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PubMed1989

Epidemiologic data on adult glaucomas. Data from the Hospital Discharge Registry and the Registry of Right to Free Medication.

The prevalence of glaucoma was studied using material from the Registry of Right to Free Medications, completed by the Social Insurance Institution of Finland in 1985. A total of 31,981 patients (10,022 males and 21,959 females) received free medication for glaucoma in 1985. Total crude glaucoma prevalence in Finland in 1985 was 0.67%, calculated for the total population (all glaucomas) according to data from this registry. The crude prevalence for those of 40 years of age and over, was 1.7% and for those of age 70 years and older, 6.1%. Age adjusted prevalence showed a female excess of cases with a male-female ratio of 1/1.3. The incidence of different types of glaucoma was studied using the Hospital Discharge Registry for the years 1973-1982. For this 10-year period, a total of 48,864 patients with glaucoma and 10,614 glaucoma suspects were found in a compilation based on an International Classification of Diseases (8th edn.) code number. Of all adult glaucomas, 67% were primary glaucomas, while 33% were secondary glaucomas. An increase in the incidence of glaucoma was noted during the 10-year period, especially for the chronic simple and capsular glaucoma groups. Females were at higher risk for chronic simple, acute angle-closure, capsular and chronic angle-closure glaucoma; whereas, males were at greater risk for other types of secondary glaucomas. The patients with secondary glaucoma were the youngest (mean age 53.5 years in males, and 60.3 years in females), while the patients with capsular glaucoma were the oldest (mean age 71.9 years in males, and 72.8 in females).

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Longitudinal study of Finnish Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli isolates from humans, using multilocus sequence typing, including comparison with epidemiological data and isolates from poultry and cattle.

We describe a study on the application of multilocus sequence typing for the analysis of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli isolates from human domestically acquired infections in the Helsinki-Uusimaa area of Finland in 1996, 2002, and 2003. In addition, isolates from poultry meat and fecal samples of cattle from the seasonal peak (July to September) in 2003 were included in the study. In total, 361 Finnish C. jejuni and C. coli strains were typed. Sequence type 45 (ST-45) (45%), ST-21 (21%), and ST-677 (11%) clonal complexes were the most prevalent. The ST-45 and ST-677 complexes were overrepresented in comparison with previous studies. The longitudinal study revealed an association between C. coli (ST-828 complex) infection and elderly patients (>/=60 years). Analysis of exposure factors, determined by a previous case-control study conducted during the seasonal peak in 2002, revealed that the ST-48 complex was significantly (P < 0.05) associated with the tasting or eating of raw minced meat. New and unassigned STs were associated with swimming in natural bodies of water, whereas the ST-677 complex was related to drinking nonchlorinated water from a small water plant or water from natural sources. The ST-45 complex was associated with contact with pet cats and dogs. In 2003, ST-45 occurrence was significantly associated with poultry whereas ST-50 was associated with isolates from humans. In contrast, ST-53, ST-58, ST-61, and ST-883 were significantly associated with isolates from cattle. Further studies are needed to reveal the significance of the observed associations.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Some epidemiological data on spontaneous abortion in Hungary, 1971-80.

A population based survey of women who had spontaneous abortion in Hungary between 1971 and 1980 has been evaluated. Individual data sheets completed by specialists in obstetrical institutions were used. The ratio of spontaneous abortions was 13.1% during the whole period studied but declined during the decade. The maximum occurrence was in the fifth to eighth week of gestation, when more than 40% of all spontaneous abortions occurred. Thereafter spontaneous abortion ratios decreased gradually with duration of pregnancy. The distribution of spontaneous abortions by calendar month shows characteristic seasonal changes, the minimum values being found from April to July whereas the maximum values were from October to February. The spontaneous abortion ratios increased significantly with the age of mother, over age 40 it approached 50%. They also increased with the pregnancy order, a minimum figure being registered at the first pregnancy of women in their 20s. The risk for women with a history of spontaneous abortion was 33%.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2006

XRCC1 genotype and breast cancer: functional studies and epidemiologic data show interactions between XRCC1 codon 280 His and smoking.

