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Results for “pathological imaging data”

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PubMed2004

Dopamine and iron in the pathophysiology of restless legs syndrome (RLS).

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The evaluation of the pathophysiology of restless legs syndrome (RLS) stems largely from recognition of the information provided by both pharmacological treatment of the disorder and the secondary forms of the disorder. This article examines the pathophysiological implications of each of these clinical aspects of RLS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The article reviews the existing literature in relation to possible pathology suggested by the clinical data. It will then explore other data supporting each of the possible pathologies and examine the relationships between these pathologies. RESULTS: The pharmacological treatment data strongly support a dopaminergic abnormality for RLS. Other pharmacological data and some imaging data also support this, although the data are not entirely consistent. The secondary forms of RLS strongly support an iron deficiency abnormality for RLS, further documented by several other studies. Some animal studies have shown a relation between iron deficiency and dopaminergic abnormalities that have some similarity to those seen in the RLS patient. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that there may be an iron-dopamine connection central to the pathophysiology of RLS for at least some if not most patients with this disorder.

Dopamine↗

PubMed1994

Colour Doppler sonography of the normal paediatric testis.

Colour Doppler imaging (CDI) potentially provides the facility to differentiate torsion of the testis from inflammatory pathology. Normal control data are required for the purposes of interpretation of abnormal findings. Fifty boys with normal testes were examined by CDI using the Acuson 128XP System. Testicular blood flow was demonstrated in both testes in 58% of boys whilst 34% had no detectable flow. Eight per cent had demonstrable flow demonstrated on one side only. These results indicate that caution should be exercised in diagnosing testicular torsion on colour flow findings alone.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Screening mammography: costs and use of screening-related services.

PURPOSE: To determine the costs and screening-related services in women undergoing screening mammography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study procedures were approved by the institutional committee for the protection of human subjects, and participants gave prior written consent. Data from a statewide mammography registry were used to identify imaging examinations, clinical consultations, interventional procedures, and pathology reports associated with screening mammography. The analysis included 99 064 women in the New Hampshire Mammography Network who underwent screening mammography between November 1, 1996, and March 31, 2000. Use of screening-related services in each case was tracked over an 18-month period, and procedure-specific national Medicare reimbursement rates from 2002 were applied for estimation of costs. Descriptive statistics (means, medians, standard deviations, 95% confidence intervals, frequencies, and percentages of resources and of costs) were calculated. RESULTS: The majority of subjects (85 809, or 87%) underwent screening mammography only. Of the 13 255 (13%) who underwent diagnostic imaging, additional mammographic views were obtained in most at the time of screening, within days or weeks of screening, or at short-interval follow-up. The total cost was $12 287 739. Approximately 80% ($9 777 670) of the total cost was related to imaging, and 68% ($8 410 313), specifically to screening mammography. Twenty percent ($2 510 069) of the total cost was associated with consultation and interventional procedures in only 2942 (3%) of the women, primarily those who underwent biopsy. Procedures resulted in benign findings in 2247 (76%) of the 2942. Mean total direct medical costs per capita were low ($99) in women who underwent screening mammography only, moderate ($286) in women who also underwent diagnostic imaging, and substantially greater in women who underwent biopsy ($993). CONCLUSION: While the largest component cost of screening mammography is that incurred in obtaining screening views alone, the highest costs per capita are associated with interventional procedures.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Three-dimensional virtual dissection at CT colonography: unraveling the colon to search for lesions.

Computed tomographic (CT) colonography is a promising noninvasive examination for colorectal cancer screening; however, the optimal interpretation strategy remains undecided. Virtual dissection is an innovative technique whereby the three-dimensional (3D) model of the colon is virtually unrolled, sliced open, and displayed as a flat 3D rendering of the mucosal surface, similar to a gross pathologic specimen. This technique has the potential to reduce evaluation time by providing a more rapid 3D image assessment than is possible with an antegrade and retrograde 3D endoluminal fly-through. It may also ultimately improve accuracy by reducing blind spots present with 3D endoluminal displays and by reducing reader fatigue. A disadvantage of virtual dissection is the potential for distortion of colonic lesions and normal anatomy. To avoid potential pitfalls in image interpretation, the radiologist must be familiar with the unique appearance of the normal colon anatomy and of various pathologic findings when using virtual dissection with two-dimensional axial and 3D endoluminal CT colonographic image data sets.

