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At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources

PubMed2001

Introducing a pneumococcal vaccine to an existing influenza immunization program: vaccination rates and predictors of noncompliance.

PURPOSE: Influenza vaccination has been recommended for all elderly people in The Netherlands since 1996, with greater than 80% compliance. It is unknown, however, if the addition of another vaccine to this immunization program will affect compliance. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: General practitioners offered a pneumococcal vaccine together with the yearly influenza vaccination to 3365 patients aged 65 years and older. A questionnaire was then mailed to a stratified sample (n = 972) of these patients. Factors associated with noncompliance with vaccination were assessed using polytomous logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 2529 patients (75%) received the pneumococcal vaccine and 2812 (84%) received the influenza vaccine. Predictors of noncompliance with the pneumococcal vaccine were perceived lack of recommendation by the general practitioner (odds ratio [OR] = 4.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.6 to 8.3) and fear of local side effects (OR = 2.8; 95% CI, 1.6 to 4.6). Predictors of noncompliance with both vaccinations also included unwillingness to comply with the doctor's advice (OR = 6.1; 95% CI, 2.4 to 15.4), the belief that vaccinations weaken one's natural defenses (OR = 2.7; 95% CI, 1.4 to 5.3) or that influenza is not dangerous (OR = 2.9; 95% CI, 1.5 to 5.4), and the fear of becoming sick from pneumococcal vaccination (OR = 2.9; 95% CI, 1.1 to 7.9). People who felt healthy, found it difficult to visit the doctor's office, had private medical insurance, or were younger than 75 years of age also had a greater risk of not being vaccinated. CONCLUSION: Introducing a pneumococcal vaccine to an existing influenza immunization program resulted in high pneumococcal and influenza vaccination rates. A wider diversity of patient characteristics and attitudes was present when neither vaccination was received.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

Mechanistic bases for adverse vaccine reactions and vaccine failures.

Mild local and systemic reactions to vaccines are to be expected as a natural consequence of vigorously stimulating the immune system. Dramatic adverse reactions to vaccines are occasionally due to mistakes during the production or handling of vaccines. More often, they are due to not following label instructions, particularly the restriction to only use vaccines in healthy animals. It is important to publish well-documented instances of adverse vaccine reactions so that producers and users of vaccines can all learn from the experience and avoid similar problems. Vaccine failure to protect from disease is usually due to problems with either client education or compliance with good animal management practices. It is important for clients to understand the proper timing and method of vaccine administration, what to realistically expect for vaccine efficacy, and the importance of minimizing immunosuppressive factors and exposure to high doses of infectious agents in vaccinated animals. Veterinary vaccines have produced dramatic benefits in terms of animal health, human health, and efficiency of food production. Advances in research and the accumulating experience with vaccines are leading to safer and more effective vaccines. Proper usage of vaccines and adherence to good management practices will continue to be essential to achieve maximal vaccine safety and efficacy.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed2001

One-time gene gun or intramuscular rabies DNA vaccination of non-human primates: comparison of neutralizing antibody responses and protection against rabies virus 1 year after vaccination.

We have previously shown that Macaca fascicularis (Cynomologus) monkeys receiving a primary and either one or two booster rabies DNA vaccinations are protected against rabies virus. In this study, we determined whether monkeys that had been vaccinated only once via gene gun or intramuscularly (i.m.) with different concentrations of DNA would be protected against rabies virus challenge. Neutralizing antibody responses were assayed for 1 year before the monkeys were challenged. Neutralizing antibody was detected at least 50 days earlier in gene gun vaccinated as compared to i.m. vaccinated animals. Prior to viral challenge, all (6/6, 100%) gene gun vaccinated animals, but only 3/6 (50%) i.m. vaccinated animals seroconverted. In general, antibody titers of the gene gun vaccinated animals were higher than the titers of the i.m. vaccinated animals. There was no correlation between the concentration of DNA used for vaccination, the neutralizing antibody responses elicited and protection against viral challenge. Seven days after viral challenge, a rapid and strong anamnestic antibody response was elicited in 100% of the gene gun vaccinated monkeys and in four i.m. vaccinated monkeys. Neutralizing antibody remained undetectable in two i.m. vaccinated monkeys. Overall, 60% (3/5) of the gene gun vaccinated animals and 87% (5/6) of the i.m. vaccinated monkeys survived viral challenge. This study is the first, to our knowledge, to show long-term protection of non-human primates against a human viral pathogen using a DNA vaccination protocol that did not include a booster immunization.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

