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Results for “Immunity, Humoral”

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PubMedDate not supplied

[Specific features of humoral immunity and nonspecific resistance in pilots].

Immune responses of the flying personnel to adverse flight effects were investigated. Altogether 134 pilots in the age of 22 to 42 years were examined. A significant decline of IgA, IgM, IgG, C3, alpha-antitrypsin, and R-proteins was found. Correlation analysis of over 100 anthropometric, psychophysiological, immune parameters as well as questionnaire data helped identify correlates and develop mathematical models which included IgA and IgM as parameters. Analysis shows that there is a relationship between personality features and humoral immunity of pilots: emotional strain increases, emotional stability decreases while immunoglobulins decline. In response to flight effects, changes in physiological functions, personality features, humoral immunity, and nonspecific resistance were interrelated.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Cellular and humoral immunity against cow's milk proteins in type 1 diabetes.

Cow's milk beta-casein has been proposed as a candidate trigger of autoimmunity associated with type 1 diabetes. In this study, cellular and humoral immunity against beta-casein was compared to that against other major cow's milk proteins in patients with recent onset type 1 diabetes and control subjects. T cell responses were found against alpha-casein, beta-casein, beta-lactoglobulin and bovine serum albumin in both patients with type 1 diabetes (stimulation index: 0.2-22.8, n=23) and control subjects (stimulation index: 0.1-18.2, n=22), with no significant differences between groups. Twelve (52%) patients and nine (41%) control subjects had stimulation indices >3 to at least one protein, including 9 (39%) patients and 4 (18%) control subjects against beta-casein, all but one of these also having elevated responses to alpha-casein. The highest responses (stimulation index >9) were against alpha- and beta-casein in some patients and control subjects who had the HLA DR3 allele. Antibody levels against alpha-casein, beta-casein and beta-lactoglobulin were low in both patients (n=59) and control subjects (n=52). Nevertheless, significantly higher IgG binding to both alpha-casein in ELISA (P=0.02) and beta-casein using ELISA (P=0.02) and RIA (P=0.04) was observed in patients aged <15 years compared to control subjects of similar age. No relationship was found between cellular and humoral immunity against individual antigens. These data show that immune responses to cow's milk are not limited to patients with diabetes and not solely against beta-casein.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

[Humoral immune response of dogs to the inactivated suckling mouse brain vaccine used in anti-rabies campaigns in Brazil].

INTRODUCTION: An anti-rabies campaign is undertaken annually in Brazil with of the Fuenzalida & Palacios vaccine. The humoral immune response of dogs vaccinated during the campaigns was researched with the objective of evaluating whether the dogs presented a protective titer (0.5 UI/ml) 12 months after vaccination and how many of these achieved this titer 30 days after a buttressing vaccination. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Three hundred and forty-one specimens of serum of dogs domicilied, 259 in the S. Paulo and 82 in the Paulinia counties, were analyzed utilizing the Rapid Fluorescence Focus Inhibition Test. The immune response was evaluated taking into consideration the nutritional state of the animal and the number of previous vaccinations. RESULTS: The larger number of the dogs had not achieved the 0.5 UI/ml titer after 12 months, independently of the nutritional state and the response to the buttressing vaccination was more apparent in dogs with two or more previous vaccinations. DISCUSSION: The cut off of 0.5 UI/ml as protective titer in dogs and the influence of the nutritional state and health conditions of the animals as responsible for humoral immune response are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Demonstration of natural Leishmania infection in asymptomatic dogs in the absence of specific humoral immunity.

Asymptomatic dogs from a Kala-Azar endemic region were screened for infection status by parasitological, immunological and molecular techniques. Bone marrow was examined for the presence of parasites by NNN culture and by using the Lmet 2 DNA probe. All the samples were negative in culture but 24 of 41 were positive as determined by the probe. Cellular and humoral immunity were detected by T cell proliferation assays and IFAT respectively. Specific cellular and humoral immunity were found in 20 and 26 dogs respectively out of a total of 41 dogs examined. The vast majority of dogs with Leishmania-specific antibodies were found to be parasitologically positive using the DNA probe while almost half those that had demonstrable cellular immunity were apparently parasite free. The observation that dogs can develop cellular immunity following natural infection clearly indicates that there is a spectrum of canine leishmaniasis similar to that observed in the human disease. The prevalence of dog leishmanial infection must also be higher than was presumed.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Analysis of humoral immunity of hepatitis D virus DNA vaccine generated in mice by using different dosage, gene gun immunization, and in vivo electroporation.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis D virus (HDV) DNA vaccine can produce Th1 and cytotoxic T-cell immune responses but only a low anti-HDV antibody titer is generated with a large hepatitis D antigen (L-HDAg) construct. In contrast, DNA vaccine expressing small hepatitis D antigen (S-HDAg) can generate a high titer of anti-HDV antibodies. Whether the low humoral immunity of L-HDAg DNA vaccine is due to inadequate dosage or can be ameliorated by other modes of immunization needs further evaluation. METHODS: Plasmid (p25L) encoding L-HDAg and plasmid (pS/p25L) coexpressing hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and L-HDAg were used in this study. We compared the humoral response generated in mice using different plasmid DNA dosages and modes of immunization, including gene gun and in vivo electroporation (EP). RESULTS: Intramuscular injection with a high dose of plasmid DNA (10 mg/kg) produced strong antibodies to HBsAg earlier than the usual dose did, but did not augment the anti-HDV response. Gene gun DNA immunization could not provide a better humoral immune response to HDV. EP DNA immunization had a higher anti-HDV seroconversion rate of 80%, but the anti-HDV antibody responses were generally weak (titer < or = 400:1). CONCLUSION: The low humoral immunogenicity of DNA vaccine with L-HDAg cannot be ameliorated by different dosage, gene gun immunization, or in vivo EP intramuscular injection. DNA vaccine with a L-HDAg construct may not be a candidate HDV vaccine to generate anti-HDV humoral immunity.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

