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At least 505 records · Page 28Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Application of FTA technology to extraction of sperm DNA from mixed body fluids containing semen.

FTA technology is a novel method designed to simplify the collection, shipment, archiving and purification of nucleic acids from a wide variety of biological sources. In this study, we report a rapid and simple method of extracting DNA from sperm when body fluids mixed with semen were collected using FTA cards. After proteinase K digestion of the sperm and body fluid mixture, the washed pellet suspension as the sperm fraction and the concentrated supernatant as the epithelial cell fraction were respectively applied to FTA cards containing DTT. The FTA cards were dried, then directly added to a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) mix and processed by PCR. The time required from separation of the mixed fluid into sperm and epithelial origin DNA extractions was only about 2.5-3h. Furthermore, the procedure was extremely simple. It is considered that our designed DNA extraction procedure using an FTA card is available for application to routine work.

DNA↗
PubMed2004

Determination of paraquat and diquat in human body fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

Paraquat (PQ) and diquat (DQ) in human whole blood and urine were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) with positive ion electrospray ionization (ESI). The compounds were extracted with Sep-Pak C18 cartridges from whole blood and urine samples containing ethyl paraquat as an internal standard. The separation of PQ and DQ was carried out using ion-pair chromatography with heptafluorobutyric acid in 20 mM ammonium acetate and acetonitrile gradient elution for successful coupling with MS. Both compounds formed base peaks due to [M-H]+ ions by HPLC/ESI-MS and the product ions produced from each [M-H]+ ion by HPLC/MS/MS. Selective reaction monitoring (SRM) showed much higher sensitivity for both body fluids. Therefore, a detailed procedure for the detection of compounds by SRM with HPLC/MS/MS was established and carefully validated. The recoveries of PQ and DQ were 80.8-95.4% for whole blood and 84.2-96.7% for urine. The calibration curves for PQ and DQ showed excellent linearity in the range of 25-400 ng ml(-1) of whole blood and urine. The detection limits were 10 ng ml(-1) for PQ and 5 ng ml(-1) for DQ in both body fluids. The intra- and inter-day precision for both compounds in whole blood and urine samples were not greater than 13.0%. The data obtained from the determination of PQ and DQ in rat blood after oral administration of the compounds are also presented.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

TEM-EDX study of mechanism of bonelike apatite formation on bioactive titanium metal in simulated body fluid.

Bioactive titanium metal, which forms a bonelike apatite layer on its surface in the body and bonds to the bone through the apatite layer, can be prepared by NaOH and heat treatments to form an amorphous sodium titanate layer on the metal. In the present study, the mechanism of apatite formation on the bioactive titanium metal has been investigated in vitro. The metal surface was examined using transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry as a function of the soaking time in a simulated body fluid (SBF) and complemented with atomic emission spectroscopy analysis of the fluid. It was found that, immediately after immersion in the SBF, the metal exchanged Na(+) ions from the surface sodium titanate with H(3)O(+) ions in the fluid to form Ti-OH groups on its surface. The Ti-OH groups, immediately after they were formed, incorporated the calcium ions in the fluid to form an amorphous calcium titanate. After a long soaking time, the amorphous calcium titanate incorporated the phosphate ions in the fluid to form an amorphous calcium phosphate with a low Ca/P atomic ratio of 1.40. The amorphous calcium phosphate thereafter converted into bonelike crystalline apatite with a Ca/P ratio of 1.65, which is equal to the value of bone mineral. The initial formation of the amorphous calcium titanate is proposed to be a consequence of the electrostatic interaction of negatively charged units of titania, which are dissociated from the Ti-OH groups, with the positively charged calcium ions in the fluid. The amorphous calcium titanate is speculated to gain a positive charge and to interact with the negatively charged phosphate ions in the fluid to form the amorphous calcium phosphate, which eventually stabilizes into bonelike crystalline apatite.

Apatites↗
PubMed1997

Implementation of clinical guidelines using a computer charting system. Effect on the initial care of health care workers exposed to body fluids.

