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PubMed2004

Agropyron elongatum chromatin localization on the wheat chromosomes in an introgression line.

The introgressed small-chromosome segment of Agropyron elongatum (Host.) Neviski (Thinopyrum ponticum Podp.) in F5 line II-1-3 of somatic hybrid between common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and A. elongatum was localized by sequential fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and karyotype data. Karyotype analysis offered basic data of arm ratios and relative lengths of 21 pairs of chromosomes in parent wheat Jinan177 and hybrid II-1-3. Using special high repetitive sequences pSc119.2 and pAs1 for FISH, the entire B- and D-genome chromosomes were detected. The FISH pattern of hybrid II-1-3 was the same as that of parent wheat. GISH using whole genomic DNA from A. elongatum as probe determined the alien chromatin. Sequential GISH and FISH, in combination with some of the karyotype data, localized the small chromosome segments of A. elongatum on the specific sites of wheat chromosomes 2AL, 1BL, 5BS, 1DL, 2DL and 6DS. FISH with probe OPF-03(1296) from randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) detected E-genome chromatin of A. elongatum, which existed in all of the small chromosome segments introgressed. Microsatellite primers characteristic for the chromosome arms above were used to check the localization and reveal the genetic identity. These methods are complementary and provide comprehensive information about the genomic constitution of the hybrid. The relationship between hybrid traits and alien chromatin was discussed.

Agropyron↗

PubMed2003

Plastid DNA variation in the Dactylorhiza incarnata/maculata polyploid complex and the origin of allotetraploid D. sphagnicola (Orchidaceae).

To obtain further information on the polyploid dynamics of the the Dactylorhiza incarnata/maculata polyploid complex and the origin of the allotetraploid D. sphagnicola (Orchidaceae), plastid DNA variation was studied in 400 plants from from Sweden and elsewhere in Europe and Asia Minor by means of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RFLPs) and sequencing. Allotetraploid taxa in Europe are known have evolved by multiple independent polyploidization events following hybridization between the same set of two distinct ancestral lineages. Most allotetraploids have inherited the plastid genome from parents similar to D. maculata sensu lato, which includes, e.g. the diploid D. fuchsii and the autotetraploid D. maculata sensu stricto. D. sphagnicola carries a separate plastid haplotype different from the one found in other allotetraploid taxa, which is in agreement with an independent origin from the parental lineages. Some of the remaining allotetraploids have local distributions and appear to be of postglacial origin, whereas still other allotetraploids may be of higher age, carrying plastid haplotypes that have not been encountered in present day representatives of the parental lineages. Introgression and hybridization between diploids and allotetraploids, and between different independently derived allotetraploids may further have contributed to genetic diversity at the tetraploid level. Overall, the Dactylorhiza polyploid complex illustrates how taxon diversity and genetic diversity may be replenished rapidly in a recently glaciated area.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1998

Genome scan and congenic strains for blood pressure QTL using Dahl salt-sensitive rats.

An F2 population (n = 151) derived from Dahl salt-sensitive (S) and Lewis rats was raised on a 8% NaCl diet for 9 weeks and analyzed for blood pressure quantitative trait loci (QTL) by use of a whole genome scan. Chromosomes 5 and 10 yielded lod scores for linkage to blood pressure that were significant; chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 8, 16, 17, and 18 gave lod scores suggestive for linkage. Chromosome 7 gave a significant signal for heart weight with a lesser effect on blood pressure. Congenic strains were constructed by introgressing Lewis low-blood-pressure QTL alleles for chromosomes 1, 5, 10, and 17 into the S genetic background. Congenic strains for chromosomes 1, 5, and 10 had significantly lower blood pressure than S, proving the existence of QTL on these chromosomes, but the chromosome 17 congenic strain failed to trap a contrasting QTL allele. The QTL allele increasing blood pressure originated from S rats for all QTL except those on chromosomes 2 and 7 in which the Lewis allele increased blood pressure. Interactions between each QTL and every other locus in the genome scan yielded significant interactions between chromosomes 10 and 4, and between chromosomes 2 and 3.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Establishment of a set of combined immunodeficient DA/Slc-Foxn1(rnu) Lyst(bg) congenic rat strains.