Colonic Diseases↗

PubMed2005

MRI as a marker for disease heterogeneity in multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Whereas recent data from imaging studies challenge the prevailing notion that multiple sclerosis (MS) is purely an inflammatory disease, pathologic studies suggest differences in the disease processes between individual patients with MS. The ability to dissect the pathophysiologic disease heterogeneity, if it indeed exists, by methodologies that can be applied in vivo is important both for the development of new therapeutics and for the ability to identify the optimal therapy for an individual patient. OBJECTIVE: To design a stratification algorithm for patients with MS based on accepted MRI measurements reflective of inflammation and axonal damage/tissue loss and to assess if such MS subgroups retain their intergroup differences long term. METHODS: Mathematical modeling was used to select three discriminatory MRI measures for clinical outcome based on the cross-sectional analysis of 71 patients with untreated MS and tested general applicability of the stratification scheme on the independent longitudinal cohort of 71 MS patients. RESULTS: By consecutive employment of MRI measures reflective of inflammation and tissue loss, the authors were able to separate MS patients into four clinically meaningful subgroups. The analysis of the longitudinal confirmatory cohort demonstrated persistence of the intergroup differences in selected MRI measures for 8 years. CONCLUSIONS: The inflammatory activity and destructiveness of the multiple sclerosis process are to some degree independent of each other, and the successive evaluation of both of these variables can strengthen prediction of clinical outcome in individual patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Clinical diagnosis from digital displays: results and conclusions from the St Mary's evaluation project.

Preliminary results with the first commercially available digital display system to be installed in a British radiology department were published in 1989: these consisted of data from observer performance studies of digitized images displayed using a 1024-line monitor, showing a single pathological feature--subperiosteal resorption in renal osteodystrophy. Further experiments have now been conducted with the successor to this equipment, a 1280-line digital display system. Formal observer performance studies were undertaken for four pathological conditions, and the results show statistically significant differences in performance between the digitized displayed images and those on film. The display system was not considered to be good enough for the task of primary radiological diagnosis of subtle lesions; findings support the conclusion that careful, objective clinical evaluation of digital display systems is important before they are introduced into clinical use.

Bone Resorption↗

PubMed2004

Uncertainties in depth determination and comparison of multivariate with univariate analysis in confocal Raman studies of a laminated polymer and skin.

Confocal Raman microscopy data are reported for a laminated polymer (Paramount) and for pigskin. The nature of the laminated structure of the polymer provides a useful test for evaluation of thickness distortions in confocal measurements in soft samples, which are found to be quite significant. The spatial variation in line profiles generated from univariate analyses with scores derived from factor loadings are consistent for both samples and provide distinct diagnostic markers for stratum corneum and epidermis regions of skin. Univariate analysis of the C-C stretching region of skin reveals a spatial dependence of chain conformational order. In addition, variations in keratin-containing areas of the stratum corneum are readily identified from area maps of the S-S stretching vibrations. These data indicate that confocal Raman imaging studies of molecular structure changes in particular regions of skin during pathological processes will prove quite valuable in dermatology.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[Diagnostic criteria for idiopathic Parkinson's disease].

Clinical diagnosis of parkinsonian syndrome is reasonably easy, but the distinction between idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) and other parkinsonian syndromes (Secondary parkinsonisms and "Parkinsons plus") may be very difficult particularly in early cases. A correct diagnosis is not only important for counselling and management of patients but also in conducting pharmacological and epidemiological studies. A critical analysis of the diagnosis criteria of IPD, based on the pathological verification, is discussed from recent data of literature. Without any validated and available criteria from functional imaging or molecular biology, the most effective diagnostic criteria remain on the clinical range; the five most effective criteria are resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, asymmetry at onset and marked levoDOPA responsiveness. The diagnosis of IPD should be periodically reassessed along the course of its natural history.

