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Results for “INFECTIOUS DISEASES”

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PubMed2005

[Serological survey and vaccination against viral hepatitis A in health care providers at the Clinic of Infectious Diseases in Ostrava].

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The health care providers of the Clinic of Infectious Diseases in Ostrava were screened for immunity to hepatitis A virus (HAV) in an attempt to provide vaccination against hepatitis A to non-immune persons. STUDY SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cohort of 101 health care providers of the Clinic of Infectious Diseases, i.e. 10 physicians, 56 nurses and 35 nursing auxiliaries, were screened. Total anti-HAV antibodies were determined by ELISA and the subjects not reaching the protective level of anti-HAV antibodies were considered as non-immune. Vaccination against hepatitis A was recommended to all of the non-immune persons. RESULTS: Immunity to HAV was detected in 41 (41%) of 101 screened subjects. Immunity was increasing with age, being found in 8% of subjects under 40 years of age and 59 % of older subjects, in 2 (20%) physicians, 23 (41%) nurses and 16 and nursing auxiliaries. Vaccination of 58 non-immune subjects was conducted without complications. CONCLUSION: The prevalence rates of total anti-HAV antibodies in health care providers of the Clinic of Infectious Diseases showed a continuing upward trend with age and were practically the same as in the community.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

[Clinical and epidemiological aspects of infectious diseases (findings from Saint Petersburg)].

The paper analyzes official statistics on infectious diseases, data on the course and outcomes of infections which have been most common in the region in the past 20 years. It shows that the epidemiological situation has deteriorated, the incidence of severe and complicated forms and mortality due to infectious diseases have increased. Great emphasis is laid on the epidemics of dysenteria and diphtheria in the past years. The etiological, clinical and epidemiological features of acute viral hepatitis are discussed. The HIV infection situation is assessed. The paper shows it necessary to improve outpatient diagnosis of infections, to rigorously implement a programme for vaccine prevention, to develop adequate etiotropic and pathogenetic therapeutic techniques for infectious diseases.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

[Perspectives on veterinary infectious disease control in the European Economic Community].

The internal market of EC from 1993 is a provocation for the veterinary services of the member states to prevent dangers by animal infectious diseases and zoonoses in a big territory without borders. The systems for the control of animal infectious diseases, transport and trade have to be adapted and the veterinary services, especially on the local basis, will have more responsibility, they will be in action more as in the past and more intensive too. Primary aim is to reach a high uniform animal health level in the whole community. This requires more burden, strong and consequent measures as till now in the concerned region or member state. The control of infectious diseases in EC will stay on three big column --uniform measures for protection against animal infectious diseases, --common system for the control within the EC, --common control system on outside borders of EC for import from third countries. The already accepted and applied principle of regionalization will get essential importance. EC will participate in financing the control of animal infectious diseases particularly of very dangerous diseases, but also in certain control- and surveillance-programs. The veterinary controls on the internal borders in EC up to now will be replaced by controls at the place of origin and the place of destination. Imports from third countries will be controlled on outside-borders of EC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Diseases↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Development of model infectious disease protocols for fire and EMS personnel.

OBJECTIVE: To develop model infectious disease exposure plans for emergency medical services agencies in King County, Washington. METHODS: All fire departments in King County, Washington, were surveyed to determine their pathogen exposure policies. After these agencies were surveyed, model response plans were developed for both bloodborne and airborne pathogen exposure. RESULTS: Twenty-four of the 35 fire departments in King County submitted infectious disease exposure policies. There was diversity among the plans, and not all were deemed able to provide prophylaxis in a timely fashion. Based on this lack of uniformity among response plans, model response plans were developed for bloodborne and airborne infectious disease pathogens. CONCLUSION: Great variety was present throughout the exposure plans currently in use throughout King County, Washington. Model plans would likely universalize response to pathogen exposure and help to ensure prompt and appropriate postexposure prophylaxis.

Air Microbiology↗

PubMed1998

Differences in notifiable infectious disease morbidity among adult women--United States, 1992-1994.

