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Results for “parameter optimization”

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At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

Dynamics of multiple trapping by a single-beam laser tweezer.

A multiple-trap single-beam scanning laser tweezer system was developed and characterized. Different stationary and mobile multiple-trap modes were generated for polystyrene beads in a water environment. Trapping efficiency and stability were investigated for several dynamic parameters such as transition time between the sites, waiting time on a single site, number of trapping sites, and IR laser power. Optimal parameters for efficient generation of complex arrays and matrices were determined. We demonstrate an example of a single laser beam multiple-trap application by measuring the trap's stiffness in water for our laser tweezer setup.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2007

Designing and redesigning medical telecare services: a forces-oriented model.

OBJECTIVES: Medical telecare services' designing and redesigning still remains a challenging issue since it often depends on how a number of socio-technological issues are framed. This work has two key objectives; the former is to theoretically analyze the nature of a telecare environment by developing a model that reveals potential areas of analysis and the latter is to support designing and redesigning medical telecare services by formulating a strategy as well as a number of 'state of the art' guidelines. METHODS: We have extended Leavitt's diamond to develop a model capable of accurately reflecting the telecare environment building dimensions as well as their interactions. This model depends on the i) technology, ii) collaborators, iii) tasks, iv) structure, v) social forces, and the vi) procedure dimensions. Taking this model as a core element we have proposed a service designing and redesigning strategy formulating, in parallel, six scalable dimension-oriented guidelines. RESULT: During the two-year period (2003-2005) an enormous amount of data was collected (by active participating in two EU projects, by conducting semistructured interviews, by performing onsite observations as well as by reviewing 78 previous projects) and classified, structuring six guidelines. These guidelines can be considered as the 'state of the art' to support future services' design and redesign. CONCLUSIONS: This work considering the telecare environment as a multi-dimensional, operational organization has put the focus on accurate telecare services' design and redesign. The parameters are not limited, by any means, and are drawn from experience of designing services in a variety of telecare domains. The optimal parameter combination must be chosen according to the aim of each telecare procedure. Further research is needed to determine the minimum parameters to support telecare service design.

Computer Communication Networks↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Maximization of contrast-to-noise ratio to distinguish diffusion and microcirculatory flow.

Optimization of the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) is described for microcirculation magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques based on flow-compensated/flow-dephased sequences, both with and without even-echo rephasing. The authors present the most advantageous manner of applying flow-dephased gradients, such that dephasing is maximal while diffusion losses are minimal. The theoretical considerations include phase, diffusion, echo time, and bandwidth in the determination of the optimal parameters for microcirculation imaging. Studies in phantoms consisting of stationary and flowing copper sulfate in Sephadex columns demonstrate the validity of the calculations. Optimized in vivo images of a rat stroke model demonstrate the potential of the flow-compensated/flow-dephased technique and the importance of optimizing CNR.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Development of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry following microwave distillation and simultaneous headspace single-drop microextraction for fast determination of volatile fraction in Chinese herb.

In this work, for the first time, microwave distillation (MD) coupled with simultaneous headspace single-drop microextraction (HS-SDME) was developed for the determination of the volatile components in the Chinese herb, Artemisia capillaris Thunb. The volatile components were rapidly isolated by MD, and simultaneously extracted and concentrated by using a dodecane microdrop. The volatile oil extracted in the microdrop solvent was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The experimental parameters of solvent selection, microdrop volume, microwave power, irradiation time and sample amount were investigated, and the method precision was also studied. The optimal parameters were extraction solvent of dodecane, solvent volume of 2.0 microL, microwave power of 400 W, irradiation time of 4 min, and sample amount of 2.0 g. Thirty-five volatile compounds present in Artemisia capillaris Thunb. were identified by using the proposed method, which were identical with those obtained by the conventional steam distillation method. The experimental results showed that MD-HS-SDME is a simple, rapid, reliable, and solvent-free technique for the determination of volatile compounds in Chinese herbs.

