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Results for “Body Image”

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PubMed2000

Measurements of body image in clinical weight loss participants with and without binge-eating traits.

This study measured body image disturbances of individuals in a residential weight loss program who were identified as having binge-eating disorder (BED) traits. The study population (N=97) was a convenience sample of 74 men (76%, mean age=51.0) and 23 women (24%, mean age=49.6) in the program who completed the Eating Questionnaire-Revised (EQ-R), the Attitudes About Weight and Dieting (AAWD), the Physical Appearance State and Trait Anxiety Scale (PASTAS): State Version, and the Contour Drawing Rating Scale (CDR). Fifty-five individuals reported having binge traits (57%) while 42 (43%) had no binge traits. Individuals with the binge traits had a significantly higher BMI than nonbinge trait individuals (P=.008). The binge trait group scored higher on the total AAWD (P=.004), the AAWD factor "Fear of Fat" (P=.002), the total PASTA (P=.001), and the PASTA factor "Weight" (P=.001) than the nonbinge trait group. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the odds of having a binge trait were 1.44 times more likely for a person at a given score on the PASTA subscale Weight vs. a person at a score of 5 units less. Feelings of being unable to control eating among individuals seeking weight control is associated with several characteristics related to body image. Individuals showing greater concern about weight and dieting and specifically greater fears of becoming fat were more likely to have a problem with binge eating than those without these concerns. The results of this study suggest that a negative body image is an important factor to consider when treating individuals indicating binge-eating traits.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Gender differences in brain activity generated by unpleasant word stimuli concerning body image: an fMRI study.

BACKGROUND: We have previously reported that the temporomesial area, including the amygdala, is activated in women when processing unpleasant words concerning body image. AIMS: To detect gender differences in brain activation during processing of these words. METHOD: Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to investigate 13 men and 13 women during an emotional decision task consisting of unpleasant words concerning body image and neutral words. RESULTS: The left medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were activated only among men, and the left amygdala was activated only among women during the task; activation in the apical prefrontal region was significantly greater in men than in women. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the prefrontal region is responsible for the gender differences in the processing of words concerning body image, and may also be responsible for gender differences in susceptibility to eating disorders.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Adolescent body image during pregnancy.

This study compares the body perceptions of pregnant teenagers with those of their never-pregnant peers. Forty-three third-trimester pregnant girls were matched by age, race, socioeconomic status, and pubertal development to 43 never-pregnant girls. Subjects were given the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS), a self-administered questionnaire consisting of 100 self-descriptive statements which are divided into nine subscales. When compared with never-pregnant girls, the pregnant girls have a higher overall self-esteem, a more positive body image, a surer self-identity, and feel more productive as a family member, but appeared limited in their capacity for self-criticism.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Cosmesis and body image after laparoscopic-assisted and open ileocolic resection for Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this study were to evaluate body image, cosmetic results, and quality of life in patients with Crohn's disease of the terminal ileum who had either laparoscopic-assisted or open ileocolic resection, and to determine how patients experienced the pre- and postoperative periods after both procedures. METHODS: Thirty-four patients participated: 11 patients after open resection (OR), 11 patients after laparoscopic-assisted resection (LR), and 12 patients without resection (WR). Retrospectively, the patients filled out several questionnaires pertaining to body image, hospital experiences, and quality of life. One-way analysis of variance, Student's t-tests, and Pearson's correlation were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The cosmetic score was significantly higher in the LR than in the OR group (p < 0.01). Body image correlated strongly with cosmesis and with quality of life. The hospital experiences of the laparoscopic and open groups were similar. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic surgery was associated with better cosmesis than open surgery. Patients do not experience laparoscopic surgery any differently from open surgery.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Modifications of body-image induced by virtual reality.

