An evaluation of hand grip in industry.
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Hand↗
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Results for “Hand Strength”
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[Adhesion of dental resin to tooth structure--syntheses and adhesion to tooth structure of various aliphatic methacrylates with a carboxylic group].
Twelve aliphatic methacrylates with a carboxylic group [succinate (2 MES, 5 MPeS and 10 MDS), methylsuccinate (2 MEMS, 5 MPeMS and 10 MDMS), maleate (2 MEM, 5 MPeM and 10 MDM) and citraconate (2 MEC, 5 MPeC and 10 MDC)] were synthesized by the addition of four dicarboxylic acid anhydrides to each of three different alkylene chain length hydroxy methacrylates to investigate the relationship between the methacrylate structure and its bonding to tooth. The bond strength of methacrylates to polished tooth surface decreased with increasing alkylene chain lengths under dry conditions, but water immersion reduced this change. The bond strength of succinate and maleate to polished tooth surface was higher than that of methylsuccinate and citraconate under dry conditions. All methacrylates showed high bond strength to etched enamel, with maleate showing the highest bond strength. On the other hand, the bond strength of 2 MEM and 5 MPeM to etched dentin was markedly high, and about 5 microns thick resin reinforced dentin at the interface between etched dentin and resin (2 MEM or 5 MPeM) was observed by SEM and EPMA analysis.
Adhesiveness↗
Physiological profile of professional fire fighters.
This investigation assessed the physical characteristics, functional capacities, and body composition of 45 professional fire fighters, aged 23 through 49 years. Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2), Recovery Oxygen Uptake, arm and leg strength, all showed a negative linear relationship with age. On the other hand, percent body fat increased with age from 18% to 21%. Hand grip strength did not decline significantly as the grip strength values remained fairly constant for all of the fire fighters. Most of the data collected were considered to be within the normal range of the sedentary North American population. It was concluded from these data that professional fire fighters might well benefit from a training program designed to develop and maintain a higher level of personal fitness.
Aerobiosis↗
Influence of handedness on motor unit discharge properties and force tremor.
Discharge properties of motor units (MUs) in the first dorsal interosseous muscle (FDI) were studied in the dominant and non-dominant hands of six right-handed (RH) and six left-handed (LH) individuals. MU discharge rates and variability were similar in each hand in RH (186 MUs) and LH (160 MUs) subjects. MU synchronization was less prominent in the dominant hand of RH subjects, with 51% (45/88) of cross-correlograms of MU discharge having significant central peaks, compared with 81% (90/111) for the non-dominant hand. The strength of MU synchronization (expressed as the frequency of extra synchronous discharges above chance) was weaker in the dominant hand of right-handers (0.23 +/- 0.03 s-1 vs 0.39 +/- 0.03 s-1), and synchronous peaks from that hand were slightly broader. Four of six RH subjects had significant differences in synchronization between hands (weaker in dominant hand). In contrast, left-handers had similar incidence (80 vs 82%, n = 161) and strength (0.41 +/- 0.03 s-1 vs 0.37 +/- 0.03 s-1) of MU synchrony in dominant and non-dominant hands. No LH subject had a significant difference in synchronization between hands. Force tremor was quantified in each hand in the same subjects during isometric abduction of FDI at 0.5 N and 3.5 N, and directly correlated with the extent of MU synchronization in the muscle. Tremor root mean square amplitude was similar in dominant and non-dominant hands. Power spectral analysis of the tremor force revealed that the peak frequency in the power spectrum was not influenced by handedness, but power at the peak frequency was higher in the non-dominant hand of RH subjects. Correlations between MU discharge variability and synchrony with measures of tremor amplitude were weak. The reduced MU synchronization in the dominant hand of right-handers may reflect a more restricted distribution of direct projections from motor cortical neurons within the FDI motoneuron pool, or reduced excitability of the cortical neurons during the task. These differences in MU synchronization, however, had an insignificant influence on the magnitude of physiological tremor in the FDI.