A comparative trial of two surface subunit recombinant hepatitis B vaccines vs a surface and PreS subunit vaccine for immunization of healthy adults.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the leading cause of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis in Turkey. The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity in Turkey is 5 to 10%. HBV is almost completely preventable with the use of hepatitis B vaccines. The most commonly used vaccine is that which contains the predominant viral surface (S) polypeptide. It elicits protective antibodies in greater than 90% of healthy subjects. A vaccine containing the PreS1 and PreS2 antigenic domains has recently been reported as being more efficient in achieving successful immunization in individuals who have not previously responded to the isolated S-antigen vaccine. In this study, the efficacy of a S and PreS-containing vaccine was compared with that of two different standard isolated S-antigen-containing vaccines in terms of the immunization protection produced against HBV in normal healthy adults who had not previously been immunized. Seventy-six young adults (aged 17-22) were randomly assigned to receive 1 ml (20 micrograms) of either one of two standard S-subunit recombinant hepatitis B vaccines (Engerix B. or Hepavax) or the combined S and PreS subunit vaccine (Gen Hevac B) intramuscularly in the deltoid muscle at 0, 1 and 2 months. Hepatitis B surface antigen antibody titres were measured at 1, 2 and 12 months. A titre > or = 10 IU ml-1 was considered to be protective. All subjects receiving the two standard isolated S-antigen-containing vaccines responded to the vaccination with reasonable antibody titres. One-half to two-thirds of those vaccinated developed high antibody titres (> 100 IU ml-1). In contrast, 9% of those receiving the combined PreS1 and PreS2 plus S antigens failed to respond, as demonstrated by antibody titres below the level considered to be protective. The mean titres at 12 months were 107 +/- 12 IU ml-1 (Engerix B), 102 +/- 12 IU ml-1 (Gen Hevac B) and 117 +/- 12 IU ml-1 (Hepavax Gene). Hence, no important difference in term of response to vaccination was found between the two different types of vaccines. As recombinant S-subunit vaccines are less expensive than those that combine S and PreS antigens, it is suggested that, when immunizing normal healthy adults, a standard isolated S-antigen-containing vaccine should be used.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Comparison of higher-dose intradermal hepatitis B vaccination to standard intramuscular vaccination of healthcare workers.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccine administered via intradermal (ID) versus intramuscular (IM) route. METHODS: Subjects chose either to specify the route of immunization or to undergo random allocation to vaccination by the ID (0.15 mL) or the IM (1.0 mL) route. Yeast-derived recombinant hepatitis B vaccine was given at 0, 30, and 180 days. Hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) and hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb) were measured by microparticle enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: 763 subjects were enrolled. Baseline screening identified 65 subjects (8%) who were positive for HBsAb or HBcAb. Vaccination was completed by 590 (85%) of 698 enrollees (370 ID, 220 IM). Seroconversion rates (geometric mean titers [GMT]>0 IU/mL HBsAb) for those vaccinated ID were 99% and 96% for screening at 9 months and 1 year post-vaccination, respectively; subjects vaccinated intramuscularly had similar rates of 95% and 96%. Seropositivity rates (GMT > or = 10 IU/mL HBsAb) showed a similar pattern, with 95%, 92%, and 73% at 9 months and 1 and 2 years, respectively, for those vaccinated ID, and 94%, 93%, and 81% for those having IM vaccination. GMT for HBsAb was significantly higher for individuals vaccinated IM than for those vaccinated ID (P<.0001). The GMT ratio for the IM and ID routes decreased over time, being 9.3 at 9 months, 7.8 at 1 year, and 5.9 at 2 years. An unanticipated side effect of intradermal vaccination was skin discoloration at injection sites, which persisted for at least 2 years postvaccination. Two thirds (112/166) of respondents reported that they would have selected the ID route despite the discoloration. CONCLUSIONS: Higher-dose ID vaccination (3 vs 1 microg per injection) uses one sixth of the dose required for standard IM vaccination. It is a cost-effective way to vaccinate populations against hepatitis B virus, but the long-term efficacy of the ID route must still be investigated.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Methodologic issues in the evaluation of vaccine effectiveness: measles vaccine at 12 vs. 15 months.

