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PubMed1991

Dentinal shear bond strength, microleakage, and contraction gap of visible light-polymerized liners/bases.

The bond strength and microleakage patterns of three light-curing glass-ionomer cement liners/bases (Vitrebond, XR Ionomer, and Zionomer) were evaluated and compared to a fluoride-releasing resin (TimeLine) designed for the same use. Bond strength tests were performed at 24 hours and 7 days. At 24 hours Vitrebond, Time-Line, and Zionomer had statistically significantly greater bond strengths than XR Ionomer. At 7 days, Vitrebond had a statistically significantly stronger bond than the others. Microleakage was evaluated after 24 hours of thermocycling. Vitrebond and XR Ionomer had statistically significantly less leakage than the others, while TimeLine had significantly more leakage than the others. Polymerization contraction gaps between the liners/bases and dentin were examined with scanning electron microscopy. Contraction gaps were approximately 10 microns with Vitrebond and XR Ionomer and 5 microns with TimeLine. A contraction gap generally was not observed with Zionomer.

Dental Bonding↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Mechanical properties and clinical performance of a gallium restorative material.

In a combination clinical/laboratory evaluation, a gallium restorative alloy (Galloy) was assessed for six mechanical properties: compressive strength, diametral tensile strength, creep, hardness, wear, and dimensional change. Laboratory tests indicated that the gallium alloy was similar to either Tytin or Dispersalloy in most respects, with the exception of lower wear and higher 7-day diametral tensile strength. In the clinical trial, all Galloy restorations were lined with a resin to prevent moisture contacting the material during the first hours after placement. All gallium restorations--class 1's only--were intact, and no teeth were fractured at the end of 1 year. There was little difference found at the 1-year evaluation compared to the 6-month results. The surface of the gallium alloy was generally rough, and many restorations exhibited some tarnish on the surface. It should be pointed out that this product has not been FDA approved at the present time and is not on the market.

Dental Alloys↗

PubMed1994

A comparison of the compressive strength of calcium hydroxide based lining materials.

This in vitro study investigated the compressive strength of five commercially available calcium hydroxide based lining materials and a resin bonded zinc oxide/eugenol material under varying conditions of temperature and relative humidity and at various ++time intervals after mixing. The results of the study showed that the calcium hydroxide liners could be consistently ranked in order with Dycal most frequently having the highest and either Life or Renew having the lowest compressive strength at all time intervals examined. Under simulated clinical conditions all the materials tested with the exception of Life and Renew had sufficient compressive strength 3 minutes after mixing to withstand the force of amalgam condensation.

Calcium Hydroxide↗

PubMed1978

Penetration of ions from silicate cement restorations into Copalite--covered cavity walls.

This study aimed to asses the effect of silicate cement on Copalite -covered cavity walls in extracted human teeth. Class V cavities were prepared in 24 premolars and filled with silicate cement (Bio-Trey). Four cavities were unlined, the rest of the cavities were lined with 1 or 2 layers of Copalite before insertion of the restorations. After 6 months, 70-100 microns thick longitudinal sections of the teeth were studied by polarized light microscopy, microradiography and electron probe microanalysis. When imbibed in water or quinoline, a subsurface zone of altered birefringence was noticed in nearly all cavity walls. Nearly half of the cavity walls in the experimental groups showed a surface zone of increased radiopacity. In a few instances a subsurface radiolucent zone was present. By electron probe microanalysis F (0,4-3% by weight), Zn (1-4%) and Al (0,2-6%) were measured in the outer 10-60 microns of the cavity walls. The study shows that even with a double layer of Copalite, known to prevent microleakage, a desirable uptake of F and Al from silicate restorations into cavity walls can take place. Copalite does not prevent a phosphoric acid effect on the cavity walls.

Aluminum↗

PubMed1992

Pulpal response to restoration of deep cavities with high-copper amalgam.