Analytic Sample Preparation Methods↗

PubMed1984

The electronic structure of Fe2+ in reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. III. EPR measurements of the reduced acceptor complex.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of the reduced quinone-iron acceptor complex in reaction centers were measured in a variety of environments and compared with spectra calculated from a theoretical model. Spectra were obtained at microwave frequencies of 1, 9, and 35 GHz and at temperatures from 1.4 to 30 K. The spectra are characterized by a broad absorption peak centered at g = 1.8 with wings extending from g approximately equal to 5 to g less than 0.8. The peak is split with the low-field component increasing in amplitude with temperature. The theoretical model is based on a spin Hamiltonian, in which the reduced quinone, Q-, interacts magnetically with Fe2+. In this model the ground manifold of the interacting Q-Fe2+ system has two lowest doublets that are separated by approximately 3 K. Both perturbation analyses and exact numerical calculations were used to show how the observed spectrum arises from these two doublets. The following spin Hamiltonian parameters optimized the agreement between simulated and observed spectra: the electronic g tensor gFe, x = 2.16, gFe, y = 2.27, gFez = 2.04, the crystal field parameters D = 7.60 K and E/D = 0.25, and the antiferromagnetic magnetic interaction tensor, Jx = -0.13 K, Jy = -0.58 K, Jz = -0.58 K. The model accounts well for the g value (1.8) of the broad peak, the observed splitting of the peak, the high and low g value wings, and the observed temperature dependence of the shape of the spectra. The structural implications of the value of the magnetic interaction, J, and the influence of the environment on the spin Hamiltonian parameters are discussed. The similarity of spectra and relaxation times observed from the primary and secondary acceptor complexes Q-AFe2+ and Fe2+Q-B leads to the conclusion that the Fe2+ is approximately equidistant from QA and QB.

Biophysical Phenomena↗

PubMed2006

Symbolic-numeric estimation of parameters in biochemical models by quantifier elimination.

The sequencing of complete genomes allows analyses of the interactions between various biological molecules on a genomic scale, which prompted us to simulate the global behaviors of biological phenomena on the molecular level. One of the basic mathematical problems in the simulation is the parameter optimization in the kinetic model for complex dynamics, and many estimation methods have been designed. We introduce a new approach to estimate the parameters in biological kinetic models by quantifier elimination (QE), in combination with numerical simulation methods. The estimation method was applied to a model for the inhibition kinetics of HIV proteinase with ten parameters and nine variables, and attained the goodness of fit to 300 points of observed data with the same magnitude as that obtained by the previous estimation methods, remarkably by using only one or two points of data. Furthermore, the utilization of QE demonstrated the feasibility of the present method for elucidating the behavior of the parameters and the variables in the analyzed model. Therefore, the present symbolic-numeric method is a powerful approach to reveal the fundamental mechanisms of kinetic models, in addition to being a computational engine.

Algorithms↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Direct inference of the spectra of pericardial potentials using the boundary-element method.

New methods, based on Tikhonov regularization, were developed to infer the magnitude and phase of pericardial potentials directly. These methods were tested in an adult-male torso model using measured human epicardial potentials. With 1% noise added to body-surface potentials, regularization with an optimal parameter at each frequency from 1 to 100 Hz gave an average relative error (RE) in inferred spectral magnitudes of 0.44. Regularization with the composite-residual-smoothing-operator (CRESO) parameter increased the RE slightly to 0.47. With 10% additive noise, 10 mm overestimation of heart radius, and a 10 mm error in heart position, the average CRESO parameter from 1 to 100 Hz gave an average RE of 0.71. Performance was frequency dependent. The smallest REs occurred at low frequencies. With 1% noise, optimal regularization gave average REs of 0.20, 0.40, and 0.53 in the 1-15, 15-46, and 46-100 Hz bands, respectively. Direct inference of spectral magnitudes was more accurate than Fourier transformation of inferred time-domain waveforms. Results suggest that when heart size and location are not known, minimum REs in spectral estimates are found using an overestimated heart size and a regularization parameter which is the average value over the frequency band of interest.

Body Surface Potential Mapping↗

PubMed1991

Invited review: electrodiagnostic assessment and monitoring of motor unit changes in disease.

The motor unit characteristics change dynamically with disease. This is the basis for the use of neurophysiologic methods for diagnostic purposes and for long-term monitoring. A great variety of nerve conduction and EMG parameters are available to study the motor unit. They reflect different aspects of motor unit function. Therefore, the electromyographer must choose his technique and optimal parameters depending on the situation, type of condition, whether the purpose is diagnosis or monitoring, and so on. In this presentation the relationship between EMG parameters and physiologic and morphologic counterparts in some pathologic conditions will be discussed.