In contrast to the great number of publications on body image, only a few papers have focused on the treatment of a disturbed body image. In general, two direct and specific approaches are usually used, a cognitive/behavioural therapy to influence patient's feelings of dissatisfaction and a visuomotor therapy with the aim of influencing bodily awareness. The aim of this study was both to develop a virtual reality environment integrating the two approaches and to test its efficacy on a nonclinical sample of 24 women. Before and after a 10-min. virtual experience all the subjects made ratings on the Figure Rating Scale and the Contour Drawing Rating Scale. Analysis showed a significant reduction in body dissatisfaction without any major side effect.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

Physical aspects of the self. A review of some aspects of body image development in childhood.

The concept of body image in psychiatric usage, although vague as a concept, is nonetheless valuable in understanding the effects on development of a child's physical defect or physical illness, or of illness in the mother. The concepts of mirroring and the development of a true self have been considered as they relate to the body. Finally, a case of anorexia nervosa in a young adolescent, wherein mirroring of the physical self by the mother was aberrant in part because of an illness in infancy, has been presented. The development of a cohesive physical self in childhood is an important area for future theoretical and clinical work which may advance our understanding of the treatment process in some children and adults.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Bulimia and body image dissatisfaction in adolescence.

This study examined body image dissatisfaction in bulimic adolescent girls. Subjects were screened with the Bulimia Test and the Eating Disorder Inventory, followed by clinical interviews using Russell's diagnostic criteria. Bulimic subjects were matched with controls by age, weight, height and year in high school. Results indicated that bulimic subjects were significantly more dissatisfied with their bodies as measured by the Color-A-Person Test than matched controls.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Body image changes during early adulthood.

Results from recent studies on body image have revealed differences between college-age individuals and older samples. In this study, adults 17 to 40 years old were evaluated for their body dissatisfaction on the Figure Rating Scale. Females had higher levels of body dissatisfaction than males and these differences did not diminish with age. However, consistent with physical changes in adulthood, current and ideal ratings became more discrepant with age. Interestingly, for women, affective and cognitive dimensions of body dissatisfaction became more consistent. Research on early adulthood personality development is used to help explain these results.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Development of a body image assessment procedure for children and preadolescents.

OBJECTIVE: Researchers have identified eating disorders among prepubertal children; therefore, there is a need for the development of reliable and valid measures of body image in children. METHOD: In this investigation, a sample of 257 children ages 8 to 13 in Grades 3 through 7 were administered the Body Image Assessment Procedure for Children's (BIA-C) or the Body Image Assessment Procedure for Preadolescents (BIA-P) and the Children's Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT). RESULTS: Support for the reliability and validity of the BIA-C and BIA-P was found. The study also found that separate norms were needed for the male and female BIA-C and BIA-P procedures. DISCUSSION: Examination of dieting behaviors and eating attitudes of these subjects highlights the fact that children at very young ages have acquired a clear preference for a thin body size; thus, there is a need for continued development of assessment measures for this population.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Social phobia among university students and its relation to self-esteem and body image.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the prevalence of social phobia and its relation to body image and self-esteem. METHOD: Study participants were 1003 students recruited from Cumhuriyet University as a randomized sample. Subjects were administered the Diagnostic Interview Schedule-III-Revised (DIS-III-R) Social Phobia Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ). We analyzed the data, using Fisher's exact chi-square test. RESULTS: Lifetime prevalence of social phobia among university students was 9.6% and past-year prevalence was 7.9%. Self-esteem was lower (P < 0.05) among those with social phobia than among those without social phobia. Students with social phobia had lower scores on the MBSRQ than did those without social phobia (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The results show that persons with social phobia have lower self-esteem and more distorted body image than do those without social phobia.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Adolescent male athletes: body image, diet, and exercise.

The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare body image concerns, attitudes toward eating/weight control, and reasons for exercising between two groups of adolescent male athletes--football players (N = 44) and cross-country runners (N = 30). Subjects responded to surveys covering eating attitudes, weight concerns, physical traits, perceived and ideal body shape/size, and reasons for exercising. Significant differences were noted: Football players reported a more positive body image; cross-country runners indicated a greater degree of body dissatisfaction, more disordered eating patterns, and a greater degree of concern for weight control which identified this group as one in need of increased health education.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Body image among 22 persons with acquired and congenital severe mobility impairment.