By 1990, all 50 states were using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Electronic Telecommunications System for Surveillance to report individual case data that included demographic information (without personal identifiers) about most notifiable diseases. This analysis of National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) data is useful for evaluating the distribution of reported notifiable infectious diseases among adult women by age and race. The number of cases of the 48 nationally notifiable infectious diseases reported among adult women (i.e., women > or = 15 years of age) were compiled for 1992-1994. These data were then analyzed by age and race, and rates per 100,000 adult women were calculated. During 1992-1994, the 10 most commonly reported nationally notifiable diseases among adult women in the United States were, in descending order of frequency, gonorrhea, primary/secondary syphilis, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), salmonellosis, tuberculosis, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, shigellosis, Lyme disease, and hepatitis C/non-A non-B. Gonorrhea was the most commonly reported notifiable infectious disease for women of all ages, except those ages > or = 55 years, and for women of all races, except Asian/Pacific Islanders. Tuberculosis was the most commonly reported infectious disease among women of Asian/Pacific Island descent. Analysis of NNDSS data provides information about the relative reported burden of diseases among women of all ages and different races. This information may be used for targeting research, prevention, and control efforts.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1994

Clinical immunology and infectious diseases.

Without the application of immunology, understanding of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of infectious diseases would be severely retarded. The development new vaccines for the prevention of infectious diseases has been based on new immunologic findings. Immunodiagnostic modalities have provided for the growth of diagnostic techniques for infectious diseases. Clinical immunology also has laid the groundwork for immunotherapies using the old intravenous immunoglobulin preparations and the new monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, and interferons.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Infectious diseases in the era of the global village].

This paper discusses the situation of infectious diseases in an era of the global village. Emphasis is placed on three themes: 1) the blurring of geographical borders of infectious diseases; 2) the role of technology in the combat against infectious diseases, and 3) the need for international collaboration for the control of the main infectious problems.

Communicable Disease Control↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Infectious disease testing for blood transfusions.

OBJECTIVE: To provide physicians and other transfusion medicine professionals with a current consensus on infectious disease testing for blood transfusions. PARTICIPANTS: A non-Federal, nonadvocate, 12-member consensus panel representing the fields of hematology, infectious disease, transfusion medicine, epidemiology, and biostatistics and a public representative. In addition, 23 experts in hematology, cardiology, transfusion medicine, infectious disease, and epidemiology presented data to the consensus panel and a conference audience of 450. EVIDENCE: The literature was searched through Medline and an extensive bibliography of references was provided to the panel and the conference audience. Experts prepared abstracts with relevant citations from the literature. Scientific evidence was given precedence over clinical anecdotal experience. CONSENSUS: The panel, answering predefined consensus questions, developed their conclusions based on the scientific evidence presented in open forum and the scientific literature. CONSENSUS STATEMENT: The panel composed a draft statement that was read in its entirety and circulated to the experts and the audience for comment. Thereafter, the panel resolved conflicting recommendations and released a revised statement at the end of the conference. The panel finalized the revisions within a few weeks after the conference. CONCLUSIONS: The serum alanine aminotransferase test should be discontinued as a surrogate marker for blood donors likely to transmit posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis infection since specific hepatitis C anti-body testing has eliminated more than 85 percent of these cases. Anti-hepatitis B core antigen testing should continue as it may prevent some cases of posttransfusion hepatitis B; it also may act as a surrogate marker for HIV infection in donors and may prevent a small number of cases of transfusion-transmitted HIV infection. Syphilis testing should continue until adequate data can determine its effect on the rarity of transfusion-transmitted syphilis. Vigilant public health surveillance is critical in responding to emerging infectious disease threats to the blood supply.

Alanine Transaminase↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Infectious disease and mortality surveillance in Israel in peace and war.

The goals of infectious disease surveillance in war and in peace are the same: the detection of infectious diseases, outbreak identification and control, the assessment of vaccination programs, and the determination of the need for specific preventive measures. In the 1991 Gulf War, Israel's infectious disease surveillance system was utilized to follow the progress of a measles epidemic and to look for evidence of a concealed biological warfare attack. Stepped up mortality and morbidity surveillance, based on a prepared and smoothly functioning notification system, failed to uncover any suggestion that biological agents had been deployed.

Biological Warfare↗

PubMed2005

Genetic susceptibility to infectious diseases.

The clinical outcome of infectious disease (ID) is determined by a complex interaction between microorganism, host genetic factors and environment. Epidemiological studies have revealed differences within and between populations exposed to the same infectious agent, and in the prevalence or severity of the disease, underlying the relevance of the genetic background. Population genetic studies have estimated the genetic component (susceptibility) in the ID determination and have identified some susceptibility gene(s)/polymorphism(s). This paper describes the methods used in genetic epidemiology. Complex segregation analysis is used to define genetic models. Parametric linkage analysis and association studies are used to identify polymorphisms strongly linked to the disease. Genome-wide scan and microarray technology are used to map and identify major genes for ID. Future developments will identify subgroups of subjects at different risks of developing ID.