Electromyography↗

PubMed2000

Prediction of functional outcome by quantification of sestamibi and BMIPP after acute myocardial infarction.

Iodine-123 15-(p-iodophenyl)-3-R,S-methylpentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) can be used to image myocardial fatty acid regional distribution and utilisation with single-photon emission tomography (SPET). By visual analysis, a mismatching with regional uptake of BMIPP less than that of a perfusion tracer has been shown to predict myocardial viability and functional improvement after restoration of flow in patients with myocardial infarction. The current study aimed to evaluate a newly developed quantitative method of analysis of sestamibi and BMIPP uptake for the prediction of functional recovery after revascularization in patients with acute infarction. BMIPP and gated sestamibi SPET studies at rest were obtained before and >3 months after revascularization in 18 patients with recent infarction. A colour-coded polar map was generated from the comparison of sestamibi and BMIPP uptake. Depending on the relative distribution of the two tracers, different patterns of uptake were identified and their extent expressed as percentages of the surface of the whole left ventricle and of the three main coronary artery territories. At follow-up, recovery was defined as a > or =5% increase in ejection fraction compared with baseline. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to analyse the data. At baseline, significant correlations were found between ejection fraction and the % surface with decreased sestamibi or BMIPP uptake (r=-0.68, P= 0.001, and r=-0.72, P<0.0001, respectively). When combining both tracers, ejection fraction was significantly associated with the extent of myocardium showing decreased sestamibi uptake with lower BMIPP uptake (mismatching; r=-0.68, P=0.001). At follow-up, significant functional recovery was found in 13/18 patients. By ROC curve analysis, the optimal pattern of distribution predicting recovery was a mismatching with uptake of sestamibi <70% and uptake of BMIPP at least 10% lower. For this parameter, optimal cut-off of extent was 10% of the whole left ventricle surface (sensitivity 69%, specificity 80%, accuracy 72%) and 25% of the infarct-related arterial territory (sensitivity 77%, specificity 80%, accuracy 78%). The areas under the curve were 79% for the left ventricle surface and 72% for the individual arterial territories. These results suggest that in patients with acute infarction, quantitative analysis of sestamibi and BMIPP could offer an objective and reproducible method for estimating the severity of cardiac dysfunction and predicting the evolution of ejection fraction after revascularization.

Fatty Acids↗

PubMed1995

Picosecond neodymium:yttrium lithium fluoride (Nd:YLF) laser peripheral iridotomy.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the picosecond neodymium:yttrium lithium fluoride (Nd:YLF) laser for performing peripheral iridotomies of predetermined size and shape in various types of irides. METHODS: In the first part of the study, we determined operating parameters from performing 60 iridotomies in human cadaver eyes. Subsequently, using the parameters obtained in cadaver eyes, iridotomies were created in eyes of patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma. RESULTS: In the cadaver eyes, the optimal parameters were a rectangular cutting pattern of 0.3 x 0.3 mm, 500-microns cutting depth, 50-microns spot separation, 200 to 400 microJ of energy per pulse, 200 to 400 pulses per second, and no focal offset distance. In 18 eyes of 11 patients, iridotomies with well-defined margins and size were created. Minimal hemorrhage occurred intraoperatively in ten of 18 eyes (55.6%), which did not affect the outcome of the procedure. Increases of postoperative intraocular pressure at one hour averaged 3.5 +/- 5.1 mm Hg, with an increase of more than 10 mm Hg in three eyes (16.7%), and a maximum of 12 mm Hg. We observed no corneal or retinal damage. CONCLUSION: The picosecond Nd:YLF laser seems to be an effective instrument for reliably performing peripheral iridotomies of precise size and shape using low energy per pulse levels. This laser, unlike the argon laser, is successful independent of iris thickness or color and can easily make a larger iridotomy than is often possible with the Nd:YAG laser.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Normalized glandular dose (DgN) coefficients for flat-panel CT breast imaging.