Tobacco smoke produces oxidative and alkylative DNA damage that necessitates repair by base excision repair coordinated by X-ray cross-complementing gene 1 (XRCC1). We investigated whether polymorphisms in XRCC1 alter DNA repair capacity and modify breast cancer risk associated with smoking. To show the functionality of the 280His variant, we evaluated single-strand break (SSB) repair capacity of isogenic Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human forms of XRCC1 after exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), or camptothecin by monitoring NAD(P)H. We used data from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study (CBCS), a population-based, case-control study that included 2,077 cases (786 African Americans and 1,281 Whites) and 1,818 controls (681 African Americans and 1,137 Whites), to examine associations among XRCC1 codon 194, 280, and 399 genotypes, breast cancer, and smoking. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated by unconditional logistic regression. Only cells expressing the 280His protein accumulated SSB, indicated by NAD(P)H depletion, from both H(2)O(2) and MMS exposures. In the CBCS, positive associations were observed between breast cancer and smoking dose for participants with XRCC1 codon 194 Arg/Arg (P(trend) = 0.046), 399 Arg/Arg (P(trend) = 0.012), and 280 His/His or His/Arg (P(trend) = 0.047) genotypes. The 280His allele was in strong linkage disequilibrium with 194Arg (Lewontin's D' = 1.0) and 399Arg (D' = 1.0). These data suggest that less common, functional polymorphisms may lie within common haplotypes and drive gene-environment interactions.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of epidemiological data on congenital hypothyroidism in Europe with those of other parts in the world.

The actual worldwide incidence of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is based on the results of screening in parts of the world where screening is mandatory, i.e. most of Europe, USA, Canada, Cuba, Australia, New Zealand and Japan. In other parts of the world, some indications are given by the results of pilot studies. In Europe, mean overall incidence (1985-1990) for the countries included in our inquiry is 1/3801--in each country for the same period: Austria 1/3,930, Belgium 1/3,750, Czechoslovakia 1/6,037, Denmark 1/3,777, Finland 1/3,969, France 1/4,132, FRG 1/3,827, Greece 1/3,314, Hungary 1/5,632, Israel 1/3,152, Italy 1/3,150, The Netherlands 1/3,723, Norway 1/3,069, Portugal 1/3,139, Spain 1/3,216, Switzerland 1/3,913, UK 1/3,398 and Turkey (pilot study 1989-1992) 1/2,943. In comparison, the figures for the USA for the whole country are similar for the mean overall incidence (1988-1990): 1/4,119. But large variations exist between the states, the reasons of which are perhaps related either to technical problems or to the ethnic background in each state. In Canada and Japan, modifications of screening procedures have led to similar figures for the last years in our possess, Canada (1986-1988) 1/3,884 and Japan (1990) 1/3,856. The figures (mean overall incidence) for Cuba (1987-1991) 1/2,325, for Australia (1985-1990) 1/1/3,331 and for New Zealand (1987-1990) 1/4,496 are quite comparable. So in these countries where the screening is established, no great variations are noted as in certain parts of the world with pilot studies: Argentine (Buenos Aires; 1985-1990) 1/4,407, Chile (1991-1992) 1/2,514, Brazil (Porto Alegre; 1987-1991) 1/4,429.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Congenital Hypothyroidism↗
PubMed1997

Adrenal incidentaloma: an overview of clinical and epidemiological data from the National Italian Study Group.