CONTEXT: While clinical guidelines are considered an important mechanism to improve the quality of medical care, problems with implementation may limit their effectiveness. Few empirical data exist about the effect of computer-based systems for application of clinical guidelines on quality of care. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether real-time presentation of clinical guidelines using an electronic medical record can increase compliance with guidelines. DESIGN: Prospective off-on-off, interrupted time series with intent-to-treat analysis. SETTING: University hospital emergency department. SUBJECTS: Patients were 280 health care workers (50 in the baseline control phase, 156 in the intervention phase, and 74 in the postintervention control phase) who presented for initial treatment of occupational body fluid exposures, including 89% (248/280) who sustained punctures and 81% (208/257) who were exposed to blood. Physicians included resident physicians and attending physicians working in the emergency department during the study. INTERVENTIONS: Implementation of a computer charting system that provides real-time information regarding history and recommendations for laboratory testing, treatment, and disposition based on rules derived from clinical guidelines. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Quality of care as determined by essential items documented in the medical record and in aftercare instructions, compliance with testing and treatment guidelines, and total charges and percentage of charges attributable to guideline-endorsed activities. RESULTS: Mean percent documentation of 7 essential items regarding patient history in the medical record increased from 57% during the baseline period to 98% in the intervention phase (42% increase; 95% confidence interval [CI], 34%-49%) and 11 items in aftercare instruction increased from 31 % at baseline to 93% during the intervention phase (62% increase; 95% CI, 51%-74%), but both decreased to baseline when the computer system was removed. Percent compliance with 4 laboratory testing guidelines increased from 63% at baseline to 83% during the intervention phase (20% increase; 95% CI, 9%-31 %) but decreased to 52% when the computer system was removed. Compliance with 5 treatment guidelines increased from 83% at baseline to 96% during the intervention phase (13% increase; 95% CI, 9%-17%) and decreased to 84% following the intervention. Percentage of charges incurred for indicated laboratory tests and treatment increased from 44% at baseline to 81% during the intervention phase (37% increase; 95% CI, 22%-52%) and decreased to 36% following the intervention. Average total per-patient charges were $460, $384, and $373 in each phase, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Use of a computer-based system for clinical guidelines for management of patients with occupational exposure to body fluids improved documentation, compliance with guidelines, and percentage of charges spent on indicated activities, while decreasing overall charges. The parameters returned to baseline when the computer system was removed.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed1989

Adenosine deaminase in body fluids: a useful diagnostic tool in tuberculosis.

The performance of a colorimetric ADA determination in body fluids other than serum in the diagnosis of tuberculosis was assessed in 1063 patients from whom pleural (600), peritoneal (136), pericardial (77), or cerebrospinal (250) fluids were obtained. In exudative pleuroperitoneal and pericardial effusions, an ADA decision level of 0.71 mu kat/L displayed a sensitivity of 1.00, and was higher than those of histologic (0.83) and bacteriologic (0.62) studies. At this level, ADA reached a specificity of 0.92 and efficiency of 0.94. In cerebrospinal fluid, an ADA catalytic concentration above 0.15 mu kat/L strongly suggests tuberculous meningitis in patients older than 7 years (sensitivity 1.00, specificity 0.99 and efficiency 0.99). ADA results obtained with a UV-method were closely correlated with those of the colorimetric method in pleuroperitoneal effusions (r = 0.989) and in cerebrospinal fluids (r = 0.905). Sample blanks should be processed, otherwise false positive results may be found in non-tuberculous cerebrospinal fluids (5.3%) and pleuroperitoneal effusions (3.8%).

Adenosine Deaminase↗
PubMed2006

Reliability of bioelectrical impedance methods in detecting body fluids in elderly patients with congestive heart failure.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the reliability of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in estimating total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) in elderly patients suffering from congestive heart failure (CHF). MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 72 elderly subjects, 34 with CHF (aged 83.9+/-6.9 years) and 38 healthy controls (78.7+/-7.5 years), TBW and ECW values were assessed using dilution methods, and bioelectrical variables were measured using single frequency BIA (SF-BIA) at 1 and 50 kHz, and bioelectrical spectroscopy (BIS). RESULTS: In CHF patients, Ht(2)/R(1) correlated weakly with TBW (r = 0.56) and ECW (0.47). In both healthy controls and CHF patients, TBW correlated strongly with Ht(2)/R(50), Ht(2)/R(0), Ht(2)/R(8) and Ht(2)/Zc. Using multiple regression analysis and the Bland-Altmann approach, SF-BIA at 50 kHz and BIS proved similar in predicting TBW for both the explained variance (R(2)~0.89) and the limits of agreement. In all subjects, ECW was estimated best by including height, weight and Ht(2)/R(0 )(R(2) 0.75) or Ht(2)/Zc (R(2) 0.77) in multivariate models, while SF-BIA at 50 kHz did not explain more than 71 % of ECW variability. The SEE % was nonetheless about twice the SEE % for estimating TBW. CONCLUSIONS: SF-BIA at 1 kHz is unreliable in predicting body fluids in elderly people with CHF. SF-BIA at 50 kHz and BIS are useful for estimating TBW in healthy elderly people and in cases of water imbalance, but both methods are less reliable in estimating ECW, particularly in conditions of fluid overload.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Body fluid volumes in prehypertensive spontaneously hypertensive rats.