The development of new digital mammography techniques such as dual-energy imaging, tomosynthesis and CT breast imaging will require investigation of optimal camera design parameters and optimal imaging acquisition parameters. In optimizing these acquisition protocols and imaging systems it is important to have knowledge of the radiation dose to the breast. This study presents a methodology for estimating the normalized glandular dose to the uncompressed breast using the geometry proposed for flat-panel CT breast imaging. The simulation uses the GEANT 3 Monte Carlo code to model x-ray transport and absorption within the breast phantom. The Monte Carlo software was validated for breast dosimetry by comparing results of the normalized glandular dose (DgN) values of the compressed breast to those reported in the literature. The normalized glandular dose was then estimated for a range of breast diameters from 10 cm to 18 cm using an uncompressed breast model with a homogeneous composition of adipose and glandular tissue, and for monoenergetic x-rays from 10 keV to 120 keV. These data were fit providing expressions for the normalized glandular dose. Using these expressions for the DgN coefficients and input variables such as the diameter, height and composition of the breast phantom, the mean glandular dose for any spectra can be estimated. A computer program to provide normalized glandular dose values has been made available online. In addition, figures displaying energy deposition maps are presented to better understand the spatial distribution of dose in CT breast imaging.

Body Burden↗

PubMed1995

Segmentation methods for volume determination with 111In/99Tcm SPET.

Objective determination of regions of interest (ROIs) is a prerequisite for the accurate quantification of radionuclide volume distributions in single photon emission tomographic (SPET) images. In this study, we compared four segmentation methods: fixed thresholding (FT), grey level histogram (GL), region growing (RG) and combined region growing and edge detection (RGE). For this purpose, an elliptical phantom containing two cylinders with varying volumes (8-360 ml) and activities of 111In and 99Tcm (2.9-37 kBq ml-1) was employed. Using these methods, the following correlation was observed between true and measured phantom volumes: 111In, r = 0.95 (FT), 0.73 (GL), 0.93 (RG) and 0.92 (RGE); 99Tcm, r = 0.85 (FT), 0.72 (GL), 0.85 (RG) and 0.89 (RGE). Volume determination with FT and RG was not sensitive to the cut-off frequency used in image filtering. A significant correlation was observed between spleen volumes measured with the different segmentation methods, except GL, when applied to the SPET images of 25 patients administered 111In-labelled platelets. On the basis of these results, FT and RG are recommended for the clinical determination of ROIs, although they can be difficult to apply if the signal-to-noise ratio is very low or highly variable, when a combination of different imaging modalities may be the only accurate solution to the segmentation problem. The RGE method can also produce accurate results, but estimation of parameters is laborious with this method. Before being applied clinically, all segmentation methods tested in this study require phantom measurements for the determination of optimal parameters.

Humans↗

PubMed1988

Application of the molecular replacement method to multidomain proteins. 1. Determination of the orientation of an immunoglobulin Fab fragment.

Multidomain proteins provide special problems in the application of the molecular replacement method of structure determination. The structure of the Fab fragment from the autoimmune poly(dT)-specific antibody HED10 has been determined using molecular replacement. An analysis of the effects of varying the model and the parameters used in the rotation function indicates that dividing the molecule into individual relatively rigid domains simplifies interpretation of the results, and that the optimal parameters depend on the molecule under study.

Antibodies↗

PubMed1980

Analysis of the urethral pressure profile using a mechanical model.

Using a model of the urethra designed to ensure a predictable pressure profile along its length, we investigated optimal parameters for gas and water profilometry. In gas profilometry, the response characteristics of the machine, attributable to the highly compressible nature of gas, were shown to be the most important determinants of accuracy. Gas and water profilometry have drawbacks that make clinical results inaccurate. However, if all measuring parameters are carefully recorded and considered when a pressure profile is analyzed, system error can be decreased from 62 to 5% by using the optimal pull and flow rates determined by this study.

Hydrostatic Pressure↗

PubMed2001

Backpropagation algorithm adaptation parameters using learning automata.