Initial studies of vaccine effectiveness are usually controlled clinical trials. Subsequent serologic and epidemiologic investigations cannot be as carefully controlled, and methodologic rigor must be considered when evaluating their results. The authors reviewed the methodologic features of greatest importance in the design of field investigations of vaccine efficacy and examined how different methodologic approaches may have influenced the results of studies of measles vaccine efficacy at 12 vs. 15 months of age. Among the serologic studies, time since vaccination was not controlled, so that children vaccinated several years ago at 12 months of age may have been compared with children vaccinated much more recently at later ages. Most studies included children vaccinated at several years of age as controls rather than children vaccinated only at the pivotal ages of 13-15 months. Finally, studies using a single clinic as their vaccine source found smaller differences in efficacy than studies using multiple vaccine sources, suggesting that variation in handling and storage may affect the results. Among the epidemiologic studies, no single methodologic feature clearly influenced whether there was significantly improved vaccine efficacy with increasing age at vaccination. However, studies differed with respect to intensity of effort to detect cases unreported through the usual channels; definition of what constituted a case of measles; whether the effect of midoutbreak clinics on overall estimates of vaccine efficacy was considered; and inclusion of revaccinated children in the analysis. These methodologic variations can make it extremely difficult to evaluate the size and clinical importance of relatively small differences in vaccine efficacy. Greater attention to the methodologic features discussed here will be needed in future studies of vaccine efficacy.

Epidemiologic Methods↗

PubMed1990

Effect of monovalent measles and trivalent measles-mumps-rubella vaccines at various ages and concurrent administration with hepatitis B vaccine.

To determine the most suitable vaccination schedule in developing countries, a study was conducted to reevaluate the immunogenicity of monovalent measles vaccine and trivalent measles-mumps-rubella vaccine at different ages. The success rate of measles vaccination was 84% at 9 months, 88% at 12 months and 100% at 15 months of age. Vaccination with measles vaccines at 9 and 15 months of age was also 96% immunogenic. Most vaccinees (16 of 17) not responding to the first measles vaccine before 1 year of age developed measles antibody with another shot of vaccine after 15 months of age. Trivalent measles-mumps-rubella vaccine worked well in children ages 14 to 18 months. Administering trivalent vaccine and hepatitis B vaccine concurrently at 1 year of age, rubella and mumps antibodies developed in more than 95% of vaccinees, while measles antibody was detected in 88%. Responses to hepatitis B vaccine in this situation were good; 89% of vaccinees developed antibody against hepatitis B surface antigen (greater than or equal to 10 mIU/ml) and the geometric mean titer was 362.49 mIU/ml. In summary vaccination twice at 9 and 15 months is effective and is a useful regimen in developing countries where measles is still endemic. Trivalent vaccine and hepatitis B vaccine will not interfere with each other when given together at 1 year of age.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2005

Floor pen study to evaluate the serological response of broiler breeders after vaccination with ts-11 strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine.