The congenitally athymic nude rat is used for studying cancer and transplantation owing to its hairlessness and T-cell defective function caused by the Foxn1(rnu) gene. However, NK cell activity of the nude rat is markedly increased. It is known that NK cells play a major role in rejection of xenografts and in cytotoxicity against tumor cells. Thus, the athymic nude rat with impaired NK cell activity should be a useful model for extensive studies. The DA-Lyst(bg)/Lyst(bg) rat, a model for human Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is characterized by diluted-coat color and impairment of NK cell activity. We planned to establish a combined immunodeficient double mutant rat introgressed with the Foxn1(rnu) and Lyst(bg) genes and a set of congenic strains having an identical genetic backgrounds simultaneously. Based on the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of the parental rat strains, the new strains were produced using continuous backcross and diagnosis with molecular genetic techniques. Each disease gene was diagnosed with PCR-RFLP or the long-nested PCR method. Furthermore, we used a marker-assisted congenic strategy based on scanning the genetic backgrounds of the parental rats with 461 rat microsatellite markers. We think that the newly established DA/Slc-Foxn1(rnu)/Foxn1(rnu) Lyst(bg)/Lyst(bg) double mutant will be useful as a severe disease model for human CHS, and the set of DA/Slc-Foxn1(rnu) Lyst(bg) congenic strains which have impaired NK cell activity and/or defective T cell function should be useful for studying in cancer research, xenotransplantation, immune function and other wide-ranging studies.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Production of alien chromosome additions and their utility in plant genetics.

Breeding programs aiming at transferring desirable genes from one species to another through interspecific hybridization and backcrossings often produce monosomic and disomic additions as intermediate crossing products. Such aneuploids contain alien chromosomes added to the complements of the recipient parent and can be used for further introgression programs, but lack of homoeologous recombination and inevitable segregation of the alien chromosome at meiosis make them often less ideal for producing stable introgression lines. Monosomic and disomic additions can have specific morphological characteristics, but more often they need additional confirmation of molecular marker analyses and assessment by fluorescence in situ hybridization with genomic and chromosome-specific DNA as probes. Their specific genetic and cytogenetic properties make them powerful tools for fundamental research elucidating regulation of homoeologous recombination, distribution of chromosome-specific markers and repetitive DNA sequences, and regulation of heterologous gene expression. In this overview we present the major characteristics of such interspecific aneuploids highlighting their advantages and drawbacks for breeding and fundamental research.

Gene Transfer Techniques↗

PubMed2006

Genetic diversity among horse populations with a special focus on the Franches-Montagnes breed.

Genetic characterization helps to assure breed integrity and to assign individuals to defined populations. The objective of this study was to characterize genetic diversity in six horse breeds and to analyse the population structure of the Franches-Montagnes breed, especially with regard to the degree of introgression with Warmblood. A total of 402 alleles from 50 microsatellite loci were used. The average number of alleles per locus was significantly lower in Thoroughbreds and Arabians. Average heterozygosities between breeds ranged from 0.61 to 0.72. The overall average of the coefficient of gene differentiation because of breed differences was 0.100, with a range of 0.036-0.263. No significant correlation was found between this parameter and the number of alleles per locus. An increase in the number of homozygous loci with increasing inbreeding could not be shown for the Franches-Montagnes horses. The proportion of shared alleles, combined with the neighbour-joining method, defined clusters for Icelandic Horse, Comtois, Arabians and Franches-Montagnes. A more disparate clustering could be seen for European Warmbloods and Thoroughbreds, presumably from frequent grading-up of Warmbloods with Thoroughbreds. Grading-up effects were also observed when Bayesian and Monte Carlo resampling approaches were used for individual assignment to a given population. Individual breed assignments to defined reference populations will be very difficult when introgression has occurred. The Bayesian approach within the Franches-Montagnes breed differentiated individuals with varied proportions of Warmblood.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Species delimitation in native South American fire ants.

