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PubMed1986

Drinking frequency changes in selected contexts by season in Iowa, 1979-1980.

A panel of individuals was interviewed at three points in time so that both individual and aggregate drinking behavior changes could be investigated during a period of increasing beverage alcohol sales (winter to summer) and a subsequent period of decreasing sales (summer to winter). The seasonal drinking frequency changes in different places, with different companions and in different situations, were generally consistent with the proposition that existing drinking behaviors are quite stable over time (the stability proposition), and also with the proposition that alcohol consumption increases occur without any substitution of new drinking behaviors for existing drinking behaviors (the addition proposition). There was, however, evidence that drinking contexts changed with age and that new drinking behaviors were substituted for old drinking behaviors in some of the subpopulations studied. This suggests that it may be feasible to find ways to encourage the substitution of one kind of drinking behavior for another. Finally, although the results generally support the stability and addition propositions, it is not clear that these characteristics are either necessary or sufficient for increased per capita consumption to produce an increased rate of alcohol-related problems.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Gender differences in rural adolescent drinking patterns.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine differences in rural adolescent male and female drinking patterns, problem drinking behavior, and the factors associated with problem drinking behavior. METHODS: An anonymous written survey was administered to 2,297 adolescents, aged 12 to 18 years, in a rural Mississippi River Delta county. Potential risk factors for problem drinking behavior examined included demographic, behavioral, peer, and parental characteristics. Drinking patterns were examined separately for male and female adolescent drinkers. RESULTS: Individual factors associated with problem drinking behavior for these rural adolescents were consistent with previous research. However, these factors were gender specific in prevalence. Males were more likely than females to report all of the behavioral and peer risk factors associated with problem drinking, except depressive symptoms, which were more frequently reported by females than males. The interactions of gender with race and gender with peer approval of drinking were significantly associated with problem drinking. The ratio of male to female problem drinkers among African-American adolescents was twice as high as the ratio among Caucasian adolescents. Females were much more strongly influenced by peer disapproval of drinking than were males. CONCLUSIONS: Prevention and intervention programs may be more effective for rural females if they target depression and focus on support systems, whereas intensive programs for adolescents with multiple high risk behaviors may be more effective for rural males.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Young adult drinking-driving: behavioral and psychosocial correlates.

Behavioral and psychosocial correlates of drinking and driving were examined in two independent samples of licensed drivers aged 18 to 25 selected from the Colorado Division of Motor Vehicles database. Mail questionnaires were returned by 2,300 young adults (1,196 in Sample 1; 1,104 in Sample 2). Structural equation modeling was used to examine the relation of a latent-variable measure of drinking-driving to latent-variable measures of other driving behaviors, problem behaviors and psychosocial variables. Drinking-driving, drug-driving and risky driving were found to comprise a more general, second-order factor of problem driving behavior. Drinking-driving was also found to constitute one aspect of a larger second-order latent variable that included problem drinking, marijuana use, other illicit drug use and delinquent-type behavior. In combination, the variables of problem driving, other problem behaviors, psychosocial unconventionality, risk-taking and hostility/aggression accounted for 57% of the variance in young adult drinking-driving. All of these Sample 1 findings were buttressed by confirmatory analyses in the independent Sample 2 data. The conclusion can be drawn that drinking-driving is part of a more general lifestyle involving behavior and psychosocial unconventionality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

A typology of alcoholism in Taiwan aborigines: a study on evolving process of community cases.

Thirty-one habitual drinkers with a personal, familial, social complication were screened from a Taiwan aborigine community. Each was given an in-depth descriptive semistructured interview. The interview, recorded with audiotape, contained 4 aspects: (1) personal developmental history; (2) family structure and interaction; (3) developmental process and current state of drinking behavior, and (4) attitude toward drinking behavior. Based on the evolving process and current state of drinking behavior, three process patterns of alcoholism were defined: (1) social developmental type (67.7%); (2) deviant behavioral type (9.7%), and (3) special constitutional type (22.6%).

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Drinking and driving: drinking patterns and drinking problems.