Humans↗

PubMed1989

[Thermographic examination of patients with neurologic manifestations of lumbar osteochondrosis].

The article deals with thermography data collected for 94 patients with different clinical signs of lumbar osteochondrosis (reflex, radicular, vascular, radiculo-spinal). The features of thermograms were described as depending on the leading clinical syndrome of the disease. A lack of direct correlation between the severity of the pain syndrome and thermoasymmetry was registered. The data suggest wider use of the diagnostic capacities of IR-imaging techniques in patients with vertebrogenic pathology.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

[Significance of kidney and urinary tract abnormalities detected during bone scintiscans (author's transl)].

The kidneys and the bladder are regularly visible when bone scintiscans are performed during 99mTc-labelled phosphorus compounds, and abnormalities in the distribution of local activities within these organs are not uncommonly detected. The authors were able to compare such abnormalities with clinical, laboratory and X-ray data in 139 out of 1980 cases of bone scintiscan. In 84% of the cases the pathological image was associated with an established renal or urinary disease and was indeed often responsible for its unexpected discovery. Urinary tract abnormalities detected on bone scintigrams therefore deserve to be taken into consideration and should be confirmed by appropriate investigations.

Bone and Bones↗

PubMed1996

[Clinical incidence of primary cardiac tumors].

Recently, clinical diagnostic methods for heart disease, especially echocardiography, have remarkably progressed and the incidence of cardiac tumors increased. This study investigated the characteristics of tumors in 115 patients with primary cardiac tumor, diagnosed histologically in 1993-1994, in collaboration with 126 university hospitals in Japan. Histological diagnosis, location, initial clinical manifestations and prognosis of cardiac tumors are reported. Of the 115 patients, 98 (85%) had primary benign tumor. Myxoma was the most common histological group (91 cases). Primary malignant cardiac tumors occurred in 17 patients (15%) of which rhabdomyosarcoma was the most frequent (5 cases). Sixty percent of patients with myxoma were female, a similar ratio to the proportion of female patients with other primary cardiac tumors. Most patients with myxoma had the tumor in the left side of the heart [76 cases (84%) in left side, 12 (13%) in right side, 3 (3%) in both sides]. In contrast, the primary malignant cardiac tumors occurred more in the right side of the heart rather than in the left side (eight in right side, six in left side). Embolization was the characteristic initial clinical manifestation for myxoma. There were no patients with initial manifestation of embolization in the other histological groups. Reflecting the recent progress and spread of clinical diagnostic methods, 17% of all patients were discovered asymptomatically. All patients with myxoma who were asymptomatic underwent operation, and there were no surgical deaths. In contrast, only one patient with primary malignant cardiac tumor could survive longer than a year. In conclusion, the progress and the spread of cardiovascular imaging has contributed to the early diagnosis of primary cardiac tumors. These data demonstrate new clinical and pathological characteristics of primary cardiac tumors seen in recent cardiologic practice in Japan.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Computer-aided classification of interstitial lung diseases via MDCT: 3D adaptive multiple feature method (3D AMFM).