The taxonomy of fire ants has been plagued by difficulties in recognizing species on the basis of morphological characters. We surveyed allozyme markers and sequences of the mtDNA COI gene in several closely related nominal species from two areas of sympatry in the native ranges to learn whether the morphology-based delimitation of these species is supported by genetic data. We found that Solenopsis invicta and Solenopsis richteri, pest species whose distinctiveness has been debated, appear to be fully reproductively isolated at both study sites. This isolation contrasts with the extensive hybridization occurring between them in the USA, where both have been introduced. We also found strong genetic differentiation consistent with barriers to gene flow between Solenopsis quinquecuspis and the other two species. However, several lines of evidence suggest that nuclear and mitochondrial genes of S. invicta and S. richteri are introgressing into S. quinquecuspis. The latter apparently is a recently derived member of the clade that includes all three species, suggesting that there has been insufficient time for its full development of intrinsic isolating mechanisms. Finally, our discovery of genetically distinct populations within both S. invicta and S. richteri suggests the presence of previously unrecognized (cryptic) species. Their existence, together with the difficulties in developing diagnostic morphological characters for described species, imply that the group is actively radiating species and that morphological divergence generally does not keep pace with the development of reproductive isolation and neutral genetic divergence in this process.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

An introgression analysis of quantitative trait loci that contribute to a morphological difference between Drosophila simulans and D. mauritiana.

Drosophila simulans and D. mauritiana differ markedly in morphology of the posterior lobe, a male-specific genitalic structure. Both size and shape of the lobe can be quantified by a morphometric variable, PCl, derived from principal components and Fourier analyses. The genetic architecture of the species difference in PCl was investigated previously by composite interval mapping, which revealed largely additive inheritance, with a minimum of eight quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting the trait. This analysis was extended by introgression of marked segments of the mauritiana third chromosome into a simulans background by repeated backcrossing. The two types of experiment are consistent in suggesting that several QTL on the third chromosome may have effects in the range of 10-15% of the parental difference and that all or nearly all QTL have effects in the same direction. Since the parental difference is large (30.4 environmental standard deviations), effects of this magnitude can produce alternative homozygotes with little overlap in phenotype. However, these estimates may not reflect the effects of individual loci, since each interval or introgressed segment may contain multiple QTL. The consistent direction of allelic effects suggests a history of directional selection on the posterior lobe.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Allozyme evidence supporting southwestern Europe as a secondary center of genetic diversity for the common bean.

Genetic diversity within a common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) collection, comprising 343 accessions from the Iberian Peninsula, was examined using six allozyme markers. Two major clusters corresponding to the Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools were identified. Both gene pools were characterized by specific alleles, with the former exhibiting Skdh(100), Me(100), Rbcs(100 or 98) and Diap-1(100), and the latter exhibiting Skdh(103), Me(100), Rbcs(100) and Diap-1(95). Some accessions from both clusters, deviating from these allozyme patterns, exhibited Skdh(100), Me(100), Rbcs(100) and Diap-1(95) or Skdh(103), Me(100), Rbcs(100) and Diap-1(100) allozyme profiles and were considered as putative hybrids.The levels of genetic variation has not been eroded since the introduction of the common bean from the American centers of domestication to the Iberian Peninsula. Instead, obvious signs of introgression between the two gene pools were observed, mainly among white-seeded genotypes. The intermediate forms adapted to the Iberian Peninsula could have emerged from initial recombination between Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools. The Iberian common bean germplasm is therefore more complex than previously thought, and contains additional diversity that remains to be explored for genetic and breeding purposes. The Iberian Peninsula could be considered as a secondary center of genetic diversity of the common bean, especially the large white-seeded genotypes.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Stable two-element control of dTph1 transposition in mutator strains of Petunia by an inactive ACT1 introgression from a wild species.