Two perspectives guide examinations of alcohol-related injury; studies of drinking behaviors which characterize the activities in which drinkers participate, and studies of drinking patterns which characterize individuals' likelihoods of intoxication. This paper presents a study of self-reported drinking and driving using both perspectives. A theoretical model of the relationships of drinking patterns and drinking behaviors to drinking and driving is derived. This model is used as the basis for analyses of self-reports of driving after drinking and driving while intoxicated. Using cross-sectional data from a study of alcohol-related injury in the United States, these self-reports were related to measures of respondent socio-demographics, drinking patterns, beverage preferences and routine activities. The results showed: (1) that the drinking pattern measures were significantly related to likelihoods of drinking and driving; (2) these measures were superior to alternate measures of drinking patterns in their ability to explain drinking and driving; (3) the measures of beverage preferences were unrelated to either measure of drinking and driving; and (4) that the utilization of certain venues for drinking (bars and restaurants) was significantly related to both measures of drinking and driving. It is concluded that observed socio-demographic differences in drinking and driving (e.g. related to ethnicity and marital status) are due to related differences in drinking patterns and drinking behaviors.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1980

Suprachiasmatic nucleus, secondary synchronizing stimuli and the central neural control of circadian rhythms.

The introduction of a secondary synchronizing stimulus, deprivation of water for 22 h each day, with water available during the morning only, to intact adult female rats produces a burst of activity and drinking behavior during and around the time water is available. Normal circadian rhythms in activity and drinking behavior persist through the deprivation period, however, and the morning burst of activity and drinking behavior ceases with the cessation of deprivation schedule. These data indicate that the induced rhythm in activity and drinking behavior is a diurnal, not a circadian rhythm. This view is supported by the fact that a free-running circadian rhythm in activity and drinking behavior persists through a separate period of introduction of the water deprivation schedule even though a diurnal rhythm is once again induced. Suprachiasmatic nucleus ablation abolishes circadian rhythms in activity, drinking and learned behavior, but does not alter the deprivation schedule-induced rhythms.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Disrupted patterns of consummatory behavior in rats with fornix transections.

The feeding and drinking behavior was examined in male rats with fornix transections and sham-operated control rats. Total food and water consumption was recorded but supplemented by a pattern analysis of feeding and drinking behavior. The behavior of the rats was continuously monitored during four hour morning and afternoon sessions under ad lib access and during a two hour session following adaptation to a restricted access feeding schedule. Rats with fornix transections were more active and exhibited increased frequencies of rearing, eating and drinking. The increased meal frequency in rats with fornix transections was accompanied by decreased meal durations and a reduction in the length of intermeal intervals. Total food and water consumption was unaffected by fornix transection as were the duration of sleep bouts and the frequencies of grooming, sleeping and carrying shavings. Fornix transections also reduced food carrying and food hoarding but only under conditions of restricted food access. The results suggest that fornix transection does not alter major homeostatic regulatory mechanisms nor does it alter the components of feeding and drinking behavior. Fornix transection alters, instead, the organization of microregulatory feeding and drinking patterns.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Role of the suprachiasmatic nuclei in the circadian timing system of the squirrel monkey. I. The generation of rhythmicity.

The circadian organization of squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) drinking behavior was evaluated before and after the placement of radiofrequency lesions which completely destroyed the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in 4 monkeys and partially ablated the SCN in another 4 animals. In continuous illumination (LL: 600 lux) prior to surgery, each monkey had a precise free-running circadian rhythm of drinking behavior with a period of 25.31 +/- 0.21 h (means +/- S.E.M.). By 4-6 weeks following the lesions, the temporal organization of drinking behavior had become disrupted, but a statistically significant free-running circadian rhythm was still detectable by time series analyses. Subsequently, the circadian organization of drinking behavior in 7 out of 8 monkeys gradually decayed with either no statistically significant rhythmicity or only weak circadian and/or ultradian rhythmicity detected by time series analyses by 10-92 weeks post-lesion. The remaining animal which maintained a statistically reliable free-running rhythm in drinking behavior received the least damage (less than 50%) to the SCN. Despite the major alterations in the temporal patterning of behavior, the overall amount of drinking behavior per 24 h was unchanged. The SCN are thus essential for maintaining the circadian organization of squirrel monkey drinking behavior. However, the existence of residual circadian rhythmicity following SCN lesions and the gradual decay of circadian organization thereafter suggest that the SCN may coordinate the activity of circadian oscillators which lie outside its borders.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Descriptive and injunctive norms in college drinking: a meta-analytic integration.

