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PubMed2005

Motor functions of the parietal lobe.

There is now general agreement that the posterior parietal cortex is part of the motor system. New data have confirmed its fundamental role in visuomotor transformations. Most interestingly, recent data showed that the inferior parietal lobule codes motor acts (such as grasping) in a specific way according to the action in which they are embedded. This particular motor organization appears to provide a neural mechanism for higher order cognitive motor functions, including understanding of intention. These functions, and peripersonal space representation, are represented in areas of the inferior parietal lobule, where visual information from both the dorsal and the ventral stream is integrated with motor information.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Anorectal sensory and motor function in neurogenic fecal incontinence. Comparison between multiple sclerosis and diabetes mellitus.

We measured anorectal sensory and motor function in 11 patients with multiple sclerosis and fecal incontinence, 11 continent patients with multiple sclerosis, 10 diabetics with fecal incontinence, and 12 healthy control subjects. The threshold volume at which patients with multiple sclerosis and fecal incontinence experienced rectal sensation was higher than that in healthy controls (42.7 +/- 6.2 mL vs. 13.3 +/- 2.8 mL; P less than 0.01) and was similar to that in incontinent diabetics (36.5 +/- 5.7 mL). Patients with multiple sclerosis and incontinent diabetics also showed increased thresholds of phasic external sphincter contraction compared with controls (P less than 0.05). Diabetics with incontinence had reduced resting and maximal voluntary anal sphincter pressures compared with controls (P less than 0.05), whereas patients with multiple sclerosis and incontinence showed only decreased maximal voluntary anal sphincter pressures (P less than 0.01 vs. controls and diabetics). Incontinent patients with multiple sclerosis also required smaller volumes of rectal distention to inhibit internal sphincter tone compared with diabetics and controls (P less than 0.01). Decreased maximal voluntary squeeze pressures were less severe in continent patients with multiple sclerosis than in incontinent patients with multiple sclerosis. We conclude that impaired function of the external anal sphincter and decreased volumes of rectal distention to inhibit the internal anal sphincter or both may contribute to fecal incontinence in multiple sclerosis. In addition, increased thresholds of conscious rectal sensation in some incontinent patients with multiple sclerosis and diabetes mellitus may contribute to fecal incontinence by impairing the recognition of impending defecation.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Peripheral nerve stimulation for restoration of motor function.

This review paper discusses the use of electrical stimulation to restore function after upper motor neurone type of paralysis. It describes the basic physiology of electrical stimulation, the electrophysiology and biomaterials associated with using metal electrodes to deliver charge to living tissue, and also the adverse effects of stimulation. The central concepts of electrode applications, stimulus parameters, muscle fatigue, and stimulation control are covered. Next, a survey of clinical applications is made with focus on upper and lower limb applications. A concluding section mentions the current status of commercial products available for stimulation.

Bioprosthesis↗

PubMed2005

Motor function at school age in children with a preschool diagnosis of developmental language impairment.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate fine motor (FM) and gross motor (GM) function shortly after school entry in children with a preschool diagnosis of developmental language impairment (DLI). STUDY DESIGN: A cohort of children (n = 70) diagnosed at pre-school age with DLI was reevaluated in elementary school. Language, cognitive, and motor outcomes were assessed through the use of the Battelle Developmental Inventory (BDI). Language was further assessed through the use of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, Peabody Picture Vocabulary, and Expressive One Word Picture Vocabulary Tests. Performance below -1.5 SD of the normative mean on any test was considered to represent impairment. RESULTS: Forty-three children (mean age, 7.4 +/- 0.7 years) underwent reassessment at a mean of 3.8 +/- 0.7 years after initial preschool assessment. Mean scores for BDI motor domains (FM, 78.3 +/- 11.4; GM, 84.9 +/- 13.3) fell below normative values. Twenty-two children (52%) had motor impairment (FM, 17 of 42; GM, 15 of 42); 35 of 43 (81%) continued to have language impairment. BDI communication raw scores correlated most strongly with FM (rho = 0.73, P < .001) and GM (rho = 0.58, P = .003) raw scores but showed only moderate correlations with cognitive raw scores (rho = 0.41, P = .05). CONCLUSIONS: Impaired motor function is an important comorbidity in DLI. Factors critical to motor performance may also contribute to language deficits in DLI.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1987

[Dynamics of the activities of postural asymmetry factors and of the recovery of motor function in damage to the neocortex of the left and right hemispheres].