Interviews concerning body image were conducted with 10 persons with tetraplegia due to traumatic spinal cord injury and 12 persons with cerebral palsy. They all needed a wheelchair and daily assistance from another person. Their satisfaction/dissatisfaction with their body in different situations was reported on a visual analogue scale. The body size as estimated on a Body Puzzle was compared with true measurements. The body mass index of the 22 persons was calculated. These results showed only slight differences between the groups of persons with acquired and congenital motor impairment and did not differ from the results in a reference group. Information was obtained about different experiences of the interviewed persons, e.g. those from the viewpoint of a wheelchair user, lack of body language and moving about in dreams. In general, the adjustments made to the problems concerning body image by the persons with severe mobility impairment were successful. This finding is important in the light of the efforts among persons with severe mobility impairment to reach equality and 'a normal life'.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Body image and attitudes toward male roles in anabolic-androgenic steroid users.

OBJECTIVE: The authors sought to expand on previous observations suggesting that body-image pathology is associated with illicit use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). In particular, the authors compared current versus past AAS users and short-term versus long-term users in this respect. METHOD: The authors assessed 89 heterosexual men who lifted weights regularly-48 AAS users and 41 nonusers-on measures of self-esteem, attitudes toward male roles, body image, eating-related attitudes and behaviors, and muscle dysmorphia ("reverse anorexia nervosa"). RESULTS: AAS users as a whole showed few differences from nonusers on most measures but showed greater symptoms of muscle dysmorphia (e.g., not allowing their bodies to be seen in public, giving up pleasurable activities because of body-appearance concerns). The current and past AAS users each differed only modestly from nonusers on most measures. Short-term AAS "experimenters" were also largely indistinguishable from nonusers, but the long-term AAS users showed striking and significant differences from nonusers on many measures, including marked symptoms of muscle dysmorphia and stronger endorsement of conventional male roles. CONCLUSIONS: Both body-image pathology and narrow stereotypic views of masculinity appear to be prominent among men with long-term AAS use. Although our cross-sectional observations cannot confirm that these factors help to cause or perpetuate AAS use, a causal hypothesis is certainly plausible and deserving of further testing in longitudinal studies. If these factors are indeed causal, then AAS users might respond to cognitive behavior approaches that simultaneously take aim at both types of maladaptive beliefs.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Equivalence of body image disturbances in anorexia and bulimia nervosa.

A silhouette method, the Body Image Assessment, was used to measure self-evaluation of current and ideal body size in three groups: Ss with with anorexia nervosa (n = 37), Ss with bulimia nervosa (n = 59), and normal control Ss (n = 95). Current and ideal body size measures were contrasted across the three groups using body mass index as a covariate to control for the Ss actual body size. Both eating disorder groups judged current body size to be larger and ideal body size to be thinner relative to control Ss. When actual body size was not statistically controlled, Ss with anorexia nervosa judged current body size to be thinner than did control Ss and Ss with bulimia nervosa. These data illustrate the importance of controlling for actual body size when investigating the self-evaluation of body size.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Gender role, eating disorder symptoms, and body image concern in ballet dancers.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to evaluate the relationships between gender role, eating behavior, and body image in nonprofessional female ballet dancers. METHODS: One hundred ten female ballet dancers and 59 controls were administered the Bem Sex Role Inventory, the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE), the Body Uneasiness Test (BUT), and the Beck Depression Inventory. RESULTS: Ballet dancers scored higher than controls in most of the items evaluating body image and eating behaviors; a high number of ballet dancers with undifferentiated gender role were also observed. In the dancers group, male-typified subjects showed higher median scores of EDE and BUT scales, while in the control group, the highest median scores of EDE and BUT scales were found in undifferentiated subjects. CONCLUSION: Ballet schools' cultural pressure towards an ideal of leanness could interfere with the process of gender role acquisition. Ballet dancers appear to be overconcerned with performance; this could reinforce the internalization of several constructs that are generally considered as typically male.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

The Tripartite Influence model of body image and eating disturbance: a covariance structure modeling investigation testing the mediational role of appearance comparison.