OBJECTIVE: Many college students overestimate both the drinking behaviors (descriptive norms) and the approval of drinking (injunctive norms) of their peers. As a result, consistent self-other discrepancies (SODs) have been observed, in which self-perceptions of drinking behaviors and approval of drinking usually are lower than comparable judgments of others. These SODs form the foundation of the currently popular "social norms approach" to alcohol abuse prevention, which conveys to students the actual campus norms regarding drinking behaviors and approval of alcohol use. However, little attention has been paid to the factors that can influence the magnitude of SODs. This research was conducted to address these issues. METHOD: This meta-analytic integration of 23 studies evaluated the influence of five predictors of SODs: norm type (injunctive or descriptive), gender, reference group, question specificity and campus size. These studies rendered 102 separate tests of SODs in descriptive and injunctive forms, representing the responses of 53,825 participants. RESULTS: All five predictors were significantly related to self-other differences in the perception of norms. Greater SODs were evident for injunctive norms, estimates by women, distal reference groups and nonspecific questions, as well as on smaller campuses. CONCLUSIONS: More systematic attention should be given to how norms are assessed. In particular, SODs can be maximized or minimized, depending on the specificity of the behaviors/attitudes evaluated and the reference groups chosen for comparison.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2004

Perceived family support, negative mood regulation expectancies, coping, and adolescent alcohol use: evidence of mediation and moderation effects.

The stressor vulnerability model of alcohol use posits that individuals learn to use drinking as a coping response when they believe healthier means of coping are unavailable. The present study evaluated hypotheses derived from the model adding two potential coping resources that may be important for adolescents--perceived family support and expectancies for negative mood regulation. Students in Grades 9-12 (N=210, 50% female) completed self-report measures of family environment, alcohol expectancies, coping preferences, negative mood regulation, motives for drinking, and drinking behavior. Recent drinking, lifetime drinking, and drunkenness were positively associated with stronger tension reduction alcohol expectancies, and drinking to cope (DTC) completely mediated these relations. DTC also was associated with avoidant coping dispositions and with the interaction between tension reduction alcohol expectancies and avoidant coping dispositions. Family support and NMR expectancies were only modestly correlated with DTC and not correlated with drinking measures. In regression analyses, family support and NMR expectancies were not associated with DTC independent of tension reduction expectancies and avoidant coping disposition. However, these two coping resource variables moderated the relations of other predictors with DTC and with drunkenness. The present study supports the stressor vulnerability model and highlights the importance of family support and NMR expectancies as coping resources related to drinking processes. Because many of the tenets of the model appear to extend to adolescents, it may have considerable utility as a conceptual framework for the design and implementation of prevention programs.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Environmental influences on alcohol consumption practices of alcoholic beverage servers.

Public drinking establishments have long been associated with heavy drinking among both their patrons and servers. Whether these environments represent locations where heavy drinking is learned (learning hypothesis) or simply places where already-heavy drinkers gather in a supportive environment (selection hypothesis) remains an important question. A sample of licensed alcoholic beverage servers in the state of Indiana, USA, was surveyed to better understand the drinking behaviors of servers within the alcohol service industry. Responses (N = 938) to a mailed questionnaire were analyzed to assess the relative influence of environmental and demographic factors on the drinking behavior of servers. Stepwise regression revealed "drinking on the job" as the most influential environmental factor on heavy drinking behaviors, followed by age and gender as influential demographic factors. Support was found for the selection hypothesis, but not for the learning hypothesis. Policy implications are discussed. factors on the drinking behavior of servers. Stepwise regression revealed "drinking on the job" as the most influential environmental factor on heavy drinking behaviors, followed by age and gender as influential demographic factors. Support was found for the selection hypothesis, but not for the learning hypothesis. Policy implications are discussed.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1988

The reliability of alcohol abusers' self-reports of drinking and life events that occurred in the distant past.