The role of postural asymmetry factors in the recovery of motor function after unilateral cortical lesions was investigated. The differences in the time-course of motor reactions recovery after left- and right-sided cortical damage was found. A more effective compensation of motor defects in animals with left-sided damage was accompanied by stable activity of postural asymmetry factors. The reported results indicate an important role of postural asymmetry factors in the early compensatory intra-central rearrangements.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

ATP synthases: insights into their motor functions from sequence and structural analyses.

ATP synthases are motor complexes comprised of F0 and F1 parts that couple the proton gradient across the membrane to the synthesis of ATP by rotary catalysis. Although a great deal of information has been accumulated regarding the structure and function of ATP synthases, their motor functions are not fully understood. For this reason, we performed the alignments and analyses of the protein sequences comprising the core of the ATP synthase motor complex, and examined carefully the locations of the conserved residues in the subunit structures of ATP synthases. A summary of the findings from this bioinformatic study is as follows. First, we found that four conserved regions in the sequence of gamma subunit are clustered into three patches in its structure. The interactions of these conserved patches with the alpha and beta subunits are likely to be critical for energy coupling and catalytic activity of the ATP synthase. Second, we located a four-residue cluster at the N-terminal domain of mitochondrial OSCP or bacterial (or chloroplast) delta subunit which may be critical for the binding of these subunits to F1. Third, from the localizations of conserved residues in the subunits comprising the rotors of ATP synthases, we suggest that the conserved interaction site at the interface of subunit c and delta (mitochondria) or epsilon (bacteria and chloroplasts) may be important for connecting the rotor of F1 to the rotor of F0. Finally, we found the sequence of mitochondrial subunit b to be highly conserved, significantly longer than bacterial subunit b, and to contain a shorter dimerization domain than that of the bacterial protein. It is suggested that the different properties of mitochondrial subunit b may be necessary for interaction with other proteins, e.g., the supernumerary subunits.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Motor function compensation in patients with infantile residual encephalopathy and epilepsy following hemispherectomy].

The author studied the time-course of motor function in the paretic and healthy limbs of 12 patients who underwent hemispherectomy. The neurological symptomatology, H-reflex parameters, and the results of a series of motor tests were appraised. In the acute postoperative period, the short-lived signs of central shock in the paretic limbs were observed, which were then replaced by increased excitability of the central nervous system on the side of the hemiparesis. Besides cessation of attacks and epileptic activity on the ECG in the late period, the author recorded total rise of the threshold of H-reflex production and improvement in the performance of the motor tests in unispheric patients, which were regarded as signs of epilepsy compensation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Development and reliability of a system to classify gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy.

To address the need for a standardized system to classify the gross motor function of children with cerebral palsy, the authors developed a five-level classification system analogous to the staging and grading systems used in medicine. Nominal group process and Delphi survey consensus methods were used to examine content validity and revise the classification system until consensus among 48 experts (physical therapists, occupational therapists, and developmental pediatricians with expertise in cerebral palsy) was achieved. Interrater reliability (kappa) was 0.55 for children less than 2 years of age and 0.75 for children 2 to 12 years of age. The classification system has application for clinical practice, research, teaching, and administration.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1995

Astrocyte-derived growth factor (S100 beta) and motor function in rats following cardiac arrest.

