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PubMed1998

Changing number and distribution of orthodontists: 1987-1995.

A review of the 1995 and earlier American Dental Association studies on the distribution of dentists provides specific information in the evolving numbers of orthodontists at the national, regional, and state levels. During the 1990s, the number of orthodontists decreased at the national level and in 22 states, whereas the number of orthodontists per population of youngsters decreased in 41 states. Previous projections on the potential decreasing ratio of orthodontists-to-population appear to be borne out.

American Dental Association↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Advocacy groups advance along cost containment front.

How the Erie Business Coalition for Health Care Cost Containment is progressing in its dealings with a highly traditional provider community to find solutions to the health cost problems of its mostly small employer-members; how the American Dental Association is responding to insurers' and others' encroachments on fee-for-service by promoting self-insured as the most cost-effective employee dental plans. These are follow-ups on stories that appeared previously in HCM.

American Dental Association↗

PubMed1997

The need for standardization of test protocols.

This article reviews the current status of standardization in orthodontic products. The role of the American National Standards Institute and the American Dental Association is described. A review of laboratory testing for the evaluation of frictional forces and bond strength in orthodontics is discussed. The need for standardization in test protocols is emphasized to obtain valuable interpretation and use of data generated by researchers. Standardization of test protocols will lead to improved standards for orthodontic products and ultimately higher-quality products for orthodontists and their patients.

American Dental Association↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A laboratory method for assessment of dentrifrice abrasivity.

This is the report of the Laboratory Abrasion Committee of the American Dental Association (ADA) Dentifrice Program relative to specific methods to measure the in vitro abrasivity of dentifrices. This method was used in two collaborative studies with six participating laboratories. These studies were designed by the ADA Dentifrice Program Statistical Committee and their interpretations form a basis for recommendations on the use of the method. This laboratory method is recommended for use in dentifrice development and may provide some basis for expectations in normal dentifrice use.

American Dental Association↗

PubMed1996

Morphometric video analysis of the engine-driven nickel-titanium Lightspeed instrument system.

Two hundred and sixteen Lightspeed instruments were evaluated microscopically for the presence of corrosion, surface debris, and alloy defects. The instruments were assessed morphometrically for consistency of physical design and dimensions by measuring and analyzing eight parameters of the instrument pilot tips, heads, and shafts. Results from visual inspection showed that none of the instruments were corroded; 23 presented surface porosities, and 17 had sharp strips of alloy. Data obtained by morphometric analysis indicated the mean diameter of the head of only 7 of 18 sizes met the +/- 0.02 mm allowable tolerance set forth by the American Dental Association (ADA) Specification No. 28. Observation and video analysis indicated that instruments of the same size adhere to the same basic design, but that morphometric variations do exist. The visual and intersize analysis indicated that the Lightspeed is not an instrument of any one determined shape that changes only in diameter. Rather, it is a series of instruments that show gradual shifts in both size and shape as the instrument size increases. Lightspeed instruments are a new type of nickel-titanium endodontic instrument that cannot be evaluated using the standards proposed by the American National Standards Institute/ADA Specification No. 28 for files and reamers.

American Dental Association↗

PubMed1998

Fluoride varnish: a useful new tool for public health dentistry.

Since first shown to be effective by Bibby in 1942, professionally applied topical fluorides have been used successfully as a caries-preventive intervention. In the United States, the acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gels have been the most widely used agent for over two decades. While effective, APF has several practical disadvantages, including unpleasant taste and the risk of fluoride overingestion. The use of APF on infants and very young children is not practical or safe. Recently, fluoride varnish has become available in the United States. It has been used widely in Europe and Scandinavia for 25 years. Its effectiveness and safety are documented in over 50 clinical trials. Fluoride varnish is easy to apply, is well accepted by children, and eliminates the risk of overingestion of fluoride. Fluoride varnish is approved by the FDA as a "device" and must be used "off label" for the prevention of caries. Because of the large body of published data documenting its effectiveness and safety, there is no legal risk in using fluoride varnish off label. In fact, the American Dental Association has granted its seal of approval to Duraphat, one of the varnish products. Varnish offers considerable advantages in the dental public health setting. Of particular note, it is practical and safe to apply to the teeth of infants and very young children.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗

PubMed1999

Dental care utilization: how saturated is the patient market?

