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Results for “Cognitive Dissonance”

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PubMed2004

Cannabis and psychosis.

BACKGROUND: Cannabis use is commonly identified in people who present with psychosis. OBJECTIVE: This case study aims to provide a practical approach for general practitioners seeing patients with comorbid cannabis and mental health concerns. DISCUSSION: Cannabis related comorbidity is commonly seen in general practice. General practitioners can manage most presentations and help to reduce the likely occurrence of cannabis induced psychosis through the use of psychosocial support, brief interventions and harm minimisation.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Adolescent constructions of nicotine addiction.

The purpose of this qualitative study was to extend our understanding of how adolescents view nicotine addiction. This secondary analysis included 80 open-ended interviews with adolescents with a variety of smoking histories. The transcribed interviews were systematically analyzed to identify salient explanations of nicotine addiction. These explanations presuppose causal pathways of nicotine exposure leading to addiction and include repeated use, the brain and body "getting used to" nicotine, personal weakness, and family influences. A further explanation is that some youths pretend to be addicted to project a "cool" image. These explanations illustrate that some youths see themselves as passive players in the formation of nicotine addiction. The findings can be used in the development of programs to raise youth awareness about nicotine addiction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Money for consent--psychological consideration.

CONTEXT: Regarding the increasing gap between demand and supply of donor organs the question is increasingly discussed, if families of organ donors should receive a financial incentive for consenting to organ donation. However, little attention has been paid to the psychological consequences of such incentives. OBJECTIVE: We discuss the question of financial incentives for families of presumed organ donors in the light of relevant psychological theories. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION: Overview of the psychological literature. Only well established theories were included. CONCLUSIONS: We summarise, that financial benefits for consent to organ donoation could affect adversely the public opinion toward organ donation and the whole process of transplantation and thus could counterproductively influence the consent rates.

Cognitive Dissonance↗
PubMed1996

[Nurses' representations of the managerial function, what professional commitment does this mean?].

THE SUBJECT OF THIS RESEARCH: "What idea nurses have about the managerial function; from a professional point of view what commitments does this function entail?" is connected with: The fact that at a legislative level there is no reglementation of the managerial function. From a legal point of view, the nature of the commitments in connection with this function is not accurate enough as there is no law explaining exactly what does the job of charge nurse consist in. Therefore, the opinions the whole medical profession have about the managerial function are various. On the other hand, taking into consideration what charge nurses think about their own function can help to explain the behaviour as, usually the ideas determine the practice (cf. ABRIC 1994). The methodology used was based on a scientific procedure and first of all I had to break with my prejudices and wrong opinions which only give you the illusion that you can understand the matters. Readings and exploratory talks helped me in that way and so I could formulate the problem. I worked within this theoretical context and I practically tested the facts by means of semi-directed interviews. The result of the analysis invalidated the hypothesis put forward at the beginning. As regards to the idea nurses have about the managerial function, the difference expressed is more regarding the connection between the nurses values and those ones of the charge nurses, rather than regarding the adequacy between the function and the place of the charge nurse. This is somewhere the notion of project according to ARDOI-NO (1984) in which it is necessary to define the aim of the project first and to establish the means used for the realization after. To formulate the problem only--in our research: the job description--is not enough. It must be developped. So, this procedure enable me, first, to consider the problems differently and to study complicated situations in which we can feel uncertain. The question is at the same time to anticipate and to accept to discover something different. Therefore, there is no model explaining how to understand the complexity of a problem. The charge nurse who is, on one hand, responsible of a conformity must accept to discover, on the other hand, something new: it is one of the paradox of this function.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1991

Survivors of a family member's suicide: implications for practice.

Survivors of suicide are people who are coping with the loss of a loved one through an act of suicide. Primary health care providers are well-positioned to identify and intervene with this population, which is known to be at high risk for health disturbances. A research study was conducted to further clinicians' understanding of the experiences and needs of survivors. The major research question was, "What do adult survivors report about their perceived life experiences three to nine months after the suicide of a family member?" Data from audiotaped interviews with 35 adult survivors of suicide were analyzed to determine a description of the experiences and needs of this population. A recurrent theme discovered in the lives of survivors was the persistence of agonizing, unanswerable questions related to the death. Surviving family members struggled with why the suicide had occurred and worried about the impact of the death on themselves and others. Profound changes in the emotional, cognitive, physical and social functioning of survivors were also evident. Implications for clinical practice are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Experiences of family members after a suicide.

