SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Weight Reduction Programs”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources

PubMed2001

Health at any size: the size-acceptance nondiet movement.

A controversial new approach to obesity treatment has emerged during the last two decades in response to traditional programs that do not result in sustained reductions in weight. Goals of the size-acceptance nondiet movement include improving self-image, normalizing eating behavior, and increasing physical activity independent of body weight. This commentary presents the basic tenets and early voices in the movement, reviews government weight recommendations, and suggests strategies for the size-sensitive physician.

Body Image↗

PubMed1983

Body size estimation and locus of control in obese adolescent boys undergoing weight reduction.

Body size estimation (BSE) and locus of control (LOC) were studied in 18 obese adolescent boys undergoing weight reduction. The subjects attended a seven-week summer camp which offered both increased activity and a 1200 kcal (5023 kJ)/d diet, resulting in an average weight loss of 29.2 +/- 6.3 lb (13.3 +/- 2.9 kg) and a decrease in body fat from 39.0 percent +/- 0.6 percent to 27.5 percent +/- 4.3 percent. Fatness was correlated with poor physical performance [1.5 mile (2.4 km) runs]. Weight reduction and decreased body fat resulted in an improved running time. BSE was assessed using self photographs distorted by an anamorphic lens. While subjects could correctly estimate their body size prior to weight reduction, after weight reduction they significantly underestimated body size. This finding contrasts with adults with juvenile-onset obesity who overestimate body size after weight reduction. LOC (measured by Nowicki-Strickland LOC Inventory) changed in the direction of internality after weight reduction. The use of exercise with the weight loss program may thus improve feelings of control and prevent overestimation of body size.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

The epidemic of obesity in American Indian communities and the need for childhood obesity-prevention programs.

American Indians of all ages and both sexes have a high prevalence of obesity. The high prevalence of diabetes mellitus in American Indians shows the adverse effects that obesity has in these communities. Obesity has become a major health problem in American Indians only in the past 1-2 generations and is believed to be associated with the relative abundance of high-fat foods and the rapid change from active to sedentary lifestyles. Intervention studies are urgently needed in American Indian communities to develop and test effective strategies for weight reduction. The poor success rate of adult obesity treatment programs in the general population points to the need to develop prevention approaches aimed toward children. Because eating and physical activity practices are formed early in life and may be carried into adulthood, prevention programs that encourage increased physical activity and healthful eating habits targeted toward young people need to be developed and tested. To be most effective, interventions must be developed with full participation of the American Indian communities.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Community-based exercise and weight control: diabetes risk reduction and glycemic control in Zuni Indians.

Cardiovascular disease is a significant health problem for the Zuni Indians of southwest New Mexico, in part because of high rates of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). The Zuni Diabetes Project was initiated in July 1983 to reduce rates of obesity and provide primary and secondary prevention of NIDDM. Two studies of the project's activities have been carried out to date. After 2 y of follow-up, diabetic participants in an exercise program compared with diabetic nonparticipants experienced weight loss, a drop in fasting blood glucose values, and reductions in the use of hypoglycemic medications. In a weight-loss competition, 45% (122/271) of the enrollees finished and lost greater than or equal to 2.3 kg. The results of these two studies demonstrate that 1) participation in a community-based exercise program can produce significant weight loss and improvement in glycemic control in Zuni Indians with NIDDM and 2) weight-loss competitions appear to be an important public health model for health-behavior change in communities similar to that of Zuni, NM.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Weight reduction and salt restriction in hypertension: effects on blood pressure and intracellular electrolytes.

In 16 essential hypertensives on a program of energy restriction (800 kcal/day) with and without simultaneous salt restriction, the effects on blood pressure and intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ in red blood cells were studied. A decrease in blood pressure and intracellular free Na+ and Ca2+ was only observed in the cases of simultaneous energy and salt restriction. The beneficial effect of weight reduction in hypertension thus depends on a diminished salt intake and is probably mediated by changes in intracellular free Ca2+.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Weight reduction diets and health promotion.