To ascertain the effect of aldosterone on body fluid volumes in neonatal, prehypertensive spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), we studied these animals at 12 days using age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) as normotensive controls. Some pups of each strain were treated with spironolactone (1.5 micrograms/g body wt) on days 10-12. Total body water (TBW, by dessication) and extracellular fluid (ECF, Na2 35SO4 space) volumes were significantly larger in SHR than in WKY, whereas plasma volumes (125I-serum albumin space) were not different. Thus the enlarged ECF was due to preferential expansion of the interstitial fluid (ISF) space. Treatment of SHR with spironolactone reduced TBW and ISF to values not different from untreated WKY and also reduced plasma volume to some extent. These results indicate 1) significant ISF volume expansion occurs in SHR prior to elevation of blood pressure, and 2) the previously observed elevation in plasma aldosterone in SHR at this age probably mediates the volume expansion.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Age effects on body fluid distribution during exercise in the heat.

BACKGROUND: The purpose was to study the effects of age on body fluid distribution during exercise and exercise combined with heat stress. METHODS: Ten young (Y; 23.2 +/-0.7 yr) and eight older (O; 65.3 +/- 1.0 yr) men performed two 80-min intermittent exercise bouts on a cycle ergometer at 50% VO2peak, one in a thermoneutral (N), 22 degrees C environment, the other in a hot (H), 40 degrees C environment. For each condition, changes in serum protein, albumin, and electrolytes (Cl-, Na+, K+); total body water (TBW); plasma volume (PV); and interstitial (ISF), extracellular (ECF), and intracellular (ICF) fluids were determined. RESULTS: During exercise, [Cl-] responses increased more in O than Y (p < or = 0.05) while albumin (g) increased in Y and decreased in O (p < or = 0.05). There were no age-related differences in total protein changes nor any of the other blood parameters. PV decreased similarly for all subjects in both conditions with larger decreases in the H environment (241.8 +/- 40.3 vs. 478.3 +/- 46.0 mL). Loss of TBW was exacerbated in the H condition and significantly different (p < 0.05) between the groups (N: Y = -1.03 +/- 0.076 L, O = -0.88 +/- 0.12 L; H: Y = -1.65 +/- 0.12 L, O = -1.85 +/- 0.14 L). The O group lost more ICF (p < 0.05) (N: Y = -510.4 +/- 86.8 mL, O = -631.7 +/- 115.1 mL; H: Y = -529.3 +/- 118.0 mL, O = -928.6 +/- 118.9 mL) and less ISF (p < 0.05) (N: Y = -295.5 +/- 101.1 mL, O = 15.8 +/- 77.6 mL; H: Y = -684.6 +/- 134.5 mL, O = -397.9 +/- 165.5 mL) in both conditions. CONCLUSIONS: There was an interactive effect between age and heat stress in TBW loss. In addition, older individuals lost more ICF and less ISF than younger individuals during prolonged exercise. These findings suggest that the utilization of ICF, rather than ISF, to preserve PV during cycling exercise at or near 50% VO2max may be an age-related compensation.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2006

High-accuracy proteome maps of human body fluids.

The proteomes most likely to contain clinically useful disease biomarkers are those of human body fluids. Three recent large-scale proteomic analyses of tears, urine and seminal plasma using the latest mass spectrometric technology will provide useful datasets for biomarker discovery.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1995

Universal precautions compliance and exposure frequency to patient body fluids in nurses employed by urban and rural health care agencies.

Previous studies have suggested that health care workers may differ with respect to universal precautions knowledge, compliance, practice setting barriers, or exposure to patient body fluids in rural and urban areas. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not there are rural/urban differences in the degree of precaution taken by health care workers to prevent the spread of blood borne pathogens, specifically human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). A random sample of rural and urban registered and licensed practical nurses in Tennessee was surveyed. The respondents completed two instruments that assessed self-reported universal precautions knowledge, precautions, and practice barriers. No measurable differences in universal precautions knowledge, compliance, or barrier scores between the two groups were found; yet rural nurses were 2.7 times as likely to be exposed to patient body fluids than urban nurses (P < 0.005). The conclusion was that rural nurses were as experienced and as knowledgeable about universal precaution techniques as their urban peers, but their knowledge was not translated into practice to the same degree. Two possible explanations offered are (1) rural nurses are more likely to be acquainted with, and thus trusting of, their patients, and (2) the lower seroprevalence of human immunodefiency virus and hepatitis B virus in rural areas may lead to complacency.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2005

Stable-isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometric measurement of 3-hydroxyglutaric acid, glutaric acid and related metabolites in body fluids of patients with glutaric aciduria type 1 found in newborn screening.