Recent theoretical approaches to the etiology of eating disorders and body image disturbances have begun to focus on multifactorial models. In the current study, the Tripartite Influence model was examined in a large sample of college females (ages 18-22). This model proposes that three primary core sources of influence--parents, peers and media--contribute to the development of body image and eating disturbances. Additionally, the model suggests that at least two factors mediate the relationship between influences and disturbance-appearance comparison and internalization of media information. In this study, appearance comparison was examined as a mediational link between peer, family and media influence variables and the outcome disturbance measures of eating dysfunction and body image dissatisfaction. Covariance structure modeling (CSM) was used to test the proposed pathways. The results indicated that appearance comparison mediated the effects of family and media influences on body dissatisfaction, which in turn influenced restrictive and bulimic behaviors. In addition, peer influences had a direct influence on restriction. Perfectionism was hypothesized to relate to body dissatisfaction, but was in fact found to influence appearance comparison. The findings were limited by the necessity of several modifications to the originally proposed models, yet offer replication and extension of previous work with appearance comparison and support for further testing of the Tripartite Influence model.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Smoking for weight control: effect of priming for body image in female restrained eaters.

Women are more likely than men to believe that smoking helps to control their weight, and this relationship may be more pronounced in those with eating disturbances, such as eating restraint. Restrained eaters have been shown to be more susceptible to media portrayals of idealized body image, like those used in tobacco advertising. The primary aim of this study was to examine the effect of an implicit prime for body image on expectations that smoking can control weight in restrained and non-restrained eaters. Participants were 40 females, who smoked an average of 7.65 (S.D.=4.38) cigarettes per day. Participants were presented with a bogus task of rating slides; either participants viewed 30 slides of nature scenes (neutral prime); or viewed 30 slides depicting fashion models (body image prime). Participants then completed questionnaires that assessed smoking expectancies, smoking history, and eating restraint. As hypothesized, restrained eaters who viewed the slides depicting models had greater likelihood ratings that smoking helps to control appetite and manage weight, in comparison to restrained eaters who viewed the control slides and non-restrained eaters who viewed either type of slides. There were no other group differences across the remaining smoking expectancy factors. Images similar to those used in tobacco advertising targeting women had the ability to elicit stronger beliefs that smoking is beneficial for weight control in a group of women who are at heightened risk for such beliefs.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

[Psychological symptoms and body image in patients after surgery of congenital heart disease].

In the last 20 years the survival rate of patients with congenital heart disease has increased considerably, thus psychological consequences of living with a heart defect have attracted considerable scientific attention. In our study psychological symptoms and the body image of patients with congenital heart disease were compared with the respective scores of general population samples (age: 14 - 45 years). Psychological symptoms were measured by means of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI; subscales: somatization, obsessive-compulsive thoughts, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, psychoticism). Body image was assessed with the FKB-20 body image questionnaire (subscales: rejection of the body, vitality). The patient group consisted of 361 women and men with congenital heart disease. For comparisons with the BSI, a sample of 1165 subjects was available. Comparisons with the FKB-20 were performed with data from a separate survey (N = 1169). After stratification for age and gender, in females only a few differences were found for both instruments. In males higher scores were obtained for "rejection of the body", and lower ones for "vitality". This does not apply to the highest age group (36 - 45 years). For all BSI-subscales except "depression", "phobic anxiety", and "psychoticism" marked differences between patients and controls were found in males and over all age groups. In women group differences emerged on some subscales (obsessive-compulsive thoughts, interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, hostility, and phobic anxiety), but this does not hold for all age groups. These results do not apply to patients with the severest impairments due to congenital heart disease, because their number in our study was too low.

Adaptation, Psychological↗