To determine the Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) rapid serum plate agglutination (RSPA) test response of broiler breeders after ts-11 strain vaccination, 55 Cobb pullets derived from a nonvaccinated, MG-negative, commercial, broiler breeder grandparent flock were monitored from 8 to 20 wk of age (over a 12-wk trial period). To evaluate the effect of lateral spread of the ts-11 vaccine strain on RSPA test results from commingled and adjacently penned birds, treatment groups included (A) birds vaccinated with ts-11strain MG at 8 wk of age, (B) commingled nonvaccinates in the same pen as the vaccinated birds, (C) nonvaccinates in a second pen separated from the first pen by a distance of 2 m, and (D) birds vaccinated with ts-11 strain MG at 8 wk of age and kept in a separate room. Rapid serum plate agglutination tests were performed once a week for 6 wk and then every 2 wk for 6 more wk, postvaccination. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay specific fbr ts-11 strain MG was used to confirm vaccination, and a second PCR specific for non-ts-11 strain MG was used to confirm the absence of field infection. Seroconversion was first detected by the RSPA test 2 wk postvaccination and attained maximum positive rates of 58% at 12 wk postvaccination in treatment A and 60% at 8 wk postvaccination in treatment D. Seroconversion rates in nonvaccinated, commingled pullets was 10% at 5 wk and 30% at 12 wk after the vaccination of pen mates. The ts-11-specific PCR detected the vaccine strain in 80%-100% of the vaccinated birds 2 wk after vaccination. One of 15 nonvaccinated birds penned 2 m from vaccinated birds yielded ts-11 by PCR assay 12 wk after vaccination, which indicates that the spread of ts-11 over short distances may be possible in situations in which there is a common caretaker. PCR on tracheal swabs taken 12 wk postvaccination detected ts-l1 in 50% and 60% of the vaccinated birds in treatments A and D, respectively; in 30% of the commingled nonvaccinates; and in 6.6% of the separately penned nonvaccinates. In contrast, choanal swabs collected from vaccinated birds at 12 wk were 21% and 40% PCR positive for ts-11 strain MG, while those from nonvaccinates were negative. All samples were PCR negative for field strain MG. The pattern of seroconversion as measured by RSPA test in small groups of broiler breeders was different from that previously reported for leghorns. Lateral spread of the ts-11 strain to commingled pen mates occurred rapidly, causing RSPA seroconversion patterns that mimicked those of the vaccinated pen mates.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed2003

Cost effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccination for infants and children with the conjugate vaccine PnC-7 in Germany.

BACKGROUND: The introduction of the conjugate vaccine PnC-7 implies that a pneumococcal vaccine is available, for the first time, which also gives children under the age of 2 years reliable protection against invasive pneumococcal infections and offers some protection against non-invasive pneumococcal infections. OBJECTIVE AND PERSPECTIVE: In the context of a multiple-period Markov model, a cost-effectiveness analysis of a recommendation for general pneumococcal vaccination in Germany for infants and children under the age of 2 years was performed from the healthcare payer, public authority and societal perspectives. DESIGN: Various published data on age-specific incidence rates, mortality rates, efficacy of the conjugate vaccine PnC-7 and treatment costs of pneumococcal infections were incorporated into a Markov model to quantify the consequences of vaccinating versus not vaccinating. RESULTS: From a German healthcare payers' perspective, general vaccination with the conjugate vaccine would redeem 51.1% of the vaccination costs due to avoidable treatment costs, whereas, from a broader point of view, the benefits, expressed in monetary terms, would exceed the cost of vaccination. The conjugate vaccine would require an investment of euro72 866 per life-year saved (discounted, healthcare payers' viewpoint). Besides this benchmark, there are further outcome measures which cannot be ignored by those deciding on a general vaccination recommendation: 450 000 preventable episodes of illness and 134 cases of sequelae which can be prevented. CONCLUSIONS: The vaccination with the conjugate vaccine PnC-7 is cost saving from a broader perspective and the results should not be ignored by policy makers in regard to a general vaccination recommendation.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2000