Following 10-min cardiac arrest and resuscitation, the central serotonergic system and motor function of rats were found to be affected and later on restored. Astrocyte-derived growth factor (S100 beta) is known to promote survival and neurite outgrowth of serotonergic neurons. In the present study, brain levels of S100 beta were investigated with quantitative immunoblot analysis at various time points following cardiac arrest. Significant reductions of S100 beta were found in the cerebral cortex (30%), midbrain (35%), and cerebellum (46%) of rats 3 days postcardiac arrest. In contrast, at 14 and > 45 days, significant increases of S100 beta were detected in the cerebral cortex (57%; 81%), midbrain (70%; 97%), and cerebellum (84%; 157%). The results indicate that reactive astrocytosis and elevated levels of S100 beta may participate in the recovery processes following hypoxic-ischemic insults to the brain.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2006

Intraoperative corticomuscular motor evoked potentials for evaluation of motor function: a comparison with corticospinal D and I waves.

OBJECT: The goal of this study was to compare motor evoked potentials recorded from muscles (muscle MEPs or corticomuscular MEPs) with corticospinal MEPs recorded from the cervical epidural space (spinal MEPs or corticospinal MEPs) to assess their efficacy in the intraoperative monitoring of motor function. METHODS: Muscle and spinal MEPs were simultaneously recorded during surgery in 80 patients harboring brain tumors. Each case was assigned to one of four groups according to final changes in the MEPs: (1) Group A, in which there was an increased amplitude in the muscle MEP with an increased 13 wave amplitude (12 cases); (2) Group B, in which there was no significant change in the MEP (43 cases); (3) Group C, in which there was a decreased muscle MEP amplitude (< 35% of the control) with a decreased I wave amplitude but an unchanged D wave (15 cases); or (4) Group D, in which there was an absent muscle MEP with a decreased D wave amplitude (10 cases). In patients in Group A, the increase in the amplitude of the muscle MEP (range of increase 128-280%, mean increase 188.75 +/- 48.79%) was well correlated with the increase in the 13 wave in corticospinal MEPs. Most of these patterns were observed in patients harboring meningiomas (10 [83.3%] of 12 cases). Patients in Group B displayed no changes in muscle and corticospinal MEPs and no signs of postoperative neurological deterioration. Patients in Group C showed a substantial decrease in the amplitude of the muscle MEP (range of decrease 5.3-34.8% based on the control waveform, mean change 21.81 +/- 10.93%) without deterioration in the corticospinal D wave, and exhibited severe immediate postoperative motor dysfunction. This indicates dysfunction of the cortical gray matter, including the motor cortices, which are supposed to generate I waves. Patients in Group D exhibited decreases in the corticospinal D wave (range of decrease 21.5-55%, mean decrease 39.75 +/- 11.45%) and an immediate cessation of the muscle MEP as well as severe permanent motor paresis. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that, during surgery, monitoring of corticomuscular MEPs (which are related to I waves) is a much more sensitive method for the detection of immediate motor cortical damage than monitoring of corticospinal MEPs (D wave).

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Who best to make the assessment? Professionals' and families' classifications of gross motor function in cerebral palsy are highly consistent.

AIM: To determine the reliability of family assessment for the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) for children with cerebral palsy in the UK. METHODS: Families of a complete geographically defined population of children with cerebral palsy between 6 and 12 years old were identified from the 4Child epidemiological database. Postal surveys were conducted with the families and any of the child's health professionals that were nominated by the families. RESULTS: Families of 129/314 eligible children took part in the study (41%). The indices of agreement and reliability between families and professionals were also equivalent to those observed between the professionals (kappa = 0.5, ICC > or = 0.9). Reliability coefficients were higher when more of the professionals classified children using direct observation rather than only reviewing their clinical records. CONCLUSIONS: Despite excellent reliability, families and professionals did not always agree exactly on a child's GMFCS level. Classifications may differ due to children's varying performance in different environments, in which case families will almost certainly know their children's ability in a broader range of settings. The indices of reliability of family assessment for the GMFCS meet the recommended criteria for use with individuals and groups, indicating that the method is suitable for use in research studies and clinical practice.