Obesity is an important health problem. Despite record rates of dieting and the availability of numerous programs, the problem is not abating. This article discusses the popularity of fad diets, the safety and effectiveness of commonly used approaches to weight loss, and the health effects of weight change. We propose an approach in which the search for a best treatment is secondary to the development of criteria to match patients to different treatments. This approach provides an opportunity for the health professional to take advantage of the multiple weight reduction resources in the community.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMed1992

Severe obesity: the use of very low energy diets or standard kilojoule restriction diets.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy of two dietary therapies in both the short term (hospitalisation) and the longer term treatment of severe obesity. DESIGN: A descriptive study of two patient groups with obesity defined by a body mass index of greater than 30 kg/m2. SETTING: A multidisciplinary weight control program in a tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS: All admissions to hospital of patients on the weight control program for initiation of weight loss during a period of 48 months. INTERVENTION: A standard kilojoule reduction regimen or the use of complete, followed by partial, long term meal substitution with a very low energy liquid diet (VLED), coupled with an exercise and a behavioural modification program. OUTCOME MEASURES: Weight loss during and after hospitalisation was measured in both dietary regimen groups. RESULTS: Both diets induced weight loss in hospital. Men prescribed VLED lost significantly more weight, 8.3 +/- 0.8 kg (mean +/- SEM) than women prescribed this diet (5.5 +/- 0.5 kg) or standard kilojoule restriction (5.1 +/- 0.8 kg). CONCLUSIONS: VLED and standard kilojoule restriction are both effective for the treatment of severe obesity, particularly in a controlled environment (hospitalisation). In the longer term, VLED is an effective method of maintaining weight loss. Lack of continuing weight loss may reflect the patients who were initially placed on this regimen--small eaters with a presumed high metabolic efficiency.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

The treatment of obesity: what's new, what's recommended.

The prevalence of obesity in the United States has increased, with approximately one third of American men and women considered obese. Obese individuals who seek weight reduction frequently lose weight with the goal of returning to their ideal body weight. For the majority of obese persons, however, reaching their ideal body weight is an unattainable goal, few people are able to maintain even more modest weight losses over the long term. The result is that many obese persons end up feeling frustrated, if not defeated, by their weight loss efforts. Recent weight loss treatment recommendations have focused on helping patients lose 5%-10% of their body weight and maintaining these losses for longer durations. These more modest losses frequently are associated with reductions in obesity-related comorbidities and improvements in psychological status. The practitioner assisting obese individuals with weight reduction is presented with a variety of treatment options, including behavioral programs, pharmacotherapy, and low-calorie diets. Each of these approaches has been shown to be effective in producing the 5%-10% weight losses now recommended. A combination of these approaches, such as the use of pharmacotherapy with a behavioral modification program, ultimately may prove to be the most effective treatment for obese persons. We review the new weight loss recommendations and provide suggestions for assessing patients for weight loss treatment. We also discuss both existing and new treatment options and focus on their application in a primary care setting.

Anti-Obesity Agents↗

PubMed1999

Knowledge of cardiovascular disease prevention: an analysis from two New England communities.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality has been decreasing in the United States, possibly due in part to educational programs about CVD prevention. This study investigates CVD risk-reduction knowledge among demographic subgroups in two New England cities and how the level of knowledge changed in these subgroups over time. METHODS: Six independent cross-sectional surveys including a series of open-ended recall CVD knowledge questions were conducted biennially from 1981 to 1993 as part of the outcome evaluation for the Pawtucket Heart Health Program. We constructed a raw CVD knowledge score and then created an analysis of variance model with knowledge score as the dependent variable and explanatory variables including demographics, survey, and city. RESULTS: CVD prevention knowledge improved significantly over time in both cities and in every demographic subgroup, increasing rapidly from 1981 to about 1988 and then plateauing between 1988 and 1993. Adjusted knowledge scores were higher for people born in the United States, women, more educated individuals, and those who spoke English at home. The increase in knowledge over time came mainly from an increase in the identification of physical inactivity, and blood cholesterol/high fat diet as CVD risk factors, while there was a decrease in the identification of overweight and blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: In order to assure that reductions in CVD morbidity and mortality will be sustained, national educational efforts which stress behavior change skills as well as knowledge must continue. These programs should focus particularly on higher risk subgroups, and risk factors such as weight reduction and blood pressure control should be special priorities.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Translating research into MCH service: comparison of a pilot project and a large-scale resource mothers program.

This study examines the process and effect of translating a pilot research project into a large-scale service program. In a pilot resource mothers program for pregnant teenagers, participants had fewer low birth weight infants than teenagers in the comparison group. In the corresponding large-scale service program, a similarly positive effect on low birth weight was not seen. In an effort to understand how these differences occurred, the evaluation methodologies and key characteristics that describe the background, infrastructure, components, and service providers of the two projects were compared. Important differences between the pilot project and the service program were seen in funding stability, diversity of staff, community versus health department ownership of the program, caseloads, and levels of training and supervision. It seems probable that these differences brought about changes in the intensity and character of the intervention from the pilot to the service program, leading to a reduction of the intervention's efficacy in reducing the number of low birth weight infants. The implications of these findings for researchers and program planners are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Pilot study to enhance start-up of a multicenter nutrition intervention trial.

