity of this emerging field are urgently needed. METHODS: An advanced training program, funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), was developed by 24 mentors affiliated with nine different universities. The main objective of this program is to develop transdisciplinary knowledge, skills, and attitudes regarding WDP. This program has been developed for PhD students or post-doctoral fellows already registered full-time in a Canadian or recognized foreign university whose main interest is WDP, regardless of the health problem. RESULTS: Since its implementation, the program received two successive cohorts of 10 students. They were registered in 13 universities in five countries and trained in nine different disciplines. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCES: Appropriate WDP research may save major societal costs attributable to prolonged work disability. The proposed training program will contribute to developing tomorrow's research workforce.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed2006

Resident training in neurosurgical oncology: results of the survey of North American training programs by the AANS/CNS Section on Tumors.

OBJECTIVE: The AANS/CNS Section on Tumors is involved in the education of practitioners managing patients with tumors involving the nervous system. We report the results of a survey commissioned by this body to investigate how neurosurgical residents are trained in the neurosurgical oncology subspecialty. METHODS: One hundred six North American training centers were anonymously surveyed regarding faculty background; resident rotations, research opportunities, and caseload; and post-graduate neuro-oncology-related activities. Additionally, the AANS membership database was searched to quantify self-identified neuro-oncologists. RESULTS: Forty-four of 106 (41.5%) programs responded to the survey. Over 90% of responding programs have a faculty member specializing in neurosurgical oncology. Neurosurgical oncology fellowships or dedicated neuro-oncology resident rotation were found only in a small number of programs. Most residency programs support resident research, including exposure to brain tumor clinical trials. Twenty-nine (66%) programs reported their residents are exposed to >100 surgical cases of primary brain tumors. Twenty (46%) programs reported their residents are exposed to <50 skull base tumors. Thirty (70%) programs reported their resident would be exposed to <50 spine and peripheral nerve tumor cases. Half of the responding programs indicated that graduates of their programs had taken faculty positions focusing on neurosurgical oncology. Fifty-two members of the tumor section are in leadership positions for their given residency programs. CONCLUSIONS: Neuro-surgical oncology training appears to be strong at the programs that responded to our survey. However, resident training in neurosurgical oncology can be improved and residents with interests in this subspecialty need support to further this field.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed1995

Postdoctoral training in clinical chemistry: laboratory training aspects.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a general outline for a 2-year postdoctoral training program in clinical chemistry, and a detailed outline of the first year laboratory training program. METHODS & RESULTS: Essential elements of the 2-year Postdoctoral Training Program in Clinical Chemistry at the University of Toronto are its didactic courses and a comprehensive, structured laboratory rotation in the first year. Residents rotate in hospital laboratories in both years of the Program. The hospital laboratory rotation in first year includes a 36-week laboratory rotation based on the Laboratory Training Program Manual. In the second year, they consolidate the basic knowledge acquired in first year and gain experience in pediatric testing and other specialty areas. In both years, residents attend teaching and ward rounds on a regular basis, investigate unusual test requests and patient results, and make regular presentations at case presentation and journal club sessions. They undertake research and development projects which lead to presentations at scientific meetings and to publication. Residents attend departmental management meetings, arrange discussions on management topics, and attend a short course on key management topics. Approaches for strengthening the knowledge and skills of residents in the areas of hematology, microbiology and pathology are being developed. CONCLUSION: The program outline described should provide a useful framework for other such programs both nationally and internationally.

Academic Medical Centers↗

PubMed1989

Hormonal and metabolic responses of untrained, moderately trained, and highly trained men to three exercise intensities.

Untrained, moderately trained (runners, 15 to 25 mi/wk), and highly trained (runners, greater than 45 mi/wk) men participated in graded treadmill exercise at 50%, 70%, and 90% of their maximal oxygen consumption to quantify the relation between intensity of exercise and sympathetic nervous system and metabolic responses. Sympathetic system activation was noted at all intensities tested and was proportional to the relative exercise intensity. The magnitudes of the norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) responses were similar in all three groups of men at each relative exercise intensity and correlated with the magnitudes of change in levels of circulating plasma adrenocorticotropin hormone, cortisol, lactate (La), phosphate (Pi), and glucose (GI). The magnitudes of change in concentrations of La, Pi, and GI were also similar for the three groups at each relative exercise intensity. In contrast, a lower degree of sympathetic system activation in response to a given absolute workload was noted in the moderately and highly trained men as compared to that of the untrained men. Sympathetic and metabolic responses to exercise are similar under conditions of comparable relative exercise intensities, regardless of conditioning level. The sympathetic-adrenal medullary system is more sensitive to exercise than the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. For a given absolute workload, the degree of activation significantly lower in trained individuals.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗

PubMed1992

The need for multidisciplinary training in counseling the medically ill. Report of the training committee of the Linda Pollin Foundation.