Cerebral Palsy↗

PubMed2000

Computerised evaluation of cognitive and motor function.

In this paper, we present a clinical study of computerised tracking in the evaluation of cognitive and motor function. We investigate its use in the assessment of effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) as well as in the process of following the progress of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To simplify the experiments, we introduce real-time adaptation of the target speed. In the study with epileptic patients, three result groups are compared: blood levels of AEDs, scores on standard neuropsychological tests, and scores on computerised tracking and reaction time tests. It is found that the computerised tests are repeatable, reliable and sensitive and may therefore be useful in the evaluation of epilepsy treatment. For example, while the blood levels associated with AEDs lie in the therapeutic range, variations in the optimal speed (OS) between 0.9 and 1.1 (expressed in relative units) are recorded. To significantly simplify the protocol for AD patients while preserving its main features, we introduce signal-processing techniques into the data analysis. Local signal property characteristics for AD are found which indicate that the preview tracking of an AD patient is similar to the non-preview tracking of a healthy control. This result is expected since the working memory, which is involved in movement planning, is impaired in AD. In non-preview tracking, healthy control subjects are mostly in tracking mode 1 and have a mean mode duration of 600 ms. In preview tracking, AD patients are mostly in mode 2 with a mean mode duration of 600 ms.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Effects of sensory and motor functioning on adult intellectual performance.

This study examined longitudinal health and intelligence data to determine whether sensory or motor deficits account for some of the age-related intellectual changes that are commonly seen from midlife onward. Although sensory and motor functioning did not account for the age-related decrements in performance on speeded, visual perceptual tasks found for this sample in previous work, we did find that hearing deficits added error variance to performance estimates on two verbal subtests of the Wechsler scales.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

[The action of pentagastrin on motor function and intracavitary pressure in the stomach and duodenum].

The effect of pentagastrin (dose: 6 mkg/kg on the motor function and intracavitary pressure of the stomach and duodenum was studied in 28 healthy persons and 352 patients with duodenal ulcer, chronic gastritis, chronic pancreatitis, chronic cholecystitis). It was found that pentagastrin stimulates appearance of the III antroduodenal phase. It is recommended to use pentagastrin in patients with chronic antroduodenal disorders of passability and antroduodenal stasis.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Sensory and motor functions of the superior parietal cortex of the monkey as revealed by single-neuron recordings.

From the literature on the functional role of the superior parietal cortex, it can be seen that this cortical area has been attributed both sensory and motor functions, as demonstrated by anatomical and lesion studies. Single-unit recordings in behaving monkeys have equally been interpreted as demonstrating these two functions. However, the results of recent experiments using this technique suggest that area 5 may function in the transformation of sensory activity into motor activity.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Effect of methyl prednisolone on sensory motor functions in tuberculous meningitis.

A prospective hospital based study was undertaken to study the effect of methyl prednisolone therapy on sensory and motor functions in tuberculous meningitis (TBM). The patients with TB meningitis seen during 1994-1998 were studied. CT scan, motor evoked potential (MEP) to upper and lower limbs; and median and tibial somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) were carried out in all the patients. Outcome was defined at the end of 3 months into poor, partial or complete recovery on the basis of Barthel index score. Inj methyl prednisolone (MPS) 500 mg IV was given to 21 patients followed by oral tapering dose of prednisolone over one month in addition to 4 drug anti-tubercular treatment. The control group comprised of 16 patients who received 4 drugs anti-tubercular therapy without any corticosteroid. These groups were comparable with respect to their age, stage of meningitis, Glasgow coma scale score and radiological findings. In MPS group, CMCT was abnormal in 9 and SEPs in 7 patients. In the control group, these were abnormal in 9 and 5 patients respectively. Three months after the therapy the frequency of improvement, deterioration and stationary evoked potential (EP) changes were also noted in both the groups. Diversity of evoked potential changes were also noted. Evoked potential changes were neither significantly different between the groups nor there was any beneficial effect shown in MPS group at 3 months. On the contrary, the control group fared significantly better than the MPS group. Initial MEP and SEP abnormalities were however related to 3 months outcome (p<0.01).