The effect on the pulp of a high-copper amalgam was studied in buccal cavities in 16 pairs of human premolars, 32 teeth, restored with ANA 2000. To minimize the risk of bacterial contamination, the cavities were treated with a cleanser, Tubulicid, and the outer portion of the filling was replaced by zinc oxide-eugenol cement (ZOE), i.e. surface-sealing. In one cavity in each pair, the control, a thin lining was used. The teeth were extracted after 5-13 days, sectioned, stained with hematoxylin-eosin or Brown and Brenn and evaluated for the degree of pulpal inflammation and presence of bacteria. The results showed that regardless of whether lining was used or not, no inflammation or only a very few inflammatory cells were found in the 21 teeth in which the thickness of the remaining dentin varied from 0.15 mm to 0.5 mm, except for one pair showing slight to moderate inflammation. However, in this pair bacterial growth were found on the cavity walls. No other teeth showed bacterial growth. In the remaining eleven teeth the thickness of the remaining dentin was less than 0.08 mm, including five pulpal exposures. Slight to severe inflammation occurred in eight of these teeth. ANA 2000 per se did not seem to irritate the pulp except in very deep cavities or on direct exposures. The reason for this reaction is not known, but it might be attributable to the zinc content of the amalgam.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2006

Influence of elasticity on gap formation in a lining technique with flowable composite.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of flowable composites as liners for direct composite restorations, with key focus on the elastic moduli of flowable and condensable composites. After treating the composite mold cavity surface with an adhesive system, one of the flowable composites was placed as a 1 mm-thick layer on the cavity floor and irradiated for 20 seconds. The rest of cavity was subsequently filled with a condensable composite and irradiated for 40 seconds. Gap formation at both interfaces--between the cavity floor and flowable composite, and between the flowable and condensable composites--was examined. No gaps were detected at the interface between the cavity floor and flowable composite. Gap percentage at the interface between the flowable and condensable composites was dependent on the difference in elastic modulus. It was concluded that flowable composite with high elastic modulus could inhibit gap formation between flowable and condensable composites.

Acrylic Resins↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of incremental versus bulk fill techniques on the microleakage of composite resin using a glass-ionomer liner.

Incremental placement of composite resin has been suggested to reduce microleakage, particularly at the gingival margin of class 5 cervical restorations. It has become clinically advantageous to place a glass-ionomer liner over dentin to further minimize microleakage resulting from a bond between the dentin and glass ionomer, and glass ionomer and resin. The objective of this study was to compare the microleakage behavior of three hybrid composite/bonding agent systems using bulk and incremental filling techniques utilizing a glass-ionomer liner. This was accomplished in vitro using freshly extracted bovine incisors and a Ca45 radioisotope and autoradiography. Sixty bovine incisors were divided into six experimental groups of 10 specimens per group. Class 5 preparations were cut at the cementoenamel junction and restored with the appropriate combination of Herculite XR/Bondlite, P50/Scotchbond 2, or Pertac Hybrid/Pertac Bond. All teeth were lined with the glass ionomer Ketac Bond before the final restoration was placed. The samples were finished and stored for 24 hours in distilled water before thermocycling. The samples were tested for microleakage using a Ca45 radioisotope technique and autoradiography. Incisal (enamel) and gingival (dentin) margins were scored separately for microleakage but grouped for statistical analysis. Results were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis H test. Pertac Hybrid exhibited more leakage than Herculite XR or P50. The difference between microleakage of bulk and incremental filling techniques was only significant for P50.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The glass-ionomer-lined cervical composite restoration: an in vitro investigation.

The marginal adaptation and microleakage of the glass-ionomer-lined composite resin restoration in simulated erosion and conventional class 5 preparations were evaluated. The most common site of leakage for all restorations was the gingival margin. In erosion lesion restorations, the etched thick liners were superior to the etched thin liners with respect to marginal leakage. Acid-etched and unetched liners in both the erosion lesion and the conventional class 5 restorations were comparable. Under the SEM a gap was often found in the liner rather than at the liner-resin interface in restorations with etched liners.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative quantitative and qualitative assessment of the marginal adaptation and apposition of bonded amalgam restorations using luting glass ionomer and 4-META adhesive liner under a scanning electron microscope. An in vitro study.