Multicenter trials are important for answering questions that require large numbers of subjects. Such trials require standardized implementation of behavioral change programs across diverse populations, regions, and staff. Researchers involved with the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly conducted a 17-week pilot study of their most complex intervention (combined weight and sodium reduction) before actual start-up of the main study. This allowed staff to rehearse implementing the program and to identify and address intervention and standardization issues. Registered dietitians in 4 US communities recruited 28 participants for the pilot study, using eligibility criteria similar to those for the main trial. Participant evaluations reflected high satisfaction with the program materials and overall approach. Minor protocol changes suggested by results of the pilot study were made easily in time for start-up of the main study. Reductions in weight and sodium intake were less than targeted but were sufficient to suggest that the intervention would be effective under optimal conditions. This partial achievement of goals in the pilot study underscored the need to allow for a learning curve, for without it standardization and outcomes of the main study would be compromised.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Long-term (2-4 year) weight reduction with metformin plus carbohydrate-modified diet in euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic, midlife women (Syndrome W).

Long-term weight reduction remains the ultimate objective and challenge of obesity management. Few long-term dietary or pharmacointervention studies have been conducted and there is a critical need for long-range treatment strategies that are effective, safe, and acceptable. The authors conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of 21 euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic women with progressive, refractory, midlife weight gain (Syndrome W) who had previously lost weight (> or =10% reduction from baseline) with a comprehensive 1-year treatment program that included metformin and a hypocaloric, carbohydrate-modified (low-glycemic index) diet, as well as, other lifestyle modifications. The goal of the analysis was to determine long-term efficacy of the composite intervention using NHLBI criteria for weight stabilization, weight regain < or =3 kg (6.6 lb) in 2 years. Of a total of 26 consecutive women with Syndrome W who achieved goal weight during a 3-year period (1998-2001), 21 women (mean [standard error] age, 55.2 [2.4] years; mean body mass index, 34.2 [1.3] kg/m(2)) continued metformin and returned for annual follow-up visits. Weight maintenance was observed at the final (2-4 year) follow-up visit in 19/21 (90.5%) of women. Mean final follow-up weight (77.5 [2.8] kg) correlated highly with mean weight at 1-year protocol completion (77.2 [2.7] kg), (correlation coefficients r(xy) and sigma(xy) = 0.96, P = 0.000), demonstrating long-term weight reduction in the surveillance phase. Significant and robust decrements in fasting insulin (-28.4% [8.1%] to -43.4% [3.7%]) were observed at all follow-up visits (P < or = 0.002). This preliminary case series suggests that metformin may be an effective long-term adjunct to dietary and other interventions in the treatment of obesity in hyperinsulinemic patients. A randomized clinical trial of the dual regimen should be considered in nondiabetic women with midlife weight gain and hyperinsulinemia (Syndrome W) and, quite possibly, in additional euglycemic overweight and obese subjects with documented hyperinsulinemia and other portentous features of the Metabolic Syndrome.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed1997

Surgical treatment of obesity: who is an appropriate candidate?

The increasing prevalence and far-reaching medical, social, and economical implications of obesity have made it a national health-care crisis in the United States. About one in every three persons is at least 20% above "ideal" body weight, and approximately 5% have direct weight-related serious health problems (morbid obesity), including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, adult-onset diabetes mellitus, degenerative osteoarthropathy, and obstructive sleep apnea. Morbidly obese patients have an estimated 6- to 12-fold increase in mortality. In addition, they have a substantially diminished quality of life, not only physically but also psychosocially due to overt and occult prejudice. Weight reduction must be aggressively pursued in these patients. Medically supervised weight-control programs have been ineffective because patients cannot maintain pronounced long-term weight loss. In contrast, current operative methods have been proved to be effective in helping patients achieve and maintain permanent weight reduction. Several operations have been designed and assessed; with these procedures, weight loss is achieved by inducing malabsorption, maldigestion, early satiety, or a combination of these outcomes. Although these operations have associated side effects and limitations, the expected benefits outweigh the risks. For optimal results, patients must be carefully selected and treated by a multidisciplinary group.

Gastroplasty↗

PubMed1994

Professional support: an essential component in a cardiovascular risk reduction program.