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Computer-aided detection algorithms applied to multidetector row CT (MDCT) lung image data sets have the potential to significantly alter clinical practice through the early, quantitative detection of pulmonary pathology. In this project, we have further developed a computer-aided detection tool, the adaptive multiple feature method (AMFM), for the detection of interstitial lung diseases based on MDCT-generated volumetric data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed MDCT (Siemens Sensation 16 or 64 120 kV, B50f convolution kernel, and <or=0.75-mm slice thickness) on 20 human volunteers recruited from four cohorts studied under an National Institutes of Health-sponsored Bioengineering Research Partnership Grant: 1) normal never smokers; 2) normal smokers; 3) those with emphysema, and 4) those with interstitial lung disease (total: 11 males, 9 females; age range 20-75 years, mean age 40 years). A total of 1,184 volumes of interest (VOIs; 21 x 21 pixels in plane) were marked by a senior radiologist and a senior pulmonologist as emphysema (EMPH, n = 287); ground-glass (GG, n = 147), honeycombing (HC, n = 137), normal nonsmokers (NN, n = 287), and normal smokers (NS, n = 326). For each VOI, we calculated 24 volumetric features, including statistical features (first-order features, run-length, and co-occurrence features), histogram, and fractal features. We compared two methods of classification (a Support Vector Machine (SVM) and a Bayesian classifier) using a 10-fold cross validation method and McNemar's test. RESULTS: The sensitivity of five patterns in the form of Bayesian/SVM was: EMPH: 91/93%; GG: 89/86%; HC: 93/90%; NN: 90/73%; and NS: 75/82%. The specificity of five patterns in the form of Bayesian/support vector machine was: EMPH: 98/98%; GG: 98/98%; HC: 99/99%; NN: 90/94%; and NS: 96/91%. CONCLUSION: We conclude that volumetric features including statistical features, histogram and fractal features can be successfully used in differentiation of parenchymal pathology associated with both emphysema and interstitial lung diseases. Additionally, support vector machine and Bayesian methods are comparable classifiers for characterization of interstitial lung diseases on MDCT images.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

[Dynamic cardiovascular studies with electron beam computed tomography].

Electron Beam CT (EBCT) is still emerging as a new functional imaging procedure in providing high morphological studies and dynamic quantitative functional data. Morphological EBCT studies have previously proven their usefulness in pathologic conditions of the thoracic aorta, in congenital diseases, in cardiac masses or tumors... Functional studies achieved using cine mode and/or flow mode are used to assess both mobility and perfusion of structures. Such dynamic analysis have confirmed that their applications will have a major impact on the knowledge of cardiac physiology, the understanding of cardiovascular diseases, if not in daily patient care. For instance, in studies on ventricular function, among the imaging modalities in current use, EBCT is probably most accurate for the evaluation of systolic regional or global function. EBCT is a cross-sectional imaging methods which overcome an important limitation shared by most other imaging modalities, namely the superimposition of overlapping cardiac and thoracic structures. Since in the method high spatial, contrast, and temporal resolution tomography displays the myocardial wall itself, an accurate delineating of endocardial and epicardial contours in contiguous levels can be obtained. Further developments in computer-automated analysis from dynamic EBCT studies have to be carried out to gain clinical acceptance and to facilitate the routine.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗

PubMed1996

WebReport: a World Wide Web based clinical multimedia reporting system.

This paper describes WebReport, a World Wide Web (WWW) client for the Image Engine multimedia clinical information system under development at the University of Pittsburgh. WebReport uses advanced HTML features such as frames, forms, tables and inline JPEG image display to provide an easy to use system for retrieving and viewing diagnostic images and reports generated by clinical procedures such as gastrointestinal endoscopy, radiology and surgical pathology. WebReport implements a number of WWW client-side features, such as HTML forms data entry verification and makes extensive use of the JavaScript programming language. The WebReport system uses a number of approaches for ensuring the confidentiality and security of patient data transmitted over the InterNet.

Computer Communication Networks↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidural pharmacotherapy in patients with dystrophic diseases of the lumbosacral spine].