BACKGROUND: Survivors of suicide are the family members and significant others in the life of the person who commits suicide. A recent study by the author explored the life experiences of survivors of suicide, affirmed the severity of postsuicide bereavement, and revealed the critical role of the family physician in intervention. METHODS: Thirty-five adult survivors participated in in-depth audiotaped interviews during the 3- to 9-month period after the suicide death of a family member. Demographic data and the transcribed interview data were analyzed through descriptive statistics and systematic methods of qualitative data analysis. RESULTS: Subjects stressed the importance of the family physician understanding the nature of their experiences in order to intervene effectively. All survivors experienced profound disruptions in their lives, including changes in physical, emotional, cognitive, and social functioning. Variations among survivors of suicide, based on the survivor's perception of the victim before his or her death, were evident and are illustrated by three case studies. Interventions for the family physician, including specific suggestions from survivors, are proposed. CONCLUSIONS: Survivors of suicide experience a very severe bereavement, yet significant variations exist among their responses. The family physician is identified as the key individual to initiate and ensure follow-up care for this bereaved population.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Treatment stabilization and crisis prevention. Pacing the therapy of the multiple personality disorder patient.

This article briefly reviews the tactical integrationist's perspective in the work with multiple personality disorder patients. Its foundation is a cognitively based treatment paradigm geared toward controlled abreactions with cognitive restructuring throughout therapy. It is a suppression-dilution-of-affect model that focuses on the achievement of control and mastery for patient and therapist alike.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[An AIDS-related cognitive map in a sample of drug abusers in Buenos Aires City].

This paper is an approach to AIDS as a topic among a drug abusers sample of the city of Buenos Aires. Research was carried out on the basis of a qualitative methodology. In an attempt at surveying opinions and attitudes of such a sample as regards AIDS (i.e. subjects' cognitive map), 21 drug abusers from three different rehabilitation programs operating in the B.A. area were interviewed. On the basis of the research performed, the authors elaborate communication strategies among drug abusers that would be helpful for authorities engaged in AIDS prevention to adopt. To boost a strategy likely to break up the AIDS-drug association existing in the mind of many an abuser would be highly advisable so that a separation be settled between both representations, thus giving drug abusers a higher motivation for self-care practice.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Information theory and collative motivation: incentive value of uncertainty, variety, and novelty for children.

We tested the applicability of concepts and measures from information theory to studies of the development and operation of collative motivation. Three variables nominated by Berlyne as potential motivators of information seeking--uncertainty, variety, and novelty--were put into correspondence with three informational theoretic measures--average uncertainty in bits, number of possible outcomes, and outcome probability--to investigate the incentive properties of each variable for first and fourth graders. Increasing bit levels of uncertainty by adding alternatives to the set of possible outcomes was generally positively related to cover choices; however, increasing bit values by varying outcome probabilities from unequal to equal had no effect on choice. Without uncertainty, variety provided a weak source of collative motivation, systematically related to the choice of the transparent cover only for the older children when rewards occurred equally frequently. In contrast, the transparent cover was chosen significantly more frequently when the outcome probability of the associated reward was low. We obtained developmental stability in motivational effects except for variety operating in the absence of uncertainty.

Arousal↗
PubMed1989

Compliance, low literacy, and locus of control.

Compliance remains a critical, complex issue in health care today. As outlined, many interrelated factors affect levels of compliance and noncompliance. Assessing literacy and locus of control may assist the health care professional in identifying persons less likely to comply with medical treatments. Although compliance remains difficult to predict, these components should be considered carefully in patient-professional relationships and patient education.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1989

[Psychopathologic complex symptoms in disorders of cognitive activity in mental diseases: factor structure and diagnostic informative value].

Mathematical-+-statistical analysis of experimental psychological investigation of 150 schizophrenic patients, patients with organic brain diseases and psychopathology revealed the contents of psychopathological syndromes of disturbances in cognitive activity in these diseases. Their factor structure was determined as well. Organic psychopathological complex of signs was determined by a "reduction" of all mental functions, the schizophrenic one by mental "dissociation", and psychopathic one by a lability and deficiency in structuring the sphere of meaning. The tables were designed in order to evaluate the data of experimental psychological investigation in clinical differential diagnosis. The efficiency of the tables was demonstrated.

Adult↗