Guinea pig abscess/hypersensitivity model for study of adverse vaccination reactions induced by use of Q fever vaccines.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Coxiella burnetii phase-I cellular vaccine is efficacious in humans, imparting nearly complete protection against Q fever. However, this vaccine can also induce sterile abscesses and granulomas at the inoculation site in humans previously sensitized by natural infection or vaccination. To decrease the possibility of vaccinating immune persons, vaccinees are currently screened by skin testing to detect pre-existing Q fever immunity. We developed a model of abscess hypersensitivity in Hartley guinea pigs to assess the likelihood that Q fever vaccines would induce adverse vaccination reactions in previously sensitized individuals. METHODS: Guinea pigs (4 to 6/group) were sensitized to C. burnetii by immunization and aerosol challenge, or by intraperitoneal inoculation. Eight weeks later, animals were then vaccinated SC with a Q fever cellular (WCI) or chloroform:methanol residue (CMR) vaccine. Development of adverse reactions at the vaccination site was assessed histologically and by observation of increases in erythema and/or induration. RESULTS: The WCI vaccine caused greater magnitude and duration of erythema and induration at the vaccination sites than did the CMR vaccine. In addition, non-immune guinea pigs developed induration when given WCI, but not CMR vaccine. CONCLUSIONS: The CMR vaccine may prove a safe alternative to WCI vaccines for use in individuals unscreened for prior immunity to C. burnetii.

Abscess↗

PubMed2000

Child vaccination, part 1: routine vaccines.

Despite the success of the national childhood vaccination program in the United States in decreasing mortality due to vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccination rates remain suboptimal. Contributing factors include the failure to appreciate the hazards of vaccine-preventable diseases, concerns about adverse reactions associated with vaccine administration, and missed opportunities to administer vaccines. The 2 major types of indications for vaccinating children are age and presence of a medical condition that increases the risk of a vaccine-preventable disease. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection becomes chronic in 90% of those infected as infants, and 25% of those so infected will die of related chronic liver disease as adults. Routine infant vaccination against hepatitis B has been recommended since 1991. Approximately 69% of infants who develop pertussis require hospitalization. Acellular pertussis vaccines have been licensed for use in infancy. Starting in 2000, the all-inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) schedule is recommended. IPV should eliminate vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was licensed in 2000 for routine use on a schedule of 2, 4, 6, and 12 to 15 months. The first dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine is now recommended at age 12 to 15 months, simultaneous with varicella vaccine administration.

Child↗

PubMed2003

[Humoral immune response in breeding sows after vaccination with a herd-specific Chlamydophila abortus vaccine].

A chlamydial vaccine efficacy trial with assessment of the clinical acceptability and serum antibody responses was performed in breeding sows. A BGM cell culture derived vaccine containing 10(8)/ml formalin-inactivated purified elementary bodies (Eb.) in sterile 0.15 M saline was prepared from Chlamydophila (Ch.) abortus strain OCHL03/99 which has been isolated in the herd from a sample of vaginal discharge. Vaccination was performed as a randomised trial with parallel treatment of a vaccinated group (25 sows) and non-vaccinated control group (20 sows). Sows received two 2.0-ml doses of vaccine intramuscularly at a three week interval. Control sows were dosed with sterile 0.15 M saline, accordingly. Serological response to vaccination was measured by ELISA with a total of 204 blood serum samples (114 from the vaccine group; 90 from the control group) using crude chlamydial LPS as the antigen. Compared to the control group, vaccinated sows showed a marked primary and secondary IgG serum antibody response following the two vaccinations. Antibody levels peaked between week 7 and 14 after priming vaccination, declined incrementally until week 27 but remained significantly higher than the corresponding sham-immune control levels and the prevaccination values of the vaccine group (p < 0.05). Western blot analysis of solubilized whole Eb. of Ch. abortus, Ch. pecorum, and Chlamydia (C.) suis with pre- and postvaccination sera confirmed that vaccination induced an antibody response preferentially against a range of 13 chlamydial antigens including the 40 kDa MOMP of Ch. abortus. Clinical side effects consisting of a transient mild local inflammatory reaction at the site of injection were observed in approx. 30% of vaccinated sows. These results provide the basis for further clinical evaluation of the Ch. abortus vaccine to protect sows from chlamydia-induced reproductive disorders.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Tiered use of inactivated influenza vaccine in the event of a vaccine shortage.