We developed a simple and sensitive stable-isotope dilution method for the quantification of 3-hydroxyglutaric acid (3HGA) and glutaric acid (GA) in body fluids. In our method, tert-butyldimethylsilyl (tBDMS) derivatives of 3HGA and GA were measured with a conventional electron-impact ionization (EI) mode in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The control values for 3HGA in nmol/ml were 0.15+/-0.08 (serum; n=10) and 0.07+/-0.03 (CSF; n=10). In addition, glutarylcarnitine and free carnitine were quantified by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Using these methods, we monitored 3HGA, GA, and glutarylcarnitine in the body fluids of three patients with glutaric aciduria type 1 found during newborn screening. None of the patients had experienced neurological strokes, which are possibly caused by the accumulation of 3HGA, at 15-24 months of age under a disease-specific treatment, including carnitine supplementation. Our data showed that 3HGA levels were relatively high in some serum samples with lower glutarylcarnitine and carnitine levels, suggesting that carnitine supplementation may play a role in preventing the accumulation of 3HGA in patients with this disease.

Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors↗
PubMed1999

Preoperative assessment of body fluid disturbances in patients with obstructive jaundice.

Postoperative renal dysfunction in obstructive jaundice (OJ) patients has been associated with hypovolemia and depletion of the extracellular water compartment (ECW). The aim of the study was to evaluate the preoperative status of body compartments in OJ patients measured by two methods. In a prospective study 39 OJ patients (11 benign and 28 malignant obstructions) were investigated, with 15 healthy subjects used as a control group (CG). Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) determinations and values derived from anthropometric measurements were used to assess body compartment status. The coefficient of variation of BIA was below 4% in both OJ and CG subjects. No differences were found in intracellular water. However total body water (TBW) and ECW were reduced in OJ patients (50.5 +/- 4.6 vs. 56 +/- 8% body weight, p = 0.05; and 21 +/- 4.5 vs. 23.8 +/- 2.5% body weight, p < 0.05, respectively). There were no differences between benign and malignant obstructions. Seventy four percent of OJ patients had an ECW volume below the mean +/- 2 SD in the CG subjects. Anthropometric and BIA determinations correlated closely for TBW measurements in both CG (r = 0.92, p < 0.001) and OJ patients (r = 0.91, p < 0.001). Bland-Altman analysis also showed that for TBW the BIA was in agreement with anthropometry. In the present study, BIA offered a good correlation with anthropometric determinations and was a reliable method for body fluid disturbances assessment in jaundiced patients.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1996

Regulation of body fluid compartments during short-term spaceflight.

The fluid and electrolyte regulation experiment with seven subjects was designed to describe body fluid, renal, and fluid regulatory hormone responses during the Spacelab Life Sciences-1 (9 days) and -2 (14 days) missions. Total body water did not change significantly. Plasma volume (PV; P < 0.05) and extracellular fluid volume (ECFV; P < 0.10) decreased 21 h after launch, remaining below preflight levels until after landing. Fluid intake decreased during weightlessness, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increased in the first 2 days and on day 8 (P < 0.05). Urinary antidiuretic hormone (ADH) excretion increased (P < 0.05) and fluid excretion decreased early in flight (P < 0.10). Plasma renin activity (PRA; P < 0.10) and aldosterone (P < 0.05) decreased in the first few hours after launch; PRA increased 1 wk later (P < 0.05). During flight, plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations were consistently lower than preflight means, and urinary cortisol excretion was usually greater than preflight levels. Acceleration at launch and landing probably caused increases in ADH and cortisol excretion, and a shift of fluid from the extracellular to the intracellular compartment would account for reductions in ECFV. Increased permeability of capillary membranes may be the most important mechanism causing spaceflight-induced PV reduction, which is probably maintained by increased GFR and other mechanisms. If the Gauer-Henry reflex operates during spaceflight, it must be completed within the first 21 h of flight and be succeeded by establishment of a reduced PV set point.

Adult↗