Communicable Diseases↗

PubMed1997

Infectious diseases consultation: impact on outcomes for hospitalized patients and results of a preliminary study.

In the absence of detailed and specific data on outcomes, specialists are thought to contribute excessively to the cost of care. Infectious diseases physicians are at further risk of heavy utilization of medical resources because their patients often are those with serious complications or expensive underlying diseases (e.g., AIDS). By using readily available information in a sophisticated computer database, we examined the crude economic impact of an inpatient infectious diseases consultation and identified important matching variables for more refined analysis. The study was performed at LDS Hospital (Salt Lake City), a tertiary care facility with four full-time infectious diseases physicians. A total of 496 cases (patients who were seen by an infectious diseases consultant) were matched with 3,117 controls (patients who were not seen by an infectious diseases consultant). Matching was performed on the basis of age, sex, exact discharge diagnosis-related group, minimum length of hospital stay equal to the interval from admission to consultation for cases, and measures of the severity of illness (nursing acuity score and the number of secondary diagnoses). Cases had longer lengths of hospital stays, longer intensive care unit lengths of stays, and higher antibiotic costs than did matched controls, and if the consultation occurred in the last one-third of hospitalization, cases had shorter lengths of hospital stay and lower antibiotic costs than did controls.

Case-Control Studies↗

PubMed1998

Prognostic indicators for AIDS and infectious disease death in HIV-infected injection drug users: plasma viral load and CD4+ cell count.

CONTEXT: Plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viral load and CD4+ cell count are used to predict prognosis of persons infected with HIV. However, whether combining these markers improves prognostic accuracy and whether they predict prognosis for injection drug users (IDUs) and nonwhite persons infected with HIV has not been extensively investigated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate plasma viral load and CD4+ cell count as prognostic indicators for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and infectious disease deaths. DESIGN: Cohort study initiated in 1988 and 1989 with follow-up for up to 7.9 years. PARTICIPANTS: Injection drug users infected with HIV recruited from the community in Baltimore, Md. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ cell count measured at baseline compared with time to first clinical AIDS diagnosis and death due to an infectious disease. RESULTS: Of 522 subjects, 96% were African American, 80% were male, 96% injected drugs within the past 6 months, and the median age was 33 years. A total of 146 cases of AIDS and 119 infectious disease deaths were seen during a median follow-up period of 6.4 years. Time-fixed baseline levels of viral load and CD4+ cell count were independent predictors of progression to AIDS and infectious disease deaths, but in proportional hazards models, viral load had better predictive value than CD4+ cell count. Kaplan-Meier analysis of time to AIDS and to infectious disease deaths by viral load (<500, 500-9999, 10000-29 999, > or =30000 copies/mL) at 3 levels of CD4+ cell count (<0.20, 0.20-0.49, and > or =0.50x10(9)/L [<200,200-499, and > or =500/microL]) was reduced to a 5-stage classification scheme using a backward stepwise regression procedure. The 5-year cumulative probabilities for AIDS and infectious disease deaths ranged from 0% and 0%, respectively, for group I (viral load, <500 copies/mL; CD4+ cell count, 0.50x10(9)/L) to 81.2% and 76.1% respectively, for group V (viral load, > or =10000 copies/mL; CD4+ cell count, 0.20x10(9)/L). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, plasma HIV-1 viral load independently and in combination with CD4+ cell count measurements provided powerful prognostic information for progression to AIDS and death caused by infectious disease in a population of predominantly African American IDUs. Combining categories of both markers provided a simple method for prognostically staging HIV disease.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed1988

The investigation of outbreaks of infectious disease.

The ability to control infectious diseases is contingent upon recognizing and eliminating the source of infection or disrupting the transfer of infectious agent to susceptible hosts. In this article, methods of identification of infectious agents, the presence of carriers and environmental reservoirs, and their impact upon investigations are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Estimated number of cases of foodborne infectious disease in New Zealand.