This study investigated the test-retest reliability of 69 alcohol abusers' current reports about their past (approximately 8 years prior to interview) drinking behavior and life events. Drinking behavior was assessed by the Lifetime Drinking History (LDH) questionnaire and life events were assessed using the Recent Life Changes Questionnaire (RLCQ). Reliability coefficients for LDH variables were generally moderate to high (r = .52 to .81). Using empirical criteria, the diagnostic power of the two LDH interviews to classify correctly subjects as either having had or not having had a drinking problem was quite high. The reliability coefficient for the RLCQ was r = .85 and 91.7% of the identified events were reported in both interviews. Similarly high test-retest reliabilities and individual event agreement rates were obtained for the six homogeneous subscales of the RLCQ. Subjects were also asked why they had given inconsistent answers to life events questions in the two interviews. Inconsistencies often resulted from errors in the temporal placement of events or from misunderstanding items, rather than from failure to recall an event; this suggests that some sources of error in recalling life events can be reduced. It is concluded that alcohol abusers' reports of drinking and life events occurring many years prior to the date of interview are generally reliable. This finding is consistent with previous studies showing high test-retest reliabilities for reports of recent drinking and related events.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Risk and protective factors as predictors of adolescent alcohol involvement and transitions in alcohol use: a prospective analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Determinants of initial alcohol use may differ from predictors of accelerated or problematic consumption. Social influences may be strong predictors of initial drinking; however, later stages of problem drinking may be linked developmentally to intrapersonal deficits. This study prospectively examined the influence of chronic and changing risk and protective status in predicting adolescent alcohol involvement and transitions in alcohol use. METHOD: Data were obtained from a three-wave cohort (N = 823) of 8th-10th grade nonintervention students participating in a school-based drug abuse prevention trial. Cognitive, attitudinal and social influence measures were dichotomized using empirical cut-offs to designate risk or protective status. Using a conceptually based assignment scheme, additive risk indices were created assessing chronic (averaging across time) and changing features of competence, psychological and interpersonal functioning, cognitive-affective and social influences. Three chronic and change protective indices were created tapping competence, psychological, and interpersonal functioning. RESULTS: Controlling for initial drinking and gender, chronic risk for social influence and psychological functioning and increased risk for social influences and competency predicted subsequent drinking behavior. Chronic psychological protection attenuated subsequent drinking. Using categorical measures of drinking behavior to designate nonuse, experimental or moderate-heavy use, chronic social influence and competency risk were associated with an increased likelihood of accelerated drinking, whereas improved psychological functioning diminished the likelihood of increased drinking behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Findings underscore the need for implementing prevention strategies that reinforce developmentally appropriate skills and enhance personal competence and psychological functioning as effective barriers against initial and more problematic alcohol use. The unique contribution of protective forces also underscores that risk reduction and protection enhancement are complementary processes and are both required to offset social influences for alcohol consumption.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Development and preliminary validation of the young adult alcohol consequences questionnaire.

OBJECTIVE: A substantial proportion of U.S. college students drink alcoholic beverages and report significant deleterious effects. The present study describes the development and initial validation of a measure designed to capture a broad range of alcohol-related consequences experienced by male and female college students. METHOD: College students (N=340, 176 women) completed a self-report questionnaire battery consisting of information about demographic characteristics, drinking behaviors, and drinking consequences. Drinking consequences were assessed with a composite measure based on the Drinker Inventory of Consequences, the Young Adult Alcohol Problem Screening Test (YAAPST) and items developed by the researchers. To assess concurrent validity, a subset of the total sample (n=126) also completed the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI). RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analyses supported an eight-factor solution (Social-Interpersonal Consequences, Impaired Control, Self-Perception, Self-Care, Risk Behaviors, Academic/Occupational Consequences, Physical Dependence, and Blackout Drinking), with all factors loading on a single, higher-order factor. YAACQ total scores correlated with alcohol quantity and frequency, and the RAPI. Gender comparisons suggest that the YAACQ assesses constructs of interest equally well for women and men. CONCLUSIONS: These results offer preliminary support for this measure. Research and clinical applications include the potential to predict future problems by specific type of consequence and to offer detailed feedback about drinking consequences to students as part of a preventive intervention. As such, the YAACQ may serve as an aid in both the description of and intervention for heavy drinking in college.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Social cognitive determinants of drinking in young adults: beyond the alcohol expectancies paradigm.