BACKGROUND: Dental care utilization is the percentage of the population who access dental services over a specified period. In this article, the authors report on the results of several dental care utilization studies. METHODS: To date, dental utilization data have been gathered by large national studies via telephone interviews, face-to-face interviews or written surveys. In this article, the authors report on and compare dental care utilization rates provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Center for Health Statistics, the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research and the American Dental Association. RESULTS: As captured by the various studies, the percentage of people who indicated they visited a dentist within the past year increased gradually between 1983 and 1997. The authors found that dental care utilization rates are higher among women than they are among men, and they decrease with age and increase with income and educational level. CONCLUSIONS: Although the available data vary, they suggest that more Americans are visiting a dentist. The demand for dental care is increasing overall, as well as across educational, racial and economic lines. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: If, as recent studies suggest, approximately 75 percent of the population visits a dentist annually, there is only modest room for further expansion of dental care utilization. However, if dental care utilization rates are substantially lower as reported in older studies, then there is a greater potential for increased dental care utilization.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Joint arthroplasty, dental treatment, and antibiotics: a review.

Many patients with artificial joints seek guidance from their dental and orthopaedic surgeons on whether they should take prophylactic antibiotics for routine dental treatment. Advice on this has been conflicting in the past, and other than a joint statement from the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and the American Dental Association, there has been little official guidance. In view of the lack of consensus, we have reviewed the relevant literature and have concluded that antibiotic prophylaxis should not be routinely given to all patients undergoing dental treatment but should be reserved for those patients deemed at high risk.

American Dental Association↗

PubMed2000

Lotka's law and productivity index of authors in a scientific journal.

Lotka's law of scientific productivity is a bibliometric example: the number of authors against the number of contributions made by the authors was plotted on a logarithmic scale. The points were closely scattered around a straight line having a slope of -2. The purpose of this study was to apply information technology to real-world data and to quantify the extent of the bibliometric regularity that exists in the literature of dental science. We have analyzed the productivity index of authors (PI) in a scientific journal (Journal of American Dental Association). Details of a total of 4,088 papers published between 1966 and 1995 were extracted electronically from MEDLINE. The total number of authors was 5,589, responsible for 8,569 authorships. Only 0.8% of the authors presented a PI > = 1 (large producers), and 78.1% a PI = 0 (occasional authors). The number of authors publishing N papers was 1/N2.64 of those publishing one paper. The result suggested that repeated publications in the Journal were more difficult than those predicted by Lotka (1/N2).

Algorithms↗

PubMed1995

Biological testing of dental materials: development of national and international standards.

Testing of dental materials helps to ensure that they are of satisfactory quality. Most standardized testing programs have focused on the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the materials, and started at the National Bureau of Standards, USA, in 1919. The need for biological evaluation of dental materials became evident after some material-related adverse incidents. The first document concerning standardized testing of the biological properties of dental materials was published by the American Dental Association in 1972. During the last twenty-five years, increased attention has been focused on the evaluation of biological properties by standardized testing. The development of standards concerning biological testing of dental materials since 1972 at the national and international level is described.

American Dental Association↗

PubMed1984

The ethics of profession in dental medicine.

Changes in technology, public policy, and the multi-dimensional relationships of professionals have resulted in renewed interest in the ethics of health care practitioners. This article considers the obligation of dentists to a life of morality in common with all humanity. Additional responsibilities are incurred by a practitioner of dental medicine in keeping the moral rule to "do your duty." These duties are explicated utilizing three classical characteristics of a professional. The Principles of Ethics and Code of Professional Conduct of the American Dental Association are the dental profession's guide to ethical conduct. The Principles and Code are traced in their development, reviewed in their content, and critiqued in comparison to the ethical obligations of the dentist as previously delineated. The use of the Principles and Code as a basis for professional self-government is evaluated.

American Dental Association↗

PubMed2006

Health and wellness for women in the profession.

Regardless of gender, dentists can and do experience illness and other problems that may disrupt or impair dental practice, including substance abuse involving alcohol and/or other drugs. As part of the ethical obligation to maintain public confidence through responsible and effective self-governance, the American Dental Association (ADA) and state dental components offer health and wellness resources to members through programs such as CDAD-Dentist Well-Being Committee. Though the percentage of women entering the dental profession has consistently increased, utilization of CDAD resources by female dentists remains low. In order for the profession to fully address the needs of its changing membership, dentists need to understand gender differences associated with risk for abuse of alcohol and other substances; related physical, emotional, and professional effects; and other aspects of professional health and wellness. As more information on substance abuse in female and male dentists emerges, CDAD is prepared to support, educate, and advocate for the health and wellness of all colleagues in the dental profession.

American Dental Association↗

PubMed1994

Proportioning effect on physical and chemical properties of polysulfide impression material.