The present invitro study was conducted to assess the marginal adaptation and apposition of amalgam restorations bonded to tooth structure, using freshly mixed luting glass ionomer cement (type 1) and compared with the much documented material--Amalgam bond (4-META). Twelve freshly extracted human premolar teeth were used and class V cavities were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of twelve teeth for the experimental groups. Buccal cavities (class V) were prepared on twelve other teeth for the control group. In the control, two coats of cavity varnish was applied as the liner. The experimental groups were lined with freshly mixed luting glass ionomer in twelve buccal cavities and amalgam bond adhesive liner in twelve lingual cavities. The amalgam was then condensed before the liner sets in all the cavities. The teeth were sectioned and mounted on aluminum stubs and then placed in the scanning electron microscope and were observed. The results of the study showed that marginal interface gaps were higher with luting glass ionomer and cavity varnish than with amalgam bond as the liner. The results were statistically not significant. All the three groups were effected by the severe thermal stresses introduced by the microscopy with the glass ionomer cement suffering the worst. The present investigation confirms that glass ionomer cement (type 1) can be effectively used as a bonding agent between amalgam and the tooth when it is painted onto the cavity walls after which the amalgam is condensed immediately, prior to its setting. Its ability to bond amalgam to the tooth structure with minimal gaps is comparable to that of amalgam bond.

Acrylic Resins↗

PubMed1997

Marginal leakage of amalgam restorations pretreated with various liners.

PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare the microleakage of amalgam restorations lined with four different liners. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cylindrical occlusal cavities were prepared in extracted human molars and the teeth were then divided into four groups and lined with one of four liners: Amalcoden, AM (glass-metal ionomer), FujiDuet, FD (glass ionomer), Amalgambond, AB (adhesive resin), or copal varnish, CV. Each cavity was then restored with a high-copper amalgam alloy and aged for 7 days in 37 degrees C distilled water. The specimens were then thermocycled for 300 cycles followed by immersion in 0.5% basic fuchsin dye solution for 24 hours. The teeth were then embedded in resin, sectioned, and dye penetration at the tooth/amalgam interface evaluated microscopically at x 100 and scored from 0 to 4 (0 = no leakage and 4 = greatest leakage). RESULTS: The median values were: AM = 1.0; FD = 0.5; AB = 1.1; and CV = 4.0. Statistical analysis using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U indicated no significant differences between AM and AB or FD and AB. CV was however, significantly worse at P < 0.01.

Dental Amalgam↗

PubMed1993

In vitro marginal leakage in varnished and lined amalgam restorations.

Black's class I classic cavity preparations were completed in 440 extracted, intact human premolars and restored with two silver amalgams and five different base materials with and without cavity varnish, which resulted in 20 combinations. A standard fluorescent dye test was performed and the percentage of marginal leakage recorded after storage for 7 days, 3 months, and 1 year in 1% NaCl at 20 degrees C. The results were computed by use of a linear logistic statistical analysis with a critical level of statistical significance of p < 0.05. Sealing improved with time and there was consistently better sealing in the first months without varnish, but after 1 year this was not significant. The low-copper amalgam recorded better sealing than the high-copper amalgam. A calcium hydroxide base promoted sealing but base-free cavities performed second best. Sealing declined with 1 year if Dycal base was used. Zinc-containing bases exhibited poor sealing, even those containing tin. Base solubility can improve sealing in calcium-containing bases but not in zinc-containing bases.

Calcium Hydroxide↗

PubMed1994

Biological and clinical investigations of a glass ionomer base material.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the biological properties of a new glass ionomer base material containing strontium glass. METHODS: The glass ionomer base material (Base Line, De Trey Dentsply) was tested for cytotoxicity using a standard agar diffusion test, for its effect upon the pulp in subhuman primates, and in a clinical study as base beneath both composite fillings and amalgam fillings. RESULTS: The material showed a cytotoxicity pattern similar to reference materials, a zinc phosphate cement and a reference glass ionomer base material, which are used successfully in clinical applications. With the pulp/dentin usage test in subhuman primates, there were no statistically significant differences between the experimental glass ionomer base material and the negative control group if bacterial contamination of the cavity floor or direct contact with the pulp was avoided. The results of the clinical study also indicated no pulp damage after one year. SIGNIFICANCE: The experimental glass ionomer base material proved to be acceptable both biologically and clinically.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1992

Effect of tooth storage and cavity cleansing on cervical gap formation in Class II glass-ionomer/composite restorations.