BACKGROUND: The incidental discovery of an adrenal mass raises the problem of distinguishing the frequent benign masses from the infrequent malignant ones that require surgery. At present, univocal guidelines to approach this problem are not available. The aim of the present study was to perform a multicentric retrospective analysis of adrenal masses incidentally discovered (adrenal incidentalomas). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Hospital records of adrenal incidentalomas diagnosed over a 15-year period in 29 surgical and medical centers in Italy were scrutinized. Collected cases were 1,013, and 887 were analyzed. RESULTS: The majority of patients were in the 5th and 6th decade and females were predominantly affected. The frequency of adrenocortical cancer was 12% among operated patients (316 cases). The tumor diameter was highly correlated with the risk of malignancy, as well as the CT characteristics such as density, shape and margins. The frequency of pheochromocytoma was 10% among operated patients. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of incidentally discovered adrenocortical carcinomas and pheochromocytomas is not rare. Evaluation of the mass size and CT characteristics are simple and effective methods to differentiate malignant lesions. Biochemical screening for pheochromocytoma is mandatory before surgery.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The venous thrombotic risk in non-surgical patients: epidemiological data and efficacy/safety profile of a low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparin). The Prime Study Group.

In a multicentre, randomized, double-blind controlled trial comparing the low-molecular-weight heparin enoxaparin (40 mg) with a standard unfractionated heparin (Ca-heparin, 3 x 5,000 U) in deep-vein thrombosis prophylaxis in a high-risk group of 959 hospitalized medical patients, enoxaparin was at least as efficacious as standard heparin, with fewer adverse events.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Reanalysis of epidemiological data for selenium anti-cancer activity.

Investigations of the health effects of selenium have repeatedly noted an inverse relationship of selenium (both soil and human sera) and decreased prevalence of cancer. This has been found in cross sectional, case-control and ecological study designs. Reanalysis of age-adjusted death rates by cancer site revealed a significant inverse relationship for lung and all cancer with blood selenium. Methodological problems in this type of research is discussed.

Anticarcinogenic Agents↗
PubMed1983

Beta-adrenoceptor blocker intoxication: epidemiological data. Prenalterol as an alternative in the treatment of cardiac dysfunction.

1 During the three years 1978--1980 the Swedish Poison Information Centre received reports of 184 patients hospitalized due to beta-adrenoceptor blocker overdosage. Of the 35 patients who developed signs of severe cardiac dysfunction (HR less than 50 beats/min, systolic blood pressure less than 80 mm Hg), 23 had ingested propranolol, 10 metoprolol and 2 alprenolol. 2 The mean value of the defined daily doses (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants per day in Sweden during these years were 11.97 for propranolol, 8.02 for alprenolol and 7.74 for metoprolol. The incidence of severe poisoning due to alprenolol overdosage is lower than expected according to DDD. 3 During 1979 19 persons died from overdosage with beta-adrenoceptor blockers in Sweden: 15 due to propranolol (non-selective, lacks intrinsic sympathomimetic activity), 2 to metoprolol (cardioselective, lacks intrinsic sympathomimetic activity). These findings indicate that severe and even fatal poisoning may occur regardless of the type of beta-blocking agent. 4 The usefulness of prenalterol, a cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor partial agonist, in reversing unwanted cardiac effects of beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents is illustrated by two cases of massive propranolol intoxication (maximal plasma concentrations of propranolol 7.2 and 7.8 mumol/l respectively). Prenalterol in high doses (130 and 280 mg/24 h respectively) restored cardiac function.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed2004

Visualization and exploratory analysis of epidemiologic data using a novel space time information system.

BACKGROUND: Recent years have seen an expansion in the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in environmental health research. In this field GIS can be used to detect disease clustering, to analyze access to hospital emergency care, to predict environmental outbreaks, and to estimate exposure to toxic compounds. Despite these advances the inability of GIS to properly handle temporal information is increasingly recognised as a significant constraint. The effective representation and visualization of both spatial and temporal dimensions therefore is expected to significantly enhance our ability to undertake environmental health research using time-referenced geospatial data. Especially for diseases with long latency periods (such as cancer) the ability to represent, quantify and model individual exposure through time is a critical component of risk estimation. In response to this need a STIS - a Space Time Information System has been developed to visualize and analyze objects simultaneously through space and time. RESULTS: In this paper we present a "first use" of a STIS in a case-control study of the relationship between arsenic exposure and bladder cancer in south eastern Michigan. Individual arsenic exposure is reconstructed by incorporating spatiotemporal data including residential mobility and drinking water habits. The unique contribution of the STIS is its ability to visualize and analyze residential histories over different temporal scales. Participant information is viewed and statistically analyzed using dynamic views in which values of an attribute change through time. These views include tables, graphs (such as histograms and scatterplots), and maps. In addition, these views can be linked and synchronized for complex data exploration using cartographic brushing, statistical brushing, and animation. CONCLUSION: The STIS provides new and powerful ways to visualize and analyze how individual exposure and associated environmental variables change through time. We expect to see innovative space-time methods being utilized in future environmental health research now that the successful "first use" of a STIS in exposure reconstruction has been accomplished.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Lifetime prevalence and impact of stalking in a European population: epidemiological data from a middle-sized German city.