The high copy dTph1 transposon system of Petunia (Solanaceae) is one of the most powerful insertion mutagens in plants, but its activity cannot be controlled in the commonly used mutator strains. We analysed the regulation of dTph1 activity by QTL analysis in recombinant inbred lines of the mutator strain W138 and a wild species (P. integrifolia spp. inflata). Two genetic factors were identified that control dTph1 transposition. One corresponded to the ACT1 locus on chromosome I. A second, previously undescribed locus ACT2 mapped on chromosome V. As a 6-cM introgression in W138, the P. i. inflata act1(S6) allele behaved as a single recessive locus that fully eliminated transposition of all dTph1 elements in all stages of plant development and in a heritable fashion. Weak dTph1 activity was restored in act1S6/ACT2S6 double introgression lines, indicating that the P. i. inflata allele at ACT2 conferred a low level of transposition. Thus, the act1S6 allele is useful for simple and predictable control of transposition of the entire dTph1 family when introgressed into an ultra-high copy W138 mutator strain. We demonstrate the use of the ACT1W138/act1S6 allele pair in a two-element dTph1 transposition system by producing 10,000 unique and fixed dTph1 insertions in a population of 1250 co-isogenic lines. This Petunia system produces the highest per plant insertion number of any known two-element system, providing a powerful and logistically simple tool for transposon mutagenesis of qualitative as well as quantitative traits.

Chromosome Mapping↗

PubMed2003

Genetic distinction of wildcat (Felis silvestris) populations in Europe, and hybridization with domestic cats in Hungary.

The genetic integrity and evolutionary persistence of declining wildcat populations are threatened by crossbreeding with widespread free-living domestic cats. Here we use allelic variation at 12 microsatellite loci to describe genetic variation in 336 cats sampled from nine European countries. Cats were identified as European wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris), Sardinian wildcats (F. s. libyca) and domestic cats (F. s. catus), according to phenotypic traits, geographical locations and independently of any genetic information. Genetic variability was significantly partitioned among taxonomic groups (FST = 0.11; RST = 0.41; P < 0.001) and sampling locations (FST = 0.07; RST = 0.06; P < 0.001), suggesting that wild and domestic cats are subdivided into distinct gene pools in Europe. Multivariate and Bayesian clustering of individual genotypes also showed evidence of distinct cat groups, congruent with current taxonomy, and suggesting geographical population structuring. Admixture analyses identified cryptic hybrids among wildcats in Portugal, Italy and Bulgaria, and evidenced instances of extensive hybridization between wild and domestic cats sampled in Hungary. Cats in Hungary include a composite assemblage of variable phenotypes and genotypes, which, as previously documented in Scotland, might originate from long lasting hybridization and introgression. A number of historical, demographic and ecological conditions can lead to extensive crossbreeding between wild and domestic cats, thus threatening the genetic integrity of wildcat populations in Europe.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Multiple origins of a mitochondrial mutation conferring deafness.

A point mutation (1555G) in the smaller ribosomal subunit of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been associated with maternally inherited traits of hypersensitivity to streptomycin and sensorineural deafness in a number of families from China, Japan, Israel, and Africa. To determine whether this distribution was the result of a single or multiple mutational events, we carried out genetic distance analysis and phylogenetic analysis of 10 independent mtDNA D-loop sequences from Africa and Asia. The mtDNA sequence diversity was high (2.21%). Phylogenetic analysis assigned 1555G-bearing haplotypes at very divergent points in the human mtDNA evolutionary tree, and the 1555G mutations occur in many cases on race-specific mtDNA haplotypes, both facts are inconsistent with a recent introgression of the mutation into these races. The simplest interpretation of the available data is that there have been multiple origins of the 1555G mutation. The genetic distance among mtDNAs bearing the pathogenic 1555G mutation is much larger than among mtDNAs bearing either evolutionarily neutral or weakly deleterious nucleotide substitutions (such as the 4336G mutation). These results are consistent with the view that pathogenic mtDNA haplotypes such as 1555G arise on disparate mtDNA lineages which because of negative natural selection leave relatively few related descendants. The co-existence of the same mutation with deafness in individuals with very different nuclear and mitochondrial genetic backgrounds confirms the pathogenicity of the 1555G mutation.

Asia↗

PubMed2006

A cytonuclear incompatibility causes anther sterility in Mimulus hybrids.