[Humoral immunity in mice with transplantable leukemia during chemoimmunotherapy].

The article treats of the effect of cyclophosphamide (CP), and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and their combination on the development of transplantable leukemia-hemocytoblastosis in mice and some host humoral immune reactions. The optimal combinations of the CP (on the 3rd day after the transplantation of leukemia) and of the CFA (on the 10th day) led to increase in the average survival up to 93,9 days (8.5 days in control). This combination also increased the survival of 42.9% of the animals for over 180 days. Enhancement of humoral immunity proved to take place in the course of chemoimmunotherapy. In spite of deep immunodepression after the CP and CFA administration the number of antibody-producing cells increased and enhancement of the cytotoxic activity of the serum IgM was observed.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

[Various aspects of the status of humoral immunity in patients after surgical correction of rheumatic heart defects under artificial circulation].

The serum concentrations of immunoglobulins A, M, and G were studied in 70 patients with rheumatic heart diseases and in 72 patients with spontaneous and pokeweed mitogen-induced production of these immunoglobulins and mononuclear peripheral blood cells. The investigations were done before and 1-2 and 7-8 days after surgery. Some patients received myelopid in the early postoperative period in addition to the conventional methods of therapy. With high serum IgA, IgM, and IgG levels, reduced humoral immunity was noted. Within the first two days after the operation, the capability of cells to produce IgA and IgG in response to pokeweed mitogen stimulation was lost, the induced IgM production was reduced considerably, and the serum IgA and IgM levels fell significantly. Eight days after surgery, the immune response was partially recovered. Myelopid facilitates complete restoration of humoral immunity and reduces the incidence of postoperative pneumonia more than threefold.

Activins↗

PubMed1995

Influence of humoral immunity on leukotriene B4 production by neutrophils in response to Trichomonas vaginalis stimulation.

Neutrophils are the predominant inflammatory cells found in vaginal discharges from patients with Trichomonas vaginalis infection. In this study, we investigated the effect of humoral immunity on leukotriene B4 (LTB4) generation by neutrophils in the inflammatory response of vaginal trichomoniasis. As quantitated by a radioimmunoassay, no release of LTB4 was detected from neutrophils (5 x 10(6)/ml) interacted with trichomonads (1 x 10(6)/ml). However, specific immunoglobulin G(IgG) but not F(ab')2, at a titre of 1:256 directed against T. vaginalis, augmented LTB4 production (1.4 +/- 0.4 ng/ml, n = 5) by neutrophils, suggesting that this enhancement is Fc gamma receptor-mediated. Moreover, addition of the specific IgG (1 mg/ml) to C2-deficient serum or Factor B-deficient serum, but not C5-deficient serum, significantly increased LTB4 production by neutrophils in response to trichomonad stimulation. This indicates that the complement common pathway activation is crucial for the amplification of host defence mechanisms against T. vaginalis. An LTB4 receptor antagonist, SC-41930, completely abolished neutrophil chemotactic activity induced by LTB4. Taken together, these results indicate that humoral immunity could promote the interaction of neutrophils with T. vaginalis and augment the inflammatory response through the amplification of LTB4 production.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Iron deficiency, inflammatory processes and humoral immunity in children.

Indicators of iron status, markers of inflammatory processes, serum immunoglobulins and C3 and C4 components of complement were assessed in 142 children 10-months old. All the iron parameters and most of the indicators of humoral immunity were correlated with markers of inflammation. Sixty-two children presented biochemical indications of inflammation (high CRP or orosomucoid level, or hyperleukocytosis), while 80 children were free of it. In the latter group, the use of a combination of iron indicators enabled separation of iron-sufficient children from those with different degrees of iron deficiency, ranging from iron depletion to iron-deficiency anemia. Serum IgG and IgA were significantly lower only in the group of iron-depleted children. Serum ferritin was significantly positively correlated with IgA, IgM and C4. Iron depletion may be responsible for a decrease humoral immunity. This effect was not visible at more advanced stages of iron deficiency.

Anemia, Hypochromic↗

PubMed2003

Association of humoral immunity and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome.