Training for medical counselors requires that medicine and psychiatry give up the position that counseling is only a negligible offshoot that almost any professional can readily do. Instead, counseling can be considered a generic concept that covers a wide variety of interventions designed to help patients cope with the complications and consequences of their chronic illness. This report outlines the principles and scope of training for consideration in the area of counseling the medically ill and reviews the current status of training programs in the fields of psychiatry, psychology, social work, and nursing. Recommendations are made for future directions, including role clarification for disciplines, building a credible research base, provision of guidelines and possible accreditation, and incorporating medical counseling into training fellowships.

Chronic Disease↗

PubMed1995

Diabetes service management training and the need for a patient perspective: a 10-year evolution of training strategies and goals.

In 1977, the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare published guidelines for comprehensive care of patients with diabetes. The Stockholm County (1.6 million inhabitants) responded and opened a Diabetes Education and Training Centre, LUCD, in 1979. The goal was to reduce the impact of long-term complications. The centre should translate available knowledge about diabetes care into clinical practice, promoting a shift of patients and resources to the primary health care sector. Follow-up studies and new knowledge have changed the short-term training strategies; the long-term goal has remained unchanged. Current work is concentrated on training of staff, improving methods to support better patient learning, aiding organisational changes, and supporting large-scale interventions aimed at both patients, staff and the public. The patient can realize the goals. Knowledge and demands expressed by persons with diabetes are necessary for improvements of diabetes care. The skilled patient is also a guarantee for continuity of care. Regular follow-up of diabetes services was an important impetus for progressive change of short-term training strategies.

Area Health Education Centers↗

PubMed2006

Residency training as technology matures a survey of radiology residents' training experiences.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study is to assess radiology resident training experience in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), obstetrical (OB) ultrasound (US), carotid US, and barium esophagram. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred eighteen radiology residents completed surveys. Surveys assessed resident year of residency training, hospital size, program affiliation with an academic institution, state, performance of the examinations listed, number of examinations performed per week, and number of weeks spent on rotations for each modality. The study was approved by the institutional review board and was Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) compliant. t-Test and chi-square test were performed, and results were analyzed for statistical significance. RESULTS: Most (94 respondents; 80%) respondents were third-year residents, 101 residents (86%) stated their program was affiliated with an academic institution, 92 residents (78%) performed cardiac MRI, 104 (88%) performed PET, 84 (71%) performed OB US, 71 (60%) performed carotid US (one did not respond), and all performed esophagrams (although one did not respond). Only performance of cardiac MRI and PET correlated positively with a larger average hospital size (P < .01). Residents at an academically affiliated program were significantly more likely to perform cardiac MRI (P < .05). Geographic region significantly affected likelihood of performance of cardiac MRI only. CONCLUSION: Such factors as hospital size, academic institution affiliation, and geography affect radiology resident training, particularly for such maturing applications as cardiac MRI and PET. This information may be useful in attempts to standardize radiology residency training.

Diagnostic Imaging↗

PubMed2006

Positive interpretation training: effects of mental imagery versus verbal training on positive mood.

Therapists often assume a special association between mental imagery and emotion, though empirical evidence has been lacking. Using an interpretation training paradigm, we previously found that imagery had a greater impact on anxiety than did verbal processing of the same material (Holmes & Mathews, 2005). Although the finding of a differential impact of imagery versus verbal processing of negative material was replicated, findings did not extend to benign material. Results therefore left open the question of whether there may be a special association between imagery and positive emotion. The current experiment examined positive interpretation training. Numerous scenarios were presented with initial ambiguity as to positive outcome or not, with final information then yielding consistently positive resolutions. Participants were asked to either imagine these positive events or to listen to the same descriptions while thinking about their verbal meaning. Those participants in the imagery condition reported greater increases in positive affect and rated new descriptions as being more positive than did those in the verbal condition. Results suggest that positive training can be enhanced through imagery as opposed to verbal processing. This study also provides the first test of a standardized intervention using an "interpretive bias training" paradigm to improve positive mood.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Comparison of skill training with robotic systems and traditional endoscopy: implications on training and adoption.