Multilocus interactions (also known as Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities) are thought to be the major source of hybrid inviability and sterility. Because cytoplasmic and nuclear genomes have conflicting evolutionary interests and are often highly coevolved, cytonuclear incompatibilities may be among the first to develop in incipient species. Here, we report the discovery of cytoplasm-dependent anther sterility in hybrids between closely related Mimulus species, outcrossing M. guttatus and selfing M. nasutus. A novel pollenless anther phenotype was observed in F2 hybrids with the M. guttatus cytoplasm (F2G) but not in the reciprocal F2N hybrids, F1 hybrids or parental genotypes. The pattern of phenotypic segregation in the F2G hybrids and two backcross populations fit a Mendelian single-locus recessive model, allowing us to map the underlying nuclear locus to a small region on LG7 of the Mimulus linkage map. Anther sterility was associated with a 20% reduction in flower size in backcross hybrids and we mapped a major cytoplasm-dependent corolla width QTL with its peak at the anther sterility locus. We argue that the cytonuclear anther sterility seen in hybrids reflects the presence of a cryptic cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and restorer system within the hermaphroditic M. guttatus population and therefore name the anther sterility locus restorer-of-male-fertility (RMF). The genetic mapping of RMF is a first step toward testing hypotheses about the molecular basis, individual fitness consequences, and ecological context of CMS and restoration in a system without stable CMS-restorer polymorphism (i.e., gynodioecy). The discovery of cryptic CMS in a hermaphroditic wildflower further suggests that selfish cytoplasmic evolution may play an important, but often undetected, role in shaping patterns of hybrid incompatibility and interspecific introgression in plants.

Biological Evolution↗

PubMed2005

Biogeographic distribution of polyploidy and B chromosomes in the apomictic Boechera holboellii complex.

The Boechera holboellii complex comprises B. holboellii and B. drummondii, both of which can reproduce through sex or apomixis. Sexuality is associated with diploid individuals, whereas apomictic individuals are diploid or triploid and may additionally have B chromosomes. Using flow cytometry and karyotype analysis, we have shown that B chromosomes (a) occur in both diploid and triploid apomictic B. holboellii, (b) may occur in triploid B. drummondii, and (c) are dispensable for the plant. Both diploid and triploid karyotypes are found in multiple chloroplast haplotypes of both species, suggesting that triploid forms have originated multiple times during the evolution of this complex. B chromosome carriers are found in geographically and genetically distinct populations, but it is unknown whether the extra chromosomes are shared by common descent (single origin) or have originated via introgressive hybridization and repeated transitions from diploidy to triploidy. Diploid plants containing the Bs reproduce apomictically, suggesting that the supernumerary elements are associated with apomixis. Finally, our analyses of pollen size and viability suggest that irregular chromosome segregation in some triploid lineages may lead to the generation of diploid individuals which carry the B chromosomes.

Brassicaceae↗

PubMed2003

Genetic variation in Przewalski's horses, with special focus on the last wild caught mare, 231 Orlitza III.

In our continuing efforts to document genetic diversity in Przewalski's horses and relatedness with domestic horses, we report genetic variation at 22 loci of blood group and protein polymorphisms and 29 loci of DNA (microsatellite) polymorphisms. The loci have been assigned by linkage or synteny mapping to 20 autosomes and the X chromosome of the domestic horse (plus four loci unassigned to a chromosome). With cumulative data from tests of 568 Przewalski's horses using blood, hair or tooth samples, no species-defining markers were identified, however a few markers were present in the wild species but not in domestic horses. Inheritance patterns and linkage relationships reported in domestic horses appeared to be conserved in Przewalski's horses. A derived type for the last wild caught mare 231 Orlitza III provided evidence for markers apparently not found in (or not currently available by descent from) the other species founders that were captured at the end of the nineteenth century. This information has been critical to the development of parentage analyses in the studbook population of Przewalski's horses at Askania Nova, at one time the largest herd of captive animals and the source of stock for reintroduction efforts. Some horses in the study showed genetic incompatibilities with their sire or dam, contradicting published studbook information. In many cases alternative parentage could be assigned from living animals. To assist in identification of correct parentage, DNA marker types for deceased horses were established from archived materials (teeth) or derived from offspring. Genetic markers were present in pedigreed animals whose origin could not be accounted for from founders. Genetic distance analysis of erythrocyte protein, electrophoretic and microsatellite markers in Przewlaski's horses and ten breeds of domestic horse place the Przewalski's horse as an outgroup to domestic horses, introgression events from domestic horses not withstanding.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Atlantic sturgeons (Acipenser sturio, Acipenser oxyrinchus): American females successful in Europe.