Class II cavities with the cervical margin just below the C-E junction and with two cervical retention grooves were prepared in intact human premolars, 31 cavities in teeth stored frozen and 29 cavities in teeth stored in 1% chloramine solution. The teeth from both storage conditions were assigned to two groups; in one group, the cavities were cleaned with a water spray, in the other group, with a cleaner containing 0.2% EDTA and 1% NaF. All cavities were lined with Vitrebond and restored with P50. Cervical contraction gaps were disclosed by a fluorescent resin penetration technique. The length and width of each gap were analysed. A contraction gap was revealed in 17 of the 31 cavities in teeth stored frozen (54.8%) and in 22 of the 29 restorations in the teeth stored in chloramine (75.8%). The width of the gap was significantly greater in teeth stored in chloramine (p = 0.0004). No statistical difference in gap formation was found between cavities cleaned with water or with the detergent containing 0.2% EDTA and sodium fluoride. Since the cavity cleansing procedure was not a significant factor in gap formation, apparently removing the superficial smear layer with the cavity cleaner does not impair the bonding of Vitrebond to the dentin. However, gap formation appeared to be significantly affected by the storage conditions of the extracted teeth. It is suggested that teeth to be used in bond strength and leakage experiments should be stored frozen rather than stored in 1% chloramine solution.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1993

A basic study of a new adhesive lining cement applied emulsion of hydrophobic polymer.

To diminish the effect of water on the adhesive durability of lining cement, an experimental lining cement using a hydrophobic polymer as the cement liquid was studied. The polymers were styrene-butadien-alkyl acrylate copolymer (SBA copolymer) and carboxylated styrene-butadien-alkyl acrylate copolymer (CSBA copolymer) and were used as aqueous emulsions. The cement powder consisted of alkaline silicate and calcium disilicate. The pH values of the immersion water of the cement prepared from emulsion of SBA copolymer (SBA cement) was almost the same as that of calcium hydroxide cement. The compressive and diametral tensile strengths of SBA cement gradually increased over time in water. The bond strengths of cement prepared from the CSBA copolymer emulsion containing five percent carboxyl groups by weight were superior to those of calcium hydroxide cement.

Acrylic Resins↗

PubMed1990

Microleakage in restorations with glass ionomer liners after thermocycling.

The purpose of this study was to compare microleakage around two types of restorations lined with polyalkenoate (glass ionomer) cements after thermocycling. Preparations were made in 48 molars to a diameter and depth of 2.0 mm. Half of the preparations were lined with glass ionomer, and the remainder were not lined. Dental amalgam or glass ionomer restorative material was placed and the amalgams were left unburnished and unpolished. Selected restorations were thermocycled 625 times between 4 degrees C and 50 degrees C. Teeth were immersed in 0.5 per cent methylene blue solution, sectioned and visually scored for microleakage at X 100 magnification. Data analysis indicated significant differences in microleakage because of: thermocycling (chi 2 = 103.38, d.f. = 19,2P less than 0.0004); presence of glass ionomer liners (chi 2 = 53.28, d.f. = 19,2P less than 0.0001); and type of restorative material (chi 2 = 103.44,d.f. = 19,2P less than 0.0004). The use of a glass ionomer liner significantly reduced microleakage in both amalgam and glass ionomer restorations when subjected to thermocycling.

Chi-Square Distribution↗

PubMed1993

A comparison of the shear bond strengths to a resin composite of two conventional and two resin-modified glass polyalkenoate (ionomer) cements.

