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PubMed2003

[Internal validity in cross-sectional studies: comments based on an investigation on the association between socioeconomic factors and schistosomiasis].

The purpose of this paper was to make some comments on validity based on an investigation developed in an urban area in the Greater Metropolitan Area of Recife, Brazil, the objective of which was to study the association between socioeconomic factors and schistosomiasis. It discusses the distortion in the odds ratio that may be introduced either by the way individuals are selected for the study or by the way the information is collected. The article describes the mechanisms used by the authors to avoid bias when planning or conducting the investigation and considerations were made on how these types of bias could have influenced the results.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1992

Peer-mediated intervention: attending to, commenting on, and acknowledging the behavior of preschoolers with autism.

This study investigated the effects of a peer-mediated intervention on the social interaction of five triads comprised of preschoolers with autism and their typical peers. Strategies thought to facilitate interaction were selected based on analyses of a descriptive data base. Peers were taught to attend to, comment on, and acknowledge the behavior of their classmates with disabilities. These are behaviors preschoolers typically exhibit frequently, but that do not obligate responses to the same extent as questions and requests do. The ABCB reversal designs revealed that improved rates of social interaction during play were clearly associated with the peer intervention for 4 of the 5 children with autism. This intervention offers an alternative peer-intervention package for increasing interaction between children with and without disabilities.

Attention↗
PubMed1982

Inequalities in health. The Black Report: a summary and comment.

In August 1980 the United Kingdom Department of Health and Social Security published the Report of the Working Group on Inequalities in Health, also known as the Black Report (after chairman Sir Douglas Black, President of the Royal College of Physicians). The Report showed in great detail the extent of which ill-health and death are unequally distributed among the population of Britain, and suggested that these inequalities have been widening rather than diminishing since the establishment of the National Health Service in 1948. The Report concluded that these inequalities were not mainly attributable to failings in the NHS, but rather to many other social inequalities influencing health: income, education, housing, diet, employment, and conditions of work. In consequence, the Report recommended a wide strategy of social policy measures to combat inequalities in health. These findings and recommendations were virtually disowned by the then Secretary of State for Social Services, very few copies of the Report were printed, and few people had the opportunity to read it. The Black Report is an important document that deserves wide attention and debate. This summary and comment is intended to give greater access to its evidence, arguments, conclusions, and recommendations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Comment on autogenic training and hypertension.

We comment on a report by Watanabe, et al. regarding the effects of autogenic training on hypertension. Using previous reports in the United States, we mention methodological problems on how to evaluate the effects of autogenic training and express our hope that they would provide further research to clarify the effects of autogenic training on hypertension.

Autogenic Training↗
PubMed1995

Some comments on a factor analysis of the 16PF and the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised.

This paper comments on unusual results recently published by Byravan and Ramanaiah. Their factor analysis of the 16PF and the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised showed the scales of the two tests to be largely unrelated. However, two recent factor analyses of these tests show strong relationships between the two sets of global factors--as strong as between the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised five factors and Goldberg's big-five factors. Possible reasons for the discrepancy are discussed.

Factor Analysis, Statistical↗
PubMed2004

An anatomist's comments on learning and teaching.

A Texas farm boy, who entered veterinary school in 1966 with the goal of becoming a "cow doctor" but instead has ended up teaching anatomy for more than 30 years, shares some of his personal philosophy and ideas about learning and teaching. The author claims no special expertise in teaching methodology, offers no "cutting-edge" techniques, and presents no particularly "novel" concepts on how to be a good teacher. He merely shares his personal, common-sense teaching philosophy, which is pretty much summarized in "Smallwood's 12 or More Axioms of Learning and Teaching". As a "parting shot", the author comments briefly on teaching anatomy using the problem-based learning approach.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1995

Auditory spatial alternation transforms auditory time (again): comments on Lakatos (1993), "Temporal constraints on apparent motion in auditory space".

Lakatos (1993) reported interesting data that indeed support "the hypothesis that the extent of spatial separation between successive sound events directly affects the perception of time intervals between these events" (p. 139). The present comment is an attempt to show that, as far as the horizontal plane is concerned, Lakatos's hypothesis was already answered qualitatively by Axelrod and coworkers (Axelrod & Guzy, 1968; Axelrod, Guzy, & Diamond, 1968) in their studies of attention shifting, and by ten Hoopen and coworkers, who quantified the amount of "interaural time dilation" (Akerboom, ten Hoopen, Olierook, & van der Schaaf, 1983; ten Hoopen, 1982; ten Hoopen, Vos, & Dispa, 1982). Nonetheless, Lakatos's study is very worthwhile. It originated from the realm of "apparent motion paradigms," but I will argue that the study rather used an "auditory streaming paradigm," and that the data is a welcome contribution to elucidate how the perceptual processes of auditory stream formation and interaural time dilation interact.

Attention↗
PubMed1990

Criteria and standards for evaluating intermediary and carrier performance--HCFA. General notice with comment period.

This notice describes the criteria and standards to be used for evaluating the performance of fiscal intermediaries and carriers in the administration of the Medicare program beginning June 1, 1990. The results of these evaluations are considered whenever HCFA enters into, renews, or terminates an intermediary or carrier agreement or takes other contract actions; assigns or reassigns providers of services to an intermediary; or designates regional or national intermediaries. This notice is published in accordance with sections 1816(f) and 1842(b)(2) of the Social Security Act, which requires us to publish for public comment in the Federal Register those criteria and standards against which we evaluate intermediaries and carriers.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.↗
PubMed1990

Medicare program; update of ambulatory surgical center payment rates effective July 1, 1990--HCFA. Notice with comment period.

This notice implements section 1833(i)(2(A) of the Social Security Act, which requires that the payment rates for ambulatory surgical center services be reviewed and updated annually, and responds to public comments we received concerning the ambulatory surgical center payment rate update notice published on February 8, 1990 (55 FR 4577).

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.↗
PubMed1990

Medicare program; Geographical Classification Review Board; procedures and criteria--HCFA. Interim final rule with comment period.

This interim final rule with comment period implements provisions of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989 establishing the Medicare Geographical Classification Review Board (MGCRB) and sets forth criteria for the MGCRB to use in issuing its decisions concerning the geographic reclassification of hospitals for purposes of payment under the prospective payment system.

Catchment Area, Health↗
PubMed1990

Criteria and standards for evaluating intermediary and carrier performance--HCFA. General notice with comment period.

This notice describes the criteria and standards to be used for evaluating the performance of fiscal intermediaries and carriers in the administration of the Medicare program beginning October 1, 1990. The results of these evaluations are considered whenever HCFA enters into, renews, or terminates an intermediary agreement or carrier contract or takes other contract actions; assigns or reassigns providers of services to an intermediary; or designates regional or national intermediaries. This notice is published in accordance with sections 1816(f) and 1842(b)(2) of the Social Security Act, which requires us to publish for public comment in the Federal Register those criteria and standards against which we evaluate intermediaries and carriers.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.↗
PubMed1991

Medicare program; mid-year FY 1991 changes to the inpatient hospital prospective payment system--HCFA. Final rule with comment period.

This final rule with comment period implements several provisions of section 4002 of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (Pub. L. 101-508) that affect Medicare payment for inpatient hospital services and that take effect with discharges occurring on or after January 1, 1991. The provisions of section 4002 of Public Law 101-508 affect the following: The standardized amounts, the hospital wage index, rural counties whose hospitals are deemed urban, and hospitals that serve a disproportionate share of low income patients.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.↗