Adult↗
Isometric strength, endurance, and the blood pressure and heart rate responses during isometric exercise in healthy men and women, with special reference to age and body fat content.
The relationship of sex, age, and body fat content were assessed on the maximal voluntary strength (MVC), the endurance of a sustained contraction held at 40% of the subject's maximal strength, and the associated changes in blood pressure and heart rate. Isometric hand-grip strength was, as expected, greater in men than in women; however, in both sexes, age was inversely related to isometric strength, particularly in women. Body fat content, however, was directly related to strength. In contrast, in both male and female subjects aging was directly related to isometric endurance while body fat content was now inversely related to isometric endurance. The increase in heart rate throughout a fatiguing contraction at 40% MVC was strikingly similar in men and women. Heart rate, which always increased during exercise, attained its highest magnitude during exercise in the subjects who had the highest resting heart rates. However, older subjects displayed a smaller increase in exercising heart rates than younger subjects. The blood pressure at the end of the 40% MVC was directly related to the resting blood pressure. However, aging and body fat content both increased the resting systolic blood pressure in men and women; this aging effect was further exaggerated during the exercise.
Adipose Tissue↗
Relation of maximum grip strength to grip strength endurance.
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Hand Strength↗
Silver ring splints improve dexterity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of Silver Ring Splints (SRSs) on hand function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: RA patients with stable disease and finger deformities eligible for splinting received 1 or more SRSs. Primary outcome was dexterity, which was measured with the Sequential Occupational Dexterity Assessment (SODA). Secondary outcome measures were self-reported hand function (Dutch Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales 2), hand pain, grip and pinch strength, Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28), and patient satisfaction. RESULTS: Seventeen patients (median age 65 years; median disease duration 21 years) received a total of 72 SRSs. After 1 year, 48 SRSs were regularly used. Two patients dropped out because of adverse events related to SRSs. In the remaining 15 patients, SODA dexterity scores increased significantly (median 71 at baseline, 81 at 3 months, and 85 at 12 months), Wilcoxon signed ranks test P=0.005 and P=0.026. DAS28 scores did not change at 3 months and improved slightly after 12 months (-0.5; P=0.019). Grip strength, self-reported hand function, and hand pain showed no significant changes. Eleven patients stated they would continue using their splints. CONCLUSION: SRSs can improve dexterity in selected patients with rheumatoid hand deformities. For a satisfactory result, careful patient preassessment and optimal adjustment of SRSs are essential.
Activities of Daily Living↗
The coefficient of variation as a measure of sincerity of effort of grip strength, Part I: the statistical principle.
The coefficient of variation (CV) is a widely used measure of sincerity of effort of grip strength despite contradictory research findings and lack of empirical support in the literature. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the CV is an appropriate measure of sincerity of effort. One hundred forty-six uninjured volunteers underwent a series of grip strength tests. The mean, standard deviation (SD), and CV of repeated strength trials were calculated, and paired comparisons were conducted between maximal and submaximal efforts. While the mean of maximal trials was significantly greater, there were no differences in SD between maximal and submaximal trials. Therefore, the increased CV associated with submaximal effort was an artifact of reduced torque rather than an indicator of a true increase in variability. Consequently, the CV is not an appropriate measure of sincerity of effort of grip strength.
Adolescent↗
The coefficient of variation as a measure of sincerity of effort of grip strength, Part II: sensitivity and specificity.
The coefficient of variation (CV) is commonly used to detect sincerity of effort. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the CV possessed adequate sensitivity and specificity to effectively detect sincerity of effort of grip strength. One hundred forty-six uninjured volunteers underwent a series of grip strength tests. Sensitivity and specificity values were calculated for various CV cut-off values (between 2.5% and 22%) of the static grip test. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves based on these values demonstrated the trade-offs between specificity and sensitivity. For example, the "traditional" 15% cut-off value yielded poor sensitivity (0.55), whereas the 11% cut-off value yielded poor specificity (0.74). Selecting any cut-off value along the continuum did not provide adequate sensitivity or specificity for labeling an effort sincere or insincere. Although the CV differentiated between maximal and submaximal effort, it was not sensitive or specific enough to do so effectively. Thus, the CV should not be used to assess sincerity of effort of grip strength.