This study investigated the effect of variation in proportioning polysulfide base and catalyst. Light, regular, and heavy-bodied pastes were mixed in linear equivalents of base-to-catalyst proportions of 30/70, 40/60, 50/50, 60/40, and 70/30. Compression set, strain in compression, and consistency tests conformed to the American Dental Association (ADA) Specification 19 guidelines. The amount of solventleachable components and differences in the cross-linked nature of the cured products were studies. Compression set and strain in compression tests met the ADA specification guidelines. Some consistency values fell outside of the ADA specification limits. The leachable content increased with increasing proportions of catalyst, but polymer cross-linking was remarkably similar for all bodied materials tested. Clinicians need not fear a significant property alteration in polysulfide impression material by the differences (within +/- 20% of the manufacturer's suggested lengths) in proportioning the component pastes with "eyeball" estimation as directed in the instructions.

American Dental Association↗

PubMed1994

Regulation of oral chemotherapeutic products in the United States.

Although many countries have well-established mechanisms for regulation of drugs dispensed by prescription order, far less attention has been directed to control of drugs sold "over-the-counter" (OTC). Since most oral chemotherapeutic agents are OTC preparations, these drugs frequently escape critical review of their safety and efficacy by regulatory agencies. Although widespread use of these OTC preparations indicates that they are generally safe, their effectiveness is not established. In some cases (e.g., detergent pre-brush rinses), there is good evidence for lack of efficacy. In the US, two recent developments suggest that more rigorous scientific review and oversight of oral chemotherapeutic agents will occur. First, the US Food & Drug Administration has initiated a process to evaluate several OTC products which claim to be effective against plaque and gingivitis. A panel of experts has been convened to establish criteria by which these products will be judged and regulated. The agency has also publicly indicated its intention to interact more closely with the dental community in discharging its responsibility for ensuring drug safety and efficacy. Second, the American Dental Association, through its Council on Dental Therapeutics, is refining criteria for evaluating various types of chemotherapeutic agents. These criteria will be used to judge the efficacy and safety of agents voluntarily submitted for review to the Council by manufacturers. Both of these developments should improve the clinical utility of such agents and may provide models for regulatory agencies in other countries.

American Dental Association↗

PubMed1998

Changing number and distribution of periodontists: a continuing imbalance--1987-1995.

A review of the 1995 and past American Dental Association (ADA) studies on the distribution of dentists provides information on the evolving numbers of periodontists. Despite an overall increase in the number of periodontists, major differences continue in practitioner-to-population ratios in different geographic areas. Suggestions include 1) efforts by the ADA and/or The Academy of Periodontology to draw attention to the limited numbers of periodontists in particular locales and states; 2) increased general efforts to educate the public on the need and value of periodontal services; and 3) increase in the profession's awareness of the growing diversity in the population of the nation and the need to modify and adjust its efforts to attract underserved populations with different familial, cultural, and educational backgrounds.

American Dental Association↗

PubMed1985

Dentistry's blueprint for the future.

This report deals with a three-year study by the American Dental Association pertaining to the Future of Dentistry. The report covers environment of dentistry, dental research, dental manpower, public and professional concerns, dental education, and dental practice. It concludes with the following recommendations: Convert public unmet need into demand for dental services. Prepare practitioners (existing and future) to be more patient/market oriented. Broaden practitioner's clinical skills and mix of services offered to the public. Influence the quality and quantity of the manpower supply. Stimulate research and development. Improve the profession's ability to favorably influence public policy.

American Dental Association↗

PubMed1993

Myofascial pain dysfunction: treatments used by ADA members.

A survey of 10,000 members of the American Dental Association was conducted in order to identify the most commonly used treatments for myofascial pain dysfunction (MPD). A questionnaire was used in which MPD was defined, all treatments (including referral) were listed, and a percentage-of-use estimate for each treatment was requested. Results from 2,544 questionnaires showed that the most commonly used treatments are: flat plane splints with anterior/canine guidance or posterior group function, occlusal equilibration, thermal packs, relaxation/stress management training, diet counseling, and medications with anti-inflammatory (nonopioid) analgesic and muscle relaxant properties. The results also showed considerable variation in the ways common treatments are performed. A call is issued for systematic and careful research on the outcomes of these and other treatments and their major variations.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Interest and responsibility of ADA in dental licensure.

Initial licensure is a critical milestone and point of entry to the profession; it should go without saying that the organization that represents more than 70% of professionally active dentists would care deeply about the process that determines the character of its future and defines its image in the eyes of the public. The American Dental Association's (ADA) documented history of activity and leadership on licensure issues and the organization's guiding documents (Strategic Plan, Current Policies, Principles of Ethics and Code of Professional Conduct and Constitution and Bylaws) all lend credence to the Association's role in the licensure process. ADA members, other dental organizations, private and governmental agencies, and the public recognize the ADA as an authority on matters relating to dentistry. These circumstances comprise the best available evidence supporting the important role of the ADA in facilitating communication, collaboration and consensus-building in the continuous enhancement of the licensure process to meet the needs of all stakeholders.

American Dental Association↗