BACKGROUND: Robotic systems are being used by an increasing number of surgeons. This environment is markedly different from that of traditional surgery and involves videoscopic guidance, remote surgical control, and the loss of haptic feedback. Defining how surgeons learn with these systems is necessary to establish training protocols for this technology. This study compared the learning curve for a robotic surgical system with that of traditional endoscopy in the performance of two standardized skill drills. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty participants (average age 27 +/- 4 years, six females) repeated two standardized endoscopic dexterity and depth perception drills for 15 repetitions with the ZEUS robotic surgical system and manual endoscopic instruments (MAN). A score combining time and precision was given for each repetition. The learning curves and overall performance with and without robotic assistance were compared. RESULTS: For both MAN and ZEUS, improvements in performance were significantly greatest during the first five repetitions (P < 0.01, for both). Participants reached the training curve plateau faster with ZEUS than with conventional instruments (8th versus 10th for both drills). Using robotic assistance, dominant and non-dominant hand performance were statistically similar. The number of errors committed with ZEUS were significantly fewer for drill two (0.09 errors/repetition versus 0.24 errors/repetition, P = 0.002) compared to manual technique. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that training curves for conventional and robotic-assisted systems are remarkably similar. This should prove useful in the training and education of this new technology. This study further suggested that robotics may increase ambidexterity by improving non-dominant hand performance.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

CHEMLEARN: microcomputer-based training for CHEMLINE, an alternative to formal classroom training.

CHEMLINE (CHEMical Dictionary OnLINE), the National Library of Medicine's online chemical dictionary file, is primarily used by librarians and information scientists to enhance the retrieval of bibliographic information associated with chemical substances. This paper will discuss CHEMLEARN, a microcomputer-based training program designed to provide inexpensive, easily accessible self-instruction as an alternative to formal classroom training in the use of CHEMLINE. CHEMLEARN allows novice users to learn at their own pace and with considerable program feedback. In addition, it provides the skilled searcher with a way to reinforce or recall previously learned search techniques without incurring online charges. CHEMLEARN may be used in place of formal training or as a precursor to or a refresher following formal training.

Chemical Phenomena↗

PubMed2000

The effect of heart rate controlled low resistance circuit weight training and endurance training on maximal aerobic power in sedentary adults.

The effects of a 12-week low resistance circuit weight training (CWT) on cardiovascular and muscular fitness were studied in 90 healthy sedentary adults. The subjects were randomized into three equally fit groups: CWT, Endurance (END) and Control (CON) according to their maximal aerobic power (VO2max). Both training groups exercised for 12 weeks, 3 days a week in sessions of 40 min, with a heart rate (HR) level of 70-80% HRmax. The CWT group trained with air resistance machines. Heart rate was controlled by setting the speed of movement. The END group walked, jogged, cross-country skied or cycled. The net differences (between pre- and posttraining changes) between the CWT and CON groups was statistically significant for VO2max (2.45 ml x min(-1) x kg(-1), 95% CI 1.1; 3.8), for abdominal muscles (3.7 reps, CI 0.3; 7.1), for push-ups (1.1 reps, CI 0.2; 2.1), and for kneeling (2.25 reps, CI 0.01; 4.5). The net difference (between pre- and posttraining changes) in the END and CON groups was statistically significant for VO2max (2.75 ml(-1) x min(-1) x kg(-1), 95% CI 0.9; 4.6), and kneeling (3.0 reps, CI 0.7; 5.3). Low resistance CWT with moderately hard HR level has effects comparable to an equal amount of endurance training on the cardiovascular fitness of sedentary adults. The CWT model was benefical also on muscular fitness. Based on the results, this type of exercise can be recommended for beginners because of its multilevel effects.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Generalization effects of coping-skills training: influence of self-defense training on women's efficacy beliefs, assertiveness, and aggression.

Concern for personal safety is a pervasive stressor for many women. Developing competencies in physical self-defense may empower women to engage more freely in daily activities with less fear. This study assessed the effects of physical self-defense training on multiple aspects of women's perceived self-efficacy and other self-reported personality characteristics. Training powerfully increased task-specific (self-defense) efficacy beliefs as well as physical and global efficacy beliefs. Training increased self-reported assertiveness, and posttraining decreases in hostility and aggression were found on several of the subscales of The Aggression Questionnaire (A. H. Buss & M. Perry, 1992), indicating that training did not have an aggression-disinhibiting effect. In the experimental condition, most of the effects were maintained (and some delayed effects appeared at follow-up.

Adaptation, Psychological↗