Adolescent↗
Detection of submaximal effort by use of the rapid exchange grip.
To assist in distinguishing patients with truly decreased hand grip strength from those deliberately not gripping the dynamometer at maximal capacity, a rapid exchange grip strength test was devised and tested under four conditions. Part I, 100 normal subjects undergoing static grip testing and the rapid exchange grip test. Part II, 45 patients chosen at random from physical therapy with various hand injuries tested using only the static grip test. Part III, a blind control study on 15 normal subjects instructed to fake an injury to either the right or left hand. This group was given both the static and rapid exchange grip test. Part IV, a retrospective evaluation of 45 patients seen in a private hand practice who had both the static and rapid exchange grip test. After the dynamometer had been set to the position at which the patient had previously achieved maximal grip strength, the patient was instructed to rapidly alternate hands while gripping the dynamometer. Uninjured subjects had consistently lower rapid exchange grip test scores than previous scores at the same setting (negative rapid exchange grip). Average rapid exchange grip test scores were higher than previous scores (positive rapid exchange grip) when subjects were instructed to fake an injury with one hand. We conclude that if maximal performance has not been achieved on the static test, the rapid exchange grip shows a significant increase in grip strength on the affected side. More patients claiming worker's compensation had positive rapid exchange grips and the average score was higher than that of patients not claiming worker's compensation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Female↗
A pilot study to measure the compressive and tensile forces required to use retractable intramuscular safety syringes.
BACKGROUND: A pilot study was conducted at the Tampa Veterans Administration Patient Safety Center. The objective was to determine the forces required to operate retractable safety syringes to evaluate potential adverse occupational health and patient safety issues. METHODS: Four brands (100 each) of retractable syringes were tested, using a digital force gauge, in air and in a simulated patient material (SPM). Compressive and tensile forces were measured while activating the retraction mechanism and withdrawing saline into the syringe barrel, respectively. RESULTS: The mean compressive force was greater in SPM than in air in all 4 devices. There was a statistically significant compressive force difference between activation in air and SPM in devices 1 and 2 (P </= .05). The tensile forces for all devices were lower than the compressive forces. Analysis of variance was used to compare the groups, and the results showed that the means were significantly different (P < .001). CONCLUSION: This pilot study has implications for device selection, training for users, design issues for manufacturers, and patient safety, as well as potential for future needlestick and ergonomic injuries. We recommend replication of this study with a computer-controlled force testing apparatus, and by testing multiple needle and syringe sizes.
Accidents, Occupational↗
The use of the rapid exchange grip test in detecting sincerity of effort, Part II: validity of the test.
The rapid exchange grip (REG) test was developed to identify patients exerting insincere effort. The premise of the REG test is that a maximal, sincere effort yields a "negative REG," in which peak static grip (SG) scores are greater than peak REG scores, and that a submaximal, insincere effort yields a "positive REG," in which REG scores are greater than SG scores. There is disagreement in the literature concerning what constitutes a positive REG test, suggesting that the REG may not be a valid measure of sincerity of effort. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the validity of the REG test by examining its premise as well as its sensitivity and specificity values. The 146 uninjured subjects performed a series of randomized grip strength tests, exerting both maximal and submaximal efforts. The tests included the REG at hand switch rates of 45 rpm (REG-45) and 60 rpm (REG-60), the maximal static grip test (MSGT), and the five-rung test (5R). Our findings supported the concept of a "negative REG" for both REG maneuvers and both comparative SG tests. The concept of a "positive REG," however, was supported only when peak REG scores were compared with peak 5R scores. The authors found relatively low sensitivity and specificity values, suggesting that the REG test may not be sensitive or specific enough to effectively detect sincerity of effort. The authors discuss the likelihood that mistakes will be made when the REG test is used to diagnose sincerity of effort and the possible consequences of making such mistakes.