Despite of the many successful applications of backpropagation for training multi-layer neural networks, it has many drawbocks. For complex problems it may require a long time to train the networks, and it may not train at all. Long training time can be the result of the non-optimal parameters. It is not easy to choose appropriate value of the parameters for a particular problem. In this paper, by interconnection of fixed structure learning automata (FSLA) to the feedforward neural networks, we apply learning automata (LA) scheme for adjusting these parameters based on the observation of random response of neural networks. The main motivation in using learning automata as an adaptation algorithm is to use its capability of global optimization when dealing with multi-modal surface. The feasibility of proposed method is shown through simulations on three learning problems: exclusive-or, encoding problem, and digit recognition. The simulation results show that the adaptation of these parameters using this method not only increases the convergence rate of learning but it increases the likelihood of escaping from the local minima.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1999

Influence of helical CT parameters on spatial resolution in CT angiography performed with a subsecond scanner.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: In helical CT, the beam collimation, table feed (TF) per tube rotation, voltage, current, reconstruction increment, kernel, linear interpolation algorithm (LIA), and contrast are variable parameters. The purpose of this study was to determine which of these parameters are most important to minimize partial volume effects for improving spatial resolution in CT angiography. METHODS: Phantom vessel stenoses of different lengths (2, 8 mm) and diameters (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 mm) were scanned with helical CT using a constant tube rotation time of 0.75 sec and 42 selected combinations of the above-mentioned parameters. Orthogonal targeted maximum intensity projections of the stenoses were ordered according to the increase in blurring and noise in a consensus reading by two radiologists blinded to the parameters used. RESULTS: Three millimeters of collimation and TF in conjunction with a 180 degrees LIA and > 250 Hounsfield unit contrast density was considered the optimal parameter combination and enabled a continuous visualization of the stenoses down to 0.5 mm in diameter. A collimation of 1 or 2 mm and 5 mm was considered inferior to a collimation of 3 mm because of, respectively, noise and blurring. With 3 mm collimation, significant blurring occurred when a pitch larger than 1.5 was used. A 3 mm collimation with a pitch of 2 (6 mm TF) was found to be superior to a collimation of 5 mm in conjunction with a pitch of 1 (5 mm TF). With 5 mm collimation, the short stenoses could be visualized only when using a 180 degrees LIA and a TF per tube rotation smaller than 7 mm. Eight and 10 mm collimations failed to depict the short stenoses. CONCLUSIONS: Collimation had the most influence on image quality in CT angiography, followed by LIA, pitch, and contrast density. Decreasing the reconstruction increment to less than one third of the TF or increasing the voltage or current beyond standard values did not improve the delineation of the stenoses. For screening examinations, the authors recommend the use of 3 mm collimation, 180 degrees LIA, and a pitch of 2.

Angiography↗

PubMed2006

An adaptive recurrent-neural-network motion controller for X-Y table in CNC machine.

In this paper, an adaptive recurrent-neural-network (ARNN) motion control system for a biaxial motion mechanism driven by two field-oriented control permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) in the computer numerical control (CNC) machine is proposed. In the proposed ARNN control system, a RNN with accurate approximation capability is employed to approximate an unknown dynamic function, and the adaptive learning algorithms that can learn the parameters of the RNN on line are derived using Lyapunov stability theorem. Moreover, a robust controller is proposed to confront the uncertainties including approximation error, optimal parameter vectors, higher-order terms in Taylor series, external disturbances, cross-coupled interference and friction torque of the system. To relax the requirement for the value of lumped uncertainty in the robust controller, an adaptive lumped uncertainty estimation law is investigated. Using the proposed control, the position tracking performance is substantially improved and the robustness to uncertainties including cross-coupled interference and friction torque can be obtained as well. Finally, some experimental results of the tracking of various reference contours demonstrate the validity of the proposed design for practical applications.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2003

MOPED: method for optimizing physical energy parameters using decoys.

We present a method called MOPED for optimizing energetic and structural parameters in computational models, including all-atom energy functions, when native structures and decoys are given. The present method goes beyond previous approaches in treating energy functions that are nonlinear in the parameters and continuous in the degrees of freedom. We illustrate the method by improving solvation parameters in the energy function EEF1, which consists of the CHARMM19 polar hydrogen force field augmented by a Gaussian solvation term. Although the published parameters for EEF1 correctly discriminate the native from decoys in the decoy sets of Levitt et al., they fail on several of the more difficult decoy sets of Baker et al. MOPED successfully finds improved parameters that allow EEF1 to discriminate native from decoy structures on all protein structures that do not have metals or prosthetic groups.

Algorithms↗