Recent molecular data on the maternally inherited mitochondrial (mt) DNA have challenged the traditional view that the now extinct Baltic sturgeon population belonged to the European sturgeon Acipenser sturio. Instead, there is evidence that American sea sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus historically immigrated into the Baltic Sea. In this study, we test the hypothesis that A. oxyrinchus introgressed into, rather than replaced, the A. sturio population in the Baltic. We established four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the nuclear MHC II antigen gene with a species-specific SNP pattern. Using an ancient DNA approach and two independent lines of molecular evidence (sequencing of allele-specific clones, SNaPshot), we detected both A. sturio and A. oxyrinchus alleles in the available museum material of the now extinct Baltic sturgeon population. The hybrid nature of the Baltic population was further confirmed by very high levels of heterozygosity. It had been previously postulated that the immigration of the cold-adapted A. oxyrinchus into the Baltic occurred during the Medieval Little Ice Age, when temperature likely dropped below the degree inducing spawning in A. sturio. Under this scenario, our new findings suggest that the genetic mosaic pattern in the Baltic sturgeon population (oxyrinchus mtDNA, sturio and oxyrinchus MHC alleles) is possibly caused by sex-biased introgression where spawning was largely restricted to immigrating American females, while fertilization was predominantly achieved by abundant local European males. The hybrid nature of the former Baltic sturgeon population should be taken into account in the current reintroduction measures.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Limiting cheaters in mutualism: evidence from hybridization between mutualist and cheater yucca moths.

Mutualisms are balanced antagonistic interactions where both species gain a net benefit. Because mutualisms generate resources, they can be exploited by individuals that reap the benefits of the interaction without paying any cost. The presence of such 'cheaters' may have important consequences, yet we are only beginning to understand how cheaters evolve from mutualists and how their evolution may be curtailed within mutualistic lineages. The yucca-yucca moth pollination mutualism is an excellent model in this context as there have been two origins of cheating from within the yucca moth lineage. We used nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers to examine genetic structure in a moth population where a cheater species is parapatric with a resident pollinator. The results revealed extensive hybridization between pollinators and cheaters. Hybrids were genetically intermediate to parental populations, even though all individuals in this population had a pollinator phenotype. The results suggest that mutualisms can be stable in the face of introgression of cheater genes and that the ability of cheaters to invade a given mutualism may be more limited than previously appreciated.

Adaptation, Biological↗

PubMed2000

The effects of hybridization in plants on secondary chemistry: implications for the ecology and evolution of plant-herbivore interactions.

Natural hybridization is a frequent phenomenon in plants. It can lead to the formation of new species, facilitate introgression of plant traits, and affect the interactions between plants and their biotic and abiotic environments. An important consequence of hybridization is the generation of qualitative and quantitative variation in secondary chemistry. Using the literature and my own results, I review the effects of hybridization on plant secondary chemistry, the mechanisms that generate patterns of chemical variation, and the possible consequences of this variation for plants and herbivores. Hybrids are immensely variable. Qualitatively, hybrids may express all of the secondary chemicals of the parental taxa, may fail to express certain parental chemicals, or may express novel chemicals that are absent in each parent. Quantitatively, concentrations of parental chemicals may vary markedly among hybrids. There are five primary factors that contribute to variation: parental taxa, hybrid class (F(1), F(2), etc.), ploidy level, chemical class, and the genetics of expression (dominance, recessive vs. additive inheritance). This variation is likely to affect the process of chemical diversification, the potential for introgression, the likelihood that hybrids will facilitate host shifts by herbivores, and the conditions that might lead to enhanced hybrid susceptibility and lower fitness.

Journal Article↗