Adolescent↗
[Analysis of strength values of the wrist muscles and its clinical relevance].
A lot of injuries in profession and sports concern the hand. Therefore first principles should be elaborated which make it possible to assess such an injury and to define the therapy progress. Concerning this 50 probationers underwent an isokinetic test of the wrist extensors and of the wrist flexors. A close correlation could be determined between torque and work. The highest torque were achieved with the lowest velocity. Dependences could be found out concerning, age and dominant hand, so that these factors have to be considered with an assessment of an injury.
Adolescent↗
Effects of 8 weeks of flexibility and resistance training in older adults with type 2 diabetes.
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Compressive Strength↗
A hand grip dynograph and weighing machine : twin application of a simple principle.
A hand grip dynograph and weighing machine have been developed by applying the relationship 'force/area = pressure'. Force is applied to a relatively constant area provided by the partially inflated bladder taken from the compression cuff of a sphygmomanometer. Under such circumstances, the rise in pressure is proportional to the force applied, and after calibration, the pressure reading can be used to deduce the force. Thus the force, be it in the form of hand grip strength, or in the form of body weight, can be measured. The maximum isometric hand grip tension measured by the reported device and a standard instrument are well correlated (r = 0.86). The relative load isometric endurance tests performed on the two instruments do not compare favourably (r = 0.23). The estimations of body weight performed on the device described here and a standard machine are very closely related (r = 0.98). The devices are simple, sturdy and inexpensive. Their applications are discussed.
Hand↗
Hand-held dynamometry in persons with tetraplegia: comparison of make- versus break-testing techniques.
OBJECTIVE: To compare make and break techniques for hand-held dynamometry in persons with tetraplegia. We compared the interrater and intrarater reliability, the relative forces, and variability between examiner techniques. DESIGN: Two examiners with no previous hand-held dynamometry training performed hand-held dynamometry on the elbow flexors or extensors of 19 persons with upper limb weakness secondary to tetraplegia, using break and make techniques. Testing was performed in two sessions separated by 10 mins. Simultaneous recording from an electrogoniometer placed across the elbow was obtained for a subset of participants. RESULTS: Break and make techniques both showed intraclass correlation coefficients exceeding 0.9 for interrater and intrarater reliability. The maximum expected difference for 95% of repeated measurements was 3.5 kg, with hand-held dynamometry strength values that averaged 7-11 kg. Average break/make ratios ranged from 1.38 +/- 0.29 to 1.49 +/- 0.37. The electrogoniometric data showed that the two examiners used similar testing technique, and small variations in technique were not associated with significant differences in strength recordings. CONCLUSION: Make and break techniques for hand-held dynamometry both show high reliability over a short intersession period when performed by inexperienced examiners on weak elbow flexors and extensors.
Hand Strength↗
A GRIP-STRENGTH STUDY AMONG STEELWORKERS.
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Adolescent↗
Grip strengths and required forces in accessing everyday containers in a normal population.
OBJECTIVE: A commonly adhered to operating principle in occupational therapy clinics is that a person must exhibit 20 lb of grip strength before his or her hand is considered "functional." This study examined the relationship between hand and finger grip performances with the forces required to open common household containers. METHOD: The grip and pinch strengths of 49 college students were obtained using dynamometry. The forces required to open six common household containers were measured using Force Sensing Resistors attached to each container. RESULTS: Weak correlations were found (r = -.179 to r = .333) between grip and pinch strength performances and the forces used to operate the accessing mechanisms of the containers. Analyses of variances demonstrated significantly greater grip and pinch strength performances in men than in women (ps < .05) but no significant difference between the genders in the forces generated to open the containers (ps > .05). CONCLUSIONS: In a normal population of college students, the premise that greater hand strength affords greater performance in accessing everyday household containers was not supported. Implications suggest that grip and pinch dynamometry are not conclusive evaluative tools for predicting hand function while opening a select group of containers. The relationship between traditional dynamometry and hand performance during a variety of functional tasks needs to be examined in clinical populations as well.
Activities of Daily Living↗