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PubMed2001

Modulation of human humoral immune response through orally administered bovine colostrum.

Eighteen healthy volunteers were randomized into two treatment groups and consumed liquid prepackaged bovine colostrum whey and placebo for 7 days. On days 1, 3 and 5, an attenuated Salmonella typhi Ty21a oral vaccine was given to all subjects to mimic an enteropathogenic infection. The circulating antibody secreting cells and the expression of phagocytosis receptors of the subjects before and after oral immunization were measured with the ELISPOT assay and flow cytometry. All subjects responded well to the vaccine. No significant differences were observed in ELISPOT values for IgA, IgG, IgM, Fcgamma and CR receptor expression on neutrophils and monocytes between the two groups. There was a trend towards greater increase in specific IgA among the subjects receiving their vaccine with bovine colostrum. These results suggest that bovine colostrum may possess some potential to enhance human special immune responses.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1992

Essential fatty acids in human colostrum.

We analyzed the colostrum of 11 mothers, consuming a normal hospital diet, for total fat content and various fatty acids. Three of the mothers had given birth four weeks prematurely. Total fat content of the colostrum ranged from 2.16 to 3.65 g/100 ml. The major fatty acids were palmitic acid (16:0) and oleic acid (18:1) (24.3 and 39.7% (w/w), respectively). The dominating polyunsaturated fatty acid was linoleic acid (18:2n-6) (11.5% of the total fatty acids). Linolenic acid (18:3n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) accounted for 0.7 and 0.6%, respectively, of the sum of total fatty acids. The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids was 0.42, ranging from 0.28 to 0.5, and the ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids was 6:1. Linoleic acid and linolenic acid were positively correlated with each other (p < 0.02), whereas palmitic acid was negatively correlated with oleic acid (p < 0.05). We conclude that the average human colostrum contains the recommended level and balance of the essential fatty acids required by the newborn baby.

Colostrum↗

PubMed1995

Hyperimmune cow colostrum reduces diarrhoea due to rotavirus: a double-blind, controlled clinical trial.

The therapeutic efficacy of hyperimmune bovine colostrum (HBC) from cows immunized with four serotypes of human rotavirus was evaluated in a double-blind, randomized trial in 75 boys, aged 6-24 months, infected with rotavirus diarrhoea. The treatment group received 100 ml of HBC three times a day for 3 consecutive days, while the controls received the same amount of bovine colostrum from significantly shorter duration of diarrhoea than the controls (median 56 versus 72 h (p<0.001); confidence interval of median difference (CI) 8-32 h). Total stool output (g/kg) between admission and cessation of diarrhoea was reduced by 29% in the HBC-treated group compared with controls (median 205 versus 290 g (p=0.04); CI = 1-154 g). In 50% of the children in the study group, diarrhoea stopped by 48 h, whereas 100% of the controls were still suffering from diarrhoea. No untoward effects were noted in either group. Colostrum from cows immunized with rotavirus antigen is clinically effective in reducing the duration and severity of childhood diarrhoea due to rotavirus.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Isolation and immunochemical determination of sow colostrum trypsin inhibitor.

Trypsin inhibitor from sow colostrum was isolated by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 followed by gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and affinity chromatography. Antiserum against sow colostrum trypsin inhibitor was produced by immunization with the purified inhibitor, and made specific by absorption with normal porcine serum. The specific antiserum was used for immunoquantitation by single radial immunodiffusion (SRI). In sow colostrum whey, good agreement was found between the results obtained by SRI and the total trypsin-inhibiting activity as determined by radial diffusion in a casein-containing agarose gel (r = 0.97, n = 10). In sow's milk there was only a very low inhibiting activity, and no colostral inhibitor was demonstrable by SRI. Also in baby-pig urine agreement was found between the two methods (r = 0.97, n = 14). In baby-pig serum such an agreement was not seen, undoubtedly becuase of the presence of genuine serum trypsin inhibitors. By the SRI technique it is possible specifically to determine the colostral inhibitor even in the presence of other trypsin inhibitors.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

The effect of colostrum and colostral antibody SIgA on the physico-chemical properties and phagocytosis of Escherichia coli o86.