The results of treatment were analyzed in 70 patients with dystrophic diseases of the lumbosacral spine complicated by the displacement of intervertebral disks. All the examinees had a long history and a protracted exacerbation resistant to conservative therapy. Long-term local epidural pharmacotherapy (LTLEP) was used for their treatment. The essence of the method was to employ selective catheterization under X-ray guidance of the epidural space, to bring a catheter directly to a pathological area. Further it was irrigated with drugs many times. The results of treatment were analyzed from changes in the pain syndrome in the early and periods and from the data of repeated studies (magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT)). LTLEP was highly effective, i.e. 84.3% of positive results. Follow-up MRI or CT findings show that the pathological substrate disappears or significantly decreases in sizes in 83.4% of cases. LTLEP is safe: in the study group, there were no complications due to the manipulation itself and after treatment the patients' health status did not deteriorate owing to a therapeutic process. If conservative therapy is inefficient, it may be used as an alternative to conventional and low-invasive neurosurgical operations.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Quicktime virtual reality technology in light microscopy to support medical education in pathology.

The new computer-based interactive technologies in medicine, such as virtual reality (VR), have revolutionized education. The use of virtual microscopic images would be invaluable in the training of cyto-histopathologists. However, due to the vast amount of digital information on a scanned, conventional cyto-histological slide, which is enormous by current data storage standards, these systems are expensive and not widely used in pathological medicine. The authors propose an inexpensive system based on quicktime virtual reality (QTVR) technology (by Apple Computers Inc.), which accommodates a wide area of a slide at high magnification, generating a 'virtual slide' which makes it possible to navigate by conventional input devices. Commercial softwares that stitch consecutive, adjacent images of cyto-histological preparations onto a QTVR panorama were used. QTVR files have the ability to stand on their own as self-contained, multimedia applications and also have the ability to generate multinode scenes by means of 'hot spots'. QTVR 'movies' can be played on Macintosh or Windows platforms, and on major web browsers. Virtual slides by QTVR is an inexpensive system of high educational value, which allows the creation of multimedia databases of cyto-histological preparations that can exist on an internet server or can be distributed on removable media.

Databases as Topic↗

PubMed2005

111Indium pentetreotide imaging in the evaluation of head and neck tumors.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Peptide receptor imaging with Indium pentetreotide is useful in the diagnosis of diffuse neuroendocrine system tumors (DNEST) of the head and neck. Uses of Indium pentetreotide scintigraphy include tumor and metastases detection, familial tumor screening, and surveillance for recurrence. Using target to background ratios (TBR) could generate a comparative scale for these tumors. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study evaluated the size, TBR, conventional imaging, and outcomes of patients imaged with Indium pentetreotide scintigraphy for suspected head and neck DNEST. METHODS: Patients with head and neck tumors imaged by Indium pentetreotide scintigraphy during a nine-year period were reviewed. Data analyzed were age, sex, scintigraphy, pathology, and conventional radiology. Tumor data included dimension, multiplicity, metastases, and tumor and brain counts. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients underwent 58 scans. The sensitivity and specificity were 93% and 92%. Several different DNEST were successfully evaluated, including familial paragangliomas and multiple paragangliomas. TBRs were variable depending on type of DNEST. CONCLUSIONS: Indium pentetreotide scintigraphy is accurate in determining the presence of paragangliomas, carcinoid tumors, esthesioneuroblastomas, small cell neuroendocrine tumors, andmetastases. It is an excellent surveillance tool. Screening patients for familial paragangliomas can be accomplished. No reliable comparative scale to distinguish amongst the various DNEST could be developed using TBR.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Fast interactive real-time volume rendering of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: an implementation for low-end computers.

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) is an innovative cardiac imaging modality. However, partly due to lack of user-friendly software, RT3DE has not been widely accepted as a clinical tool. The object of this study was to develop and implement a fast and interactive volume renderer of RT3DE datasets designed for a clinical environment where speed and simplicity are not secondary to accuracy. Thirty-six patients (20 regurgitation, 8 normal, 8 cardiomyopathy) were imaged using RT3DE. Using our newly developed software, all 3D data sets were rendered in real-time throughout the cardiac cycle and assessment of cardiac function and pathology was performed for each case. The real-time interactive volume visualization system is user friendly and instantly provides consistent and reliable 3D images without expensive workstations or dedicated hardware. We believe that this novel tool can be used clinically for dynamic visualization of cardiac anatomy.

Artifacts↗