AIMS: To estimate the annual number of cases of infectious intestinal disease caused by foodborne pathogens in New Zealand and estimate the impact of these diseases in terms of days lost to illness. METHODS: Incidence of foodborne diseases were derived from data from infectious disease surveillance and hospital sources, and estimates of unreported illnesses using published population based studies. RESULTS: The estimated number of cases of foodborne infectious disease is approximately 119 000 per year, including 19 000 general practitioner visits, 400 hospital admissions, 22 cases of long term illness and two deaths. It is estimated that the number of cases of potentially foodborne infectious disease is approximately 199 000. Total number of cases of all infectious intestinal disease could be as high as 823 000. Days of lost production and leisure time activities lost to foodborne infectious disease are estimated as approximately 497 000. CONCLUSION: Foodborne infectious diseases represent a major public health burden in terms of the number of cases and days lost to illness.

Disease Outbreaks↗

PubMed2006

Avian diversity and West Nile virus: testing associations between biodiversity and infectious disease risk.

The emergence of several high profile infectious diseases in recent years has focused attention on our need to understand the ecological factors contributing to the spread of infectious diseases. West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease that was first detected in the United States in 1999. The factors accounting for variation in the prevalence of WNV are poorly understood, but recentideas suggesting links between high biodiversity and reduced vector-borne disease risk may help account for distribution patterns of this disease. Since wild birds are the primary reservoir hosts for WNV, we tested associations between passerine (Passeriform) bird diversity, non-passerine (all other orders) bird diversity and virus infection rates in mosquitoes and humans to examine the extent to which bird diversity is associated with WNV infection risk. We found t h at non-passerine species richness (number of non-passerine species) was significantly negatively correlated with both mosquito and human infection rates, whereas there was no significant association between passerine species richness and any measure of infection risk. Our findings suggest that non-passerine diversity may play a role in dampening WNV amplification rates in mosquitoes, minimizing human disease risk.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Emerging infectious diseases: a challenge to all.

Emerging infections are defined as diseases of infectious origin with an incidence that has increased within the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future. Some of these diseases are associated with newly discovered infectious agents; others are well-known conditions rapidly increasing in incidence. Five emerging infections are reviewed in this article: ehrlichiosis, a tick-borne infection caused by obligate intraleukocytic bacteria; infections caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococci, which have become a serious nosocomial problem; hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, a Sin Nombre virus infection associated with the adult respiratory distress syndrome and a high case fatality rate; infection with Escherichia coli strain O157:H7, which typically produces hemorrhagic colitis that may lead to the hemolyticuremic syndrome, and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, a devastating illness often associated with necrotizing fasciitis and multiple organ failure.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1992

Infectious diseases and injuries in child day care. Opportunities for healthier children.

OBJECTIVE: To provide pertinent background information on infectious diseases and injury in child day care and outline measures to address these health care needs. DESIGN: We reviewed published English-language literature identified through a MEDLINE bibliographic search, major literature summaries, and bibliographies from identified articles. SETTING: Child day-care settings reviewed included family child care homes, centers, special facilities for ill children, and facilities for children with special needs. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Primarily children in a variety of day-care settings, often compared with children cared for at home. MAIN OUTCOMES: The occurrence of outbreaks and illness related to infectious disease and injury. RESULTS: Compared with preschool-aged children reared at home, among children in day care the risk of some infectious diseases was two to four times greater. Rates of both intentional and unintentional injuries in day-care settings were somewhat lower than those for children cared for at home. CONCLUSIONS: Because preschool-aged children spend increasing time in structured day-care settings, the risk for some infectious diseases has increased. At the same time, child day-care settings present opportunities for ensuring healthier children through enhanced development, safer environments, better nutrition, increased vaccination coverage, and health promotion.

Child Abuse↗

PubMed2005

Potential impacts of climate change on infectious diseases in the Arctic.

Climate change could cause changes in the incidence of infectious diseases in Arctic regions. Higher ambient temperatures in the Arctic may result in an increase in some temperature sensitive foodborne diseases such as gastroenteritis, paralytic shellfish poisoning and botulism. An increase in mean temperature may also influence the incidence of infectious diseases of animals that are spread to humans (zoonoses) by changing the population and range of animal hosts and insect vectors. An increase in flooding events may result in outbreaks of waterborne infection, such as Giardia lamblia or Cryptospordium parvum. A change in rodent and fox populations may result in an increase in rabies or echinococcosis. Temperature and humidity influence the distribution and density of many arthropod vectors which in turn may influence the incidence and northern range of vectorborne diseases such as West Nile virus. Recommendations include: the strenghtening of public health systems, disease surveillance coordinated with climate monitoring, and research into the detection, prevention, control and treatment of temperature-sensitive infectious diseases.

Animals↗