In prior investigations of the psychology of drinking behavior, drinkers' positive expectancies regarding the effects of alcohol have been studied extensively. From a social cognitive point of view, however, several additional psychological factors also deserve attention, namely negative expectancies, social influence, and self-efficacy expectations. In a representative sample of 161 university students, this study examined to what extent inclusion of these additional social cognitive factors enhanced the predictive power of the predominant alcohol-expectancies model of drinking behavior, and to what extent all four social cognitive factors were related to the uptake and cessation of drinking behavior. The three additional social cognitive factors contributed 17% to the explained variance in drinking behavior, in addition to the 18% accounted for by positive expectancies. The constructs with the greatest predictive strength all pertained to the social effects and social context of drinking. The most important predictors of drinking behavior were found to differ for male versus female students, and for students living with their parents versus those living on their own. The data on drinking acquisition and cessation suggest that in this sample little change in drinking behavior could be expected. The social cognitive factors were strongly related to acquisition stages but only weakly to cessation stages. Recommendations for interventions aimed at lowering alcohol intake are given.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Tracking of avoidance of alcohol use and smoking behavior in a fifth grade cohort over three years.

This study examined the maintenance of positive health behavior (avoidance of alcohol use and cigarette smoking) and factors associated with the maintenance of these behaviors from fifth through seventh grade by a cohort of rural students (N = 232). African American and White students showed similar patterns of high avoidance of alcohol until seventh grade. Although more girls avoided use than boys, avoidance decreased in both groups with progression in grade. Mothers', fathers', and best friends' drinking behaviors influenced avoidance behavior; drinking was less likely to occur among those whose parents and friends did not drink. Friends' drinking behavior influenced alcohol use as early as fifth grade. Smoking avoidance was maintained by 74% of the students over the 3 years. Although there were no racial differences in smoking, African Americans started smoking about 1 year earlier than Whites. During seventh grade, an increase in smoking occurred among boys and girls, but was particularly striking among girls. Avoidance of smoking was influenced by mothers' behavior but not fathers'. Best friends' smoking behavior exerted a major influence on avoidance between grades 6 and 7. In grades 5 and 6, those who avoided smoking were more physically active than smokers, but by seventh grade their physical activity declined to a similar level as smokers. Rural adolescent boys seemed to be at early risk for alcohol use and smoking, while rural girls delayed involvement by 1 to 2 years. Communities, schools, and families can help adolescents avoid alcohol use and smoking through early prevention efforts.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1990

Alcohol-related cognitions: do they predict treatment outcome?

Relationships have been reported between alcohol-related cognitions and a range of demographic, drinking behavior, and drinking problem variables. There has been speculation that such cognitions might help predict treatment outcome. We investigated the ability of one class of alcohol-related cognitions--motivations (specifically, reasons for limiting drinking)--to predict the outcomes of a secondary prevention program. Heavily drinking university men were randomly assigned to three groups with different intensities of self-regulation training. Data from the combined sample (n = 40) were analyzed, since outcomes did not differ significantly by treatment level. Four motivation factors, alcohol consumption variables, and alcohol-related problems were assessed pre and posttreatment. Multiple regression analyses were used to assess the ability of pretreatment motivations to predict change on selected outcome measures. Two motivational factors were found significantly and differently related to program outcomes. Implications of these findings for future research and treatment effectiveness are discussed.

Adult↗