A hydrophilic effect of human colostrum and colostral antibody SIgA binding on Escherichia coli o86 has been demonstrated by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on Octyl-Sepharose and partition in a polymer two-phase system containing dextran, poly(ethyleneglycol) and poly(ethyleneglycol)-palmitate. Furthermore, antibody SIgA binding reduced the negative surface charge of the E. coli bacteria. The reaction between centrifuged but not further purified colostrum and bacteria yielded a complex which, compared to bacteria alone, showed decreased negative and increased positive surface charges, the latter being sensitive to pepsin. Binding of SIgA or colostrum to E. coli showed no definite effect on the attachment to and phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear cells in vitro. The effects observed are discussed in relation to the structure of SIgA.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed1995

The effect of delays in feeding colostrum and the relationship between immunoglobulin concentration in the serum of neonatal calves and their rates of growth.

Eighty-five unsuckled newborn calves, were fed 1.5 L of colostrum of known IgG concentration at either 2, 4, 6 or 8 hours after birth with no additional colostrum feeding. Another group of 11 calves were left with their dam for 16 hours after birth, before separation. Blood samples were taken from all calves 24 hours after colostrum feeding or separation from the dam and serum Ig concentrations were measured by electrophoresis. There were no significant differences in mean serum Ig concentrations between calves fed at the different times after birth. Three of the 11 calves left to suckle were hypogammaglobulinaemic. Other calves in this group had higher serum Ig concentrations than the means of all other groups. All groups had mean serum Ig concentrations higher than the suggested minimum concentration required for adequate calf health. There were a number of calves that did not reach the suggested minimum serum concentration after feeding, but calf mortality was low and all calves were healthy apart from a slight scour for a few weeks after birth. There was no significant relationship between serum Ig concentration 24 to 48 hours after birth and either calf mortality or average growth rate over an 8- to 10-month period.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Relationships of total protein, specific gravity, viscosity, refractive index and latex agglutination to immunoglobulin G concentration in mare colostrum.

A colostrum sample was collected within 24 h after foaling from 27 mares and from 10 other mares a milk sample was collected several weeks post partum. Immunoglobulin G concentrations were determined quantitatively by radial immunodiffusion and semi-quantitatively using a commercial latex agglutination test. Total protein, specific gravity, viscosity and refractive index were determined and their relationships to the immunoglobulin G concentration analysed. All parameters correlated with the immunoglobulin G concentration. The latex agglutination test divided the colostrum samples into three groups with different means for immunoglobulin G and total protein concentrations. Specific gravity and the latex agglutination test were found to be the methods best suited for on-farm evaluation of colostrum quality.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

The effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on salivary IgA in distance runners.

Secretory IgA in saliva (s-IgA) is a potential mucosal immune correlate of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) status. Nutritional supplements may improve mucosal immunity, and could be beneficial to athletes who are at increased risk of URTI. In this study, 35 distance runners (15 female, 20 male, age 35 to 58 y) consumed a supplement of either bovine colostrum or placebo for 12 wk. Saliva samples were taken prior to training at baseline, monthly during supplementation, and 2 wk post supplementation. Median levels of s-IgA increased by 79% in the colostrum group after 12 wk intervention, and the time-dependent change from baseline value was significant (P = 0.0291). This significance was still apparent after adjusting for training volume and self-reporting of upper respiratory symptoms. This study has demonstrated increased s-IgA levels among a cohort of athletes following colostrum supplementation. While this result is statistically significant, its physiological interpretation must be viewed with caution due to the small numbers in this study and the large variability in s-IgA levels.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Protective properties of anticholera antibodies in human colostrum.