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Functional neuroanatomy of the nigrostriatal and striatonigral pathways as studied with dual probe microdialysis in the awake rat--II. Evidence for striatal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor regulation of striatonigral GABAergic transmission and motor function.

In the present study we used the dual probe approach to investigate striatal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor regulation of GABA release from the substantia nigra pars reticulata of the awake, freely moving rat. One microdialysis probe of concentric design was implanted in the dorsolateral striatum and another in the ipsilateral substantia nigra pars reticulata. Perfusion with N-methyl-D-aspartate (100 microM) in the dorsolateral striatum decreased local dopamine release (-25%) and increased both glutamate (+40%) and GABA (+35%) release. Moreover, perfusion with N-methyl-D-aspartate (100 microM) in the dorsolateral striatum increased GABA release (+20%) in the substantia nigra pars reticulata. Perfusion with the lower (10 microM) N-methyl-D-aspartate concentration in the dorsolateral striatum did not affect striatal dopamine, glutamate and GABA release or nigral GABA release. Intrastriatal perfusion with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist dizocilpine maleate (10 microM), at a dose which by itself did not affect basal striatal or nigral neurotransmitter levels, prevented the effects of striatal perfusion with N-methyl-D-aspartate on both striatal and nigral neurotransmitter release. Intrastriatal dizocilpine maleate was also perfused concurrently with intranigral tetrodotoxin (10 microM) (see accompanying paper). Intrastriatal perfusion with dizocilpine maleate prevented the tetrodotoxin-induced rise in both striatal and nigral GABA levels and profoundly reduced the tetrodotoxin-induced contralateral turning. In addition, intrastriatal dizocilpine maleate delayed the increase in striatal glutamate release evoked by intranigral tetrodotoxin without affecting the associated decrease in striatal dopamine release. The present study demonstrates that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the dorsolateral striatum regulate GABA release in the substantia nigra pars reticulata of the awake rat and provides evidence that this regulation plays a key role in motor function.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Olanzapine and clozapine: comparative effects on motor function in hallucinating PD patients.

OBJECTIVE: To compare olanzapine and clozapine for safety and efficacy measures of psychosis and motor function in patients with PD and chronic hallucinations. BACKGROUND: Hallucinations occur in approximately one third of patients with PD treated chronically with dopaminergic drugs. Although clozapine is known to be an effective antipsychotic agent that does not significantly exacerbate parkinsonism, its use requires frequent blood count assessment. Olanzapine is another novel antipsychotic that is not associated with blood dyscrasia, and if equally effective could become the preferred drug for treating hallucinations in subjects with PD. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, parallel comparison of olanzapine and clozapine in patients with PD with chronic hallucinations was conducted. The primary outcome measure was the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) for psychotic symptoms. The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor subscale was used as a secondary outcome measure and as a safety monitoring tool. RESULTS: After 15 patients had completed the study, safety stopping rules were invoked because of exacerbated parkinsonism in olanzapine-treated subjects. UPDRS motor impairment scores from baseline to study end significantly increased with olanzapine treatment, and change scores between the olanzapine and clozapine groups significantly differed. The primary clinical domains responsible for the motor decline were gait and bradykinesia. Even with a smaller patient number than originally anticipated, clozapine significantly improved hallucinations and overall behavioral assessment, whereas olanzapine had no effect. CONCLUSIONS: At the doses studied, olanzapine aggravates parkinsonism in comparison with clozapine and should not be regularly used in the management of hallucinations in patients with PD.

Aged↗