1. A comprehensive cardiovascular risk reduction program includes cardiovascular risk reduction factors combined with professional support and the importance of health as an attainment of life goals. 2. This study revealed significant reduction in weight, serum glucose, and diastolic blood pressure levels following participation in the program. 3. Professional support, or continuing interaction with health professionals, assisted consumers to continue motivation and reinforce health promoting activities.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

Insulin pulsatility in obese and normal prepubertal children.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether in prepubertal children insulin secretion is pulsatile as in adults and to study the influence of body weight on the pattern of insulin secretion. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: Insulin profiles were obtained by 4-min sampling for 2 h, starting at 08.00 a.m. after an overnight fast in 10 prepubertal obese children (BMI-SDS 4.9 +/- 1.6) and in 6 healthy age-matched controls. Five of the obese children were also studied after weight reduction (Delta BMI-SDS 1.6 +/- 0.4). The data have been analyzed by the Pulsar program. RESULTS: Obese children had higher mean insulin levels, insulin secretory areas under the curve above 0 (AUC0), and AUC above baseline (AUCb), with more frequent peaks of larger amplitude and duration compared to controls. Following weight reduction there was a normalization of AUC0 and mean insulin levels while AUCb, peak frequency, amplitude and duration did not change significantly. Correlation analysis revealed that BMI-SDS was strictly related to the parameters of pulsatile insulin secretion such as AUC0, AUCb, mean insulin level, peak amplitude and peak frequency. CONCLUSIONS: Insulin secretion in children is pulsatile and its secretory pattern is influenced by body weight.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Changes in motor control and muscle performance after a short-term body mass reduction program in obese subjects.

Two hundred and thirty obese subjects (age: 18-77 yr, BMI: 31.1-65.8 kg/m2) were studied before and after a 3-week body mass reduction (BMR) program, coupling restricted energy diet (1200-1500 kcal/day) with low intensity exercise prescription. It involved 5 days per week (consisting of one-hour dynamic aerobic standing and floor exercise plus 30 min of cycloergometer exercise at 60 W or, alternatively, 4 km outdoor leisure walking on flat terrain) and psychological counseling. One-leg standing balance test (OLSB) and stair climbing test (SCT) were employed to assess motor control and maximal lower limb muscle power, respectively. The BMR program induced a significant weight loss (4.1%; p<0.001), a higher reduction of body mass index (BMI) being observed in males than in females (p<0.001). OLSB performance time increased by 20.5% (p<0.001) after treatment, the improvement being evident in both genders. A 20.8% reduction in SCT time (p<0.05) was also observed and corresponded to a 13.2% increase (p<0.001) in average absolute muscle power and 15.0% increase (p<0.001) in specific muscle power (i.e. the power output per kg of body mass), with no differences between genders. In conclusion, in spite of the moderate reduction of body mass after restricted energy diet and low intensity physical conditioning, significant improvements in motor control and performance, likely to ameliorate the execution of simple daily activities, were observed in obese subjects.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

2.5 years follow-up of weight and Body Mass Index values in the Weight Control for Life! program: a descriptive analysis.

This descriptive study monitored weight, Body Mass Index, and percent excess weight changes in 60 clients, (44 women, 16 men) at about 1 year and 2.5 years following participation in the Weight Control for Life! program. The program integrates the habit reversal treatment model with contingency management and operant reinforcement principles; nutrition education; physical activity; stress management; cognitive-restructuring; relapse prevention; social support; intensive, on-going maintenance; self-monitoring; and the use of a medically supervised very-low-calorie diet or low-calorie-diet. Clients' pretreatment and posttreatment weights averaged 104.28 kg (229.42 lb) and 79.89 kg (175.76 lb), respectively, representing a 68% reduction in excess body weight at the end of the weight loss phase of the program. Mean weight loss at about 1 year and 2.5 years post weight loss was 19.28 kg (42.42 lb) and 13.09 kg (28.80 lb), indicating subjects maintained 75% and 52% of their weight losses at these two time periods. Men lost more weight and maintained better losses than women. Overall, there was a 41% reduction in excess body weight at the end of 2.5 years.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Hypocholesterolemic effect of vegetable protein in a hypocaloric diet.

Eleven obese volunteers took part in a 12-week study during 8 weeks of which 2 meals of their control 1000 kcal diets were replaced by a soya based liquid formula (1 month) or a milk based liquid formula (1 month). The mean weight loss per month was 2.5 kg (P less than 0.05). On the soya formula total and LDL cholesterol levels were reduced significantly over the month by 10.0 +/- 2.7% (P less than 0.01) and 17.5 +/- 5.6% (P less than 0.02), respectively. Neither the milk based formula or the control low calorie diet lowered serum cholesterol significantly over the diet period. No change was seen in serum triglycerides on any of the 3 diets. No difference was seen between treatments in 24-h urinary C-peptide excretion. The results indicated that use of a vegetable protein supplement in a weight loss program which induced moderate weight loss was associated with a reduction in blood lipids, whereas moderate weight loss on a control low calorie diet or milk based formula was not.

Adult↗