The inability of resin composite to bond directly to dentine has compromised the clinical success of this restorative material. This problem may be overcome by the so-called laminate technique in which glass polyalkenoate cement is placed upon dentine and then covered with a resin composite. The cement both adheres to dentine and affords micromechanical attachment to the composite. The introduction of the resin-modified glass polyalkenoate cements (RMCs) offers the potential for chemical union between cement and composite. This investigation examined the shear bond strengths of P-50 resin composite to four glass polyalkenoate lining materials, with and without the application of an intermediate bonding agent (Scotchbond 2). Two of the cements were RMCs (Vitrebond, XR-Ionomer) and the others were conventional base materials (Baseline, Ketac-Bond). The bond between P-50 and Vitrebond with or without Scotchbond 2 was significantly (P < 0.01) stronger and more consistent (P < 0.05) than that observed for all other materials. The treatment of the conventional materials and XR-Ionomer with Scotchbond 2 significantly (P < 0.01) improved the bond strengths to P-50. It is concluded that Vitrebond formed the most favourable cement-resin composite bond and that the other materials studied should be used in conjunction with an effective intermediate bonding agent, such as Scotchbond 2.

Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate↗

PubMed1989

Technical note: antimicrobial action of glass-ionomer lining cement on S. sanguis and S. mutans.

There are a number of glass-ionomer lining cements available to the profession. It is generally agreed that the glass-ionomer cements demonstrate reasonably good biocompatibility. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of six glass-ionomer cements on S. sanguis and S. mutans. Forty-eight plates of TSA-SRBC (10%), each with 3.0-mm-diam. wells, were divided into two groups (1 and 2) of 24 each. Group 1 was inoculated with S. sanguis (10558) and Group 2 with S. mutans (6715-13 w.t.). Each well was filled with 4.0 mg of one of the following liners: Glassic (A), Shofu lining cement (B), GC lining cement (C), Ever Bond (D), Gingiva Seal (E), and Ketac Bond (F); the empty wells served as control. Plates were incubated under microaerophilic conditions at 37 degrees C, and checked daily over seven days for inhibition zones. Average inhibition zones (mm) at 7 days were as follows: Group 1-1A = 10.00, 1B = 7.83, 1C = 18.50, 1D = 13.00, 1E = 8.67, and 1F = 9.33; Group 2-2A = 3.08, 2B = 10.25, 2C = 12.75, 2D = 15.58, 2E = 8.83, and 2F = 3.20. All control wells were 0.0 GC liner and Ever Bond showed significantly greater overall inhibition of microbial growth than did other tested liners (p less than 0.5). A one-way ANOVA and SNK test showed that all tested liners were significantly more toxic toward S. sanguis than toward S. mutans (p less than 0.05).

Dental Cavity Lining↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Microleakage of class 2 Superbond-lined composite restorations with and without a cervical amalgam base.

The purposes of the present study were: 1) to assess the microleakage at the cervical margin of Superbond-lined composite restorations with and without a cervical amalgam base and compare the results to cervical margins of composite restorations lined with Scotchbond 2, and 2) to compare the quality of the occlusal margins of Superbond-lined P-50 restorations with those bonded with Scotchbond 2. Forty-eight class 2 cavities were prepared in extracted or exfoliated primary molars. The teeth were randomly divided into three groups and restored as follows: Group A, amalgam + Superbond + P-50 (sandwich); Group B, Superbond + P-50; Group C, Scotchbond 2 + P-50 (control). Marginal leakage was assessed by the degree of dye penetration on sections of the restored teeth. The occlusal margins presented no or minimal leakage (degrees 0 and 1) in 53% of Group A restorations, 60% of Group B, and 44% of Group C. These differences were not statistically significant (P<0.05). The cervical margins showed moderate to severe dye penetration (degrees 2 and 3) in 94% of Group A, 47% of Group B, and 87% of Group C. These differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The amalgam/Superbond/composite interface exhibited no leakage in 70% of the restorations. Although marginal leakage was not completely eliminated, Superbond exhibited significantly less leakage (P<0.05) at the cervical margins than Scotchbond 2 or amalgam with Superbond.

Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate↗