A comparative immunological study between two colostrum pools of Indian and Swedish mothers was carried out to evaluate their protective properties against Vibrio cholerae. Antibacterial and antitoxin titers were significantly higher in the Indian colostrum pool (ICP) than in the Swedish colostrum pool (SCP). Antilipopolysaccharide as well as antitoxin antibodies belonged to secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgM classes as determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. ICP could significantly inhibit the adherence of V. cholerae to intestinal slices in vitro, whereas such activity was virtually absent in SCP. Moreover, ICP could induce significant protection against live vibrio challenge in rabbit ileal loops, whereas only a weak protective activity was observed with SCP. A secretory IgA fraction was obtained from ICP by using gel filtration and immunoadsorbent techniques. Human secretory IgA thus obtained exhibited antiadherence as well as protective activities against V. cholerae.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Effects of immune colostrum and orally administered antisporozoite monoclonal antibodies on the outcome of Cryptosporidium parvum infections in neonatal mice.

A neonatal BALB/c mouse model of cryptosporidiosis was used to examine the potential passive transfer of immunity via immune colostrum and oral treatment with anticryptosporidial monoclonal antibodies. Neonates suckled by dams that recovered from Cryptosporidium parvum infections were equally susceptible to infection as their control counterparts suckled by naive dams. Parasite loads among the control and immune colostrum-fed mice were indistinguishable. Neonates receiving orally administered antisporozoite monoclonal antibodies were equally susceptible to infections compared with the control and immune colostrum-fed mice. Parasite loads among the mice receiving daily oral treatment with monoclonal antibody mixtures exhibited significantly lower parasite loads compared with the control mice (P less than 0.05).

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1972

Antibody responses in serum, colostrum, and milk of swine after infection or vaccination with transmissible gastroenteritis virus.

The antibody response of pregnant swine to transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus was studied, with special reference to the titers and the immunoglobulin (Ig) class of TGE neutralizing antibodies in colostrum and milk. Animals vaccinated twice intramuscularly or intramammarily with live attenuated TGE virus developed high levels of antibodies in serum and colostrum, but the levels in milk declined markedly within a few days post-farrowing. In contrast, animals naturally or experimentally infected with virulent virus generally developed lower levels of antibodies in serum and colostrum but maintained higher levels in milk, as compared to the vaccinated animals. Gel filtration studies indicated that antibodies in milk from vaccinated animals were primarily of the IgG class, whereas those from the naturally or experimentally infected animals were primarily of the IgA class. The ability of sows to transmit a high degree of passive immunity to their suckling progeny was more closely associated with TGE antibodies of the IgA than the IgG class. Present evidence suggests that high levels of TGE antibodies of the IgA class occur in milk as a result of an infection of the intestinal tract. Probable reasons for this are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Studies on the immunity of the calf to colibacillosis--VII: the experimental reproduction of enteric colibacillosis in colostrum-fed calves.

Eight newborn calves were challenged orally with a known enteropathogenic strain of Escherichia coli 0101 K?(A) and two to six hours later each calf was fed a minimum of three pints colostrum. All calves suffered from acute diarrhoea of varying severity within 24 to 48 hours of infection. Immunofluorescent and histological examination of the small intestine demonstrated adherence of the challenge organism to the epithelium and the presence of pathological lesions similar to those seen in colostrum-deprived calves with enteric colibacillosis. It was concluded that in order to be effective prophylactically, colostrum must be fed prior to infection.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Immunoglobulin levels in calves fed colostrum by stomach tube.

Three female and three male unsuckled newborn Holstein calves were tube-fed pooled colostrum and fresh colostrum respectively at a mean dose of 81.1 ml per kg birth weight at about six hours of age. The pre-colostral mean total serum immunoglobulin gradually increased from 0.07 mg per ml to 31.73 mg per ml by one day of age. IgG1, IgG2, IgG and IgM gradually increased to maximum concentrations by one day of age. IgA was higher in the 14 hour than in the 24 hour sample due to catabolic loss. The pre-colostral packed cell volume (PCV) of 41.83 per cent significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased to 37.17 per cent 18 hours after intubation. The pre-ruminant rumen of the newborn calf can empty itself efficiently and adequate intestinal absorption of colostral proteins can take place before closure sets in. Normogammaglobulinaemia can be established in almost all normal calves and neonatal morbidity and mortality reduced by force-feeding newborn calves with good quality colostrum immediately after birth.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Effects on the oestrous cycle of dairy cows of the administration of colostrum in the mid-luteal phase.