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of community-based studies on prevalence rates of stalking and the impact of stalking on victims in European countries. AIMS: To examine lifetime and point prevalence rates of stalking, behavioural and psychological consequences for victims, and the impact of stalking on current psychological well-being in a German community sample. METHOD: A postal survey was conducted with a sample randomly selected from the population of a middle-sized German city; 679 people (400 women, 279 men) responded. The survey included a stalking questionnaire and the WHO-5 well-being scale. RESULTS: Almost 12% of the respondents (n=78, 68 women, 10 men) reported having been stalked. A multiple regression analysis revealed a significant effect of victimisation on psychological well-being. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified a high lifetime prevalence of stalking in the community. Effects on victims' psychological health are significant, suggesting that the phenomenon deserves more attention in future community mental health research.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Myasthenia gravis (MG): epidemiological data and prognostic factors.

Data from 756 myasthenic patients were analyzed for diagnostic criteria, clinical aspects, and therapeutic approaches. The patients were followed up at our institution from 1981 to 2001. Clinical evaluation was performed according to the myasthenia gravis score adopted at our clinic. Clinical features of each patient (comprising demographic, clinical, neurophysiological, immunological, radiological, and surgical data, as well as serial myasthenia gravis scores) were filed in a relational database containing more than 7000 records. Clinical efficacy and variables influencing outcome were assessed by life-table methods and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Complete stable remission, as defined by the Task Force of the Medical Scientific Advisory Board of the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America, was the end point for good prognosis. Four hundred and ninety-nine patients (66%) were female and 257 (34%) were male. Mean follow-up was 55.1 +/- 48.1 months. Onset of symptoms peaked in the third decade in females, whereas the male distribution was bimodal with peaks in the third and sixth decades. Modality of myasthenia gravis presentation was as follows: ocular, 39.3%; generalized, 28.5%; bulbar, 31.3%; and respiratory, 0.8%. Thymectomy was carried out on 63.7% of our patients by different approaches: (1) transcervical; (2) transsternal; (3) video-thoracoscopic mini-invasive surgery. The last approach has been preferentially used in more recent years and accounted for 62.4% of the thymectomized myasthenia gravis population. Univariate analysis and Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that variables such as sex (female), age at onset (below 40 years), thymectomy, and histological diagnosis of thymic hyperplasia were significantly associated with complete stable remission, whereas on multivariate analysis only age at onset below 40 years and thymectomy were confirmed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

Longitudinal analysis of categorical epidemiological data: a study of Three Mile Island.

The accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant in 1979 led to an unprecedented set of events with potentially life threatening implications. This paper focusses on the analysis of a longitudinal study of the psychological well-being of the mothers of young children living within 10 miles of the plant. The initial analyses of the data utilize loglinear/logit model techniques from the contingency table literature, and involve the fitting of a sequence of logit models. The inadequancies of these analyses are noted, and a new class of mixture models for logistic response structures is introduced to overcome the noted shortcomings. The paper includes a brief outline of the methodology relevant for the fitting of these models using the method of maximum likelihood, and then the model is applied to the TMI data. The paper concludes with a discussion of some of the substantive implications of the mixture model analysis.

Accidents↗