The United States has experienced disruptions in the manufacture or distribution of inactivated influenza vaccine during three of the last five influenza seasons. Delays in delivery of influenza vaccine or vaccine shortages remain possible, in part, because of inherent time constraints in manufacturing the vaccine, given the annual updating of influenza vaccine strains and uncertainties regarding vaccine supply (including licensure of new vaccine preparations). Although total vaccine supply for the 2005-06 influenza season is not yet known, the minimum anticipated supply is approximately 58-60 million doses of inactivated vaccine and 3 million doses of live, attenuated vaccine. This estimated supply is similar to that available during the 2004-05 season and would be adequate to satisfy historical demand for influenza vaccine among persons considered by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) to be at high risk for serious complications associated with influenza virus infection, health-care workers, and household contacts of children aged <6 months. These groups were prioritized for influenza vaccination in 2004-05. Additional doses of inactivated influenza vaccine might be available for the U.S. market in 2005-06, but this cannot yet be confirmed. Availability of additional vaccine would allow for expansion of the priority groups and, preferably, vaccination of all persons who desire it.

Humans↗

PubMed1998

Hepatitis B vaccination rates among medical personnel at Ain Shams University Hospital and obstacles to vaccine uptake.

The current study included 1426 medical personnel working at Ain Shams University hospitals selected randomly; 354 staff members, 679 junior doctors (residents and internships) and 393 nurses. The overall vaccination coverage with at least one dose of HB vaccine was 40.6%. The overall coverage with 3 doses of HB vaccine was 29.1%. The mean number of working years was higher among the vaccinated group. More than 55% of personnel who had direct exposure or contact with blood were not vaccinated. HB vaccine uptake was conducted at the work place by 65.6% of vaccinated personnel and about 50% received the vaccine recently, i.e. less than one year. The side effects experienced by vaccinated subjects were local pain (5.4%) and headache (0.7%). About 38% of included personnel were not sure about the effectiveness of HB vaccine, and 47% do not know exactly the duration of vaccine validity. The current price of the vaccine was unaffordable as stated by 60.9% of subjects and 95.2% concluded that the vaccine should be funded. It was recommended that the work place is the best place for HB vaccine uptake by 80.9% of subjects and the vaccine should be obligatory for all medical personnel by 84.3% of subjects.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1976

[The "Vaccination Reaction" syndrome of broilers after vaccination against Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis (author's transl)].

In a part of the broiler flocks vaccinated against Newcastle disease (N.C.D) and infectious bronchitis (I.B.), disease symptoms of lingering nature have been observed, generally in the second half of the rearing period. In a practical investigation with weekly examinations of chickens, supplemented by a serological examination of twenty-four animals per flock at the age of six weeks, it was hoped to establish the factors responsible for this "vaccination reaction". In the district under notice the vaccination reaction syndrome had been responsible for widspread abandoning of twice spraying against N.C.D. in the first and fourth week in favour of drinking-water vaccination (generally combined with I.B. vaccination) in the second week and spray-vaccination in the fourth week or of combined drinking-water vaccination in the second week, either with or without N.C.D. drinking-water vaccination in the fourth week. Admittedly the incidence of vaccination reaction in flocks vaccinated exclusively via the drinking water was less frequent (32%) than in flocks in which the second vaccination was administered as a spray (48%), but this difference was largely accounted for by infection with Mycoplasma gallisepticum and/or Mycoplasma synoviae, complicated by infection with Escherichia coli. Of the thirty-three flocks free of mycoplasmosis, 24% exhibited the vaccination reaction, while the incidence to the fifteen infected flocks was 73.4%. In flocks infected with mycoplasmosis the course of E. coli infections was serious in 46.7% of the birds, while this figure was 18.2% in flocks free of mycoplasmosis. In flocks free of mycoplasmosis, the percentage of serious E. coli infections was lower after spray vaccination (14.3%) than after drinking-water vaccination (21%). The strains of E. coli brought in by one-day chicks from the hatchery disappear rapidly and play no role of any significance in the problem of colibacillosis observed at an age of three weeks or older. Of the 310 isolated strains of E. coli, 52 could not be typed and the others belonged to eighty different serotypes. With respect to the effect of infectious bronchitis the investigation does not provide sufficient evidence to permit of drawing conclusions. A significant role in the occurrence of the syndrome was played by coccidiosis and Gumboro's disease. With respect to environmental factors the available data did not allow of drawing conclusions. The authors recommend continuing with all available means to free the breeding animals from M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae, undertaking scientifically based research into the role of infectious bronchitis in the "vaccination reaction" syndrome, an effective programme of hygiene to control E...