A group of 13 cows were dosed orally nine or 10 days after a normal oestrous cycle; six animals received colostrum, five animals received milk containing varying amounts of oestrone sulphate, and two cows were given milk containing a low level of oestrone sulphate. Measurements of milk progesterone levels after dosing showed that colostrum had an apparent luteolytic effect, milk containing oestrone sulphate at a level of 2000 pg/ml had a less marked effect on milk progesterone and those animals receiving milk showed no reduction in milk progesterone. These results show that there is a physiological basis for the practice of inducing overt oestrus in cows showing no visible oestrus, by dosing them with colostrum.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

A novel immunosuppressive factor in bovine colostrum blocks activation of the interleukin 2 gene enhancer at the NFAT site.

A factor in bovine colostrum (colostrum inhibitory factor, CIF) inhibits interleukin 2 (IL2) production in activated T helper cells by blocking the accumulation of IL2 mRNA. To determine whether CIF blocks at the level of IL2 transcription, we introduced reporter plasmids into the human T leukemia cell line Jurkat by transient transfection. These contained the luciferase gene under the control of either the human IL2 upstream enhancer region (segments -326 to +45) or three repeats of the NFAT element contained within it (segments -255 to -285). Expression of luciferase in these cells was induced by phorbol myristate acetate plus a calcium ionophore. CIF inhibited induction of either construct as did cyclosporine, which is known to block activation of the NFAT element. CIF failed to inhibit several other enhancer elements. The NFAT-controlled luciferase gene system distinguishes CIF from other T cell inhibitory activities present in colostrum, in particular, TGF beta 1 and TGF beta 2 and the glucocorticoids. Stably transfected Jurkat cells behaved similarly to the transiently transfected ones with respect to inhibition by CIF and cyclosporine. The NFAT-luc assay is a useful technique for the rapid, sensitive measurement of CIF or other immunosuppressants with a similar mode of action.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Human colostrum stimulates cytokine production.

The effect of human colostrum on the production of IL-1, IL-3 and IL-6 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) has been investigated. The aqueous phase of human colostrum significantly stimulated the production of these three cytokines. These findings show the importance of breast feeding not only as a well-balanced nutrient supply but also as a source for growth-promoting factors. It is suggested that the enhanced secretion of IL-1, IL-3 and IL-6 induced by human colostrum may compensate for the lower capacity of neonatal PBMCs to produce these cytokines. It is also possible that, by stimulating the secretion of these cytokines, breast feeding may provide an additional mechanism for the regulation of the neonatal immune system and hematopoiesis.

Colostrum↗

PubMed1988

Antibodies against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the colostrum isolated from infants with diarrhea.

The role of certain types of Escherichia coli in infectious diarrhea in infants and young children is well known. Infants who are breast-fed are less prone to gastroenteritis during their first year of life. Antibodies against three types of fimbrial antigens (adhesions) of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) in the colostrum were studied. The hemagglutination inhibition test method was used to detect antibodies against ETEC adhesions, i.e. colonization factors, I and II and fimbria type I. The colostrum of mothers on the 1st and 3rd day post partum was standard for the presence of antibodies. The results show that most of the colostrum samples contained antibodies against adhesions of the types of ETEC that we worked with. This study will enhance the knowledge as to why mothers should breast-feed their babies.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMed1981

gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in human colostrum.

gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) was determined in the colostrum and milk of 38 patients, 14 days postpartum. The results obtained were compared with the enzymatic activity in colostra of some animals. The human colostrum has been found to contain the highest enzymatic activity which decreases during the first 8 days and then remains stationary. The high GGT activity in the colostrum and milk and histochemical localization of the enzyme in the secretory epithelium of the milk gland indicate its participation in resorption processes of amino acids and peptides.

Adolescent↗