Aerosols↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Vaccination of day-old broiler chicks against Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease using commercial live and/or inactivated vaccines.

Day-old broilers were administered live and/or inactivated vaccines to assess vaccine efficacy against challenge with Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bursal disease (IBD). Chicks were from commercial breeder pullets vaccinated against ND and IBD using several live vaccine primers followed by an inactivated ND-IBD vaccine at 18 weeks. The most efficacious initial ND-IBD vaccination program was live ND virus by eye drop and live IBD vaccine injected subcutaneously (SQ) followed 2 hours later with inactivated ND-IBD vaccine SQ. The next two most efficacious programs were live vaccine alone and the inactivated vaccine only. Inactivated vaccine given SQ had no adverse effect on live IBD vaccine given 2 hours earlier in a similar site. Administration of inactivated vaccine by vent was not as efficacious as administration SQ. A booster of a second live ND-IBD vaccine drinking water at 18 days significantly increased levels of circulating antibody, regardless of the initial vaccination program.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Comparative immunogenicity in children of mammalian cell-derived recombinant hepatitis B vaccine and plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine.

Three doses of hepatitis B vaccine were given at 2, 4 and 9 months of age to 220 Senegalese infants living in the Dakar area of Senegal. Half of the infants received 5 micrograms plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine (Hevac B) and the remainder 20 micrograms mammalian cell-derived recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (GenHevac B). Both vaccines contain S and pre-S2 encoded proteins; however, the recombinant vaccine had a much higher pre-S2 content than the plasma-derived vaccine. Adverse reactions to both vaccines were limited to mild and transient soreness at the injection site. Fever was reported in 14-21% of the infants and was likely to be related to DTP-polio vaccine which was given simultaneously. After the two first doses, seroconversion rates and geometric mean titres of anti-HBs were higher in infants receiving the recombinant vaccine than in infants receiving the plasma-derived vaccine. After completion of vaccination, all infants in both groups had protective levels of anti-HBs antibodies. The recombinant vaccine induced more rapidly antibodies directed against S and pre-S2 epitopes. Anti-pre-S2 antibodies were detected after the first injection of GenHevac B and only after the third injection of Hevac B. From the data, GenHevac B vaccine is expected to be as effective as Hevac B vaccine for controlling hepatitis B infection.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2004

Vaccines administered simultaneously: directions for new combination vaccines based on an historical review of the literature.

OBJECTIVES: The recognized benefits of administering vaccines simultaneously has encouraged vaccine producers to develop combination vaccines. If contemporary research and development can realize vaccines that achieve the current standards for safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy, other specific vaccine associations may also merit reconsideration as combination vaccines. METHODS: An historical review of the vaccine association literature reveals two important themes: first, the programs of mass vaccination, in particular, the eradication of smallpox, sessions where multiple vaccines (other than the smallpox vaccine) were given concurrently, and the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI); and, second, the domain of travel vaccines, including travellers to a disease-endemic country (such as migrants, tourists, military personnel, or expatriates) and WHO requirements for international travellers. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Based on this historical review, combination vaccines worth reconsideration could fill epidemiologic niches in the EPI with, for instance, a measles--yellow fever, a measles--Japanese encephalitis or a pertussis-based paediatric combination rabies vaccine. Furthermore, other combinations could broaden protection against the pathogens responsible for meningitis, pneumonia, or enteric diseases. Nevertheless, complex issues such as necessity, feasibility, or affordability will ultimately determine if any one of these becomes a combination vaccine.

Bacterial Infections↗