Animal studies have shown that blockade of complement may reduce the severity of and/or prevent the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), suggesting a role for complement activation. We explored the hypothesis that humoral immunity plays a role in the evolution of BOS. Thirteen unilateral lung transplant patients with BOS defined the patient population. Fresh frozen tissue was analyzed for deposition of C1q, C4d, C5b-9 and immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA). An indirect immunofluorescent assay was also conducted with patient serum against cytospins of the pulmonary endothelium. In each case the biopsies showed a microvascular injury syndrome involving the bronchial wall characterized by one or more of hemorrhage, fibrin deposition, and endothelial cell necrosis. Other features included bronchial epithelial and chondrocyte necrosis. The end-stage lesion was a thinned bronchial epithelial lining mural fibrosis. Immunofluorescent analysis showed deposition of C1q, C3, C4d, C5b-9, and immunoglobulin in the bronchial epithelium, chondrocytes, basement membrane zone of the bronchial epithelium, and bronchial wall microvasculature. The indirect antiendothelial cell antibody assay was positive in all tested. Humoral immunity may play a role in the pathogenesis of BOS; the antigenic targets include the bronchial wall microvasculature, bronchial epithelium, and chondrocytes.

Aged↗

PubMed1978

Cellular and humoral immune responses to herpes simplex virus during and after primary gingivostomatitis.

A total of 17 children, aged 1 to 15 years, with gingivostomatitis were investigated to follow the development of immune parameters in those who suffered from herpes simplex virus stomatitis. Mouth swabs were obtained during the acute attack. Blood samples were collected on this occasion and again about 3 weeks later. Humoral immunity to herpes simplex virus was investigated by a complement fixation test and by an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity test. Cell-mediated immunity was investigated in a blast transformation assay with herpes simplex virus type 1 antigen and phytohemagglutinin. Interferon production in herpes-stimulated cultures was measured. Thirteen patients had a herpes simplex stomatitis. Twelve of these children were negative in the complement fixation test on the first serum specimen, but only five were negative in the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity test. These five were still febrile at the time of investigation. Blast transformation was negative at the first investigation in most children, whereas interferon was produced both in leukocyte cultures obtained during the infection and also in cultures made 3 to 4 weeks after the infection. An increase in immune parameters was seen in all patients with herpes stomatitis. From results in blast transformation and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, it is seen that cell-mediated and humoral immunity can be found at the same time during recovery from this type of infection.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Serum immunoglobulin levels and humoral immune competence in coalworkers.

Serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels were measured in 788 coalworkers and 121 nonmining controls for comparison with the radiological category of pneumoconiosis after taking into account age and smoking habit. In addition a simple assessment of humoral immune competence was made by estimating the titre of serum antibody against the common gut commensal Escherichia coli. Smoking was found to depress serum IgA and IgM whilst levels of IgG and IgA increased slightly with age. Men with radiological signs of coalworkers pneumoconiosis (CWP) had significantly raised levels of IgA and IgG with increasing pneumoconiosis category. Even coalworkers with less than category 1 simple pneumoconiosis had raised levels of IgA, suggesting that increased production of this immunoglobulin occurs before radiologically identifiable pathological changes have occurred in the lung tissue. No association between reduced humoral immune competence and radiological category of pneumoconiosis was found. Whether high Ig levels in men exposed to coal dust are merely a passive response to dusted lung tissue or whether they indicate that an immunological process is important in the development of pneumoconiotic lesions remains uncertain.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1984

Intradermal implantation of bovine collagen. Humoral immune responses associated with clinical reactions.

A special collagen implant (Zyderm) (ZCI) is a biomaterial used for the correction of dermal contour deformities. Although infrequent, reactions believed to be of an immunologic nature have followed treatment. To investigate whether humoral immunity is associated with these reactions, we studied 40 patients for the presence of anti-ZCI antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Ten patients who had had adverse treatment reactions uniformly exhibited circulating anti-ZCI antibodies. Twenty-nine of 30 control patients, including nine who had received ZCI without adverse reaction, failed to produce the high levels of antibodies found in all clinical reactors. This difference was statistically significant. Additional investigations confirmed that the antibodies studied were directed primarily against the bovine collagen component of the ZCI. These data suggest that the humoral immune system is capable of recognizing ZCI and that the presence of antibodies to the ZCI correlates with the occurrence of adverse reactions.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Level of nutrition and age at weaning: effects on humoral immunity in young calves.

Thirty-two calves were studied to determine the effects of level of nutrition (400 and 1000 g (air-dry matter) milk substitute per d) and age at weaning (5, 9 and 13 weeks) on humoral immune responses measured in serum and bronchoalveolar washings (BAW). All calves were immunized with Keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) at 3 weeks of age, and with horse erythrocytes (HRBC) 1 d after weaning. Feeding the higher level of nutrition compared with the lower level decreased anti-HRBC titres and serum IgG2 and IgA responses to KLH (P < 0.05). Weaning at 5 compared with 9 weeks of age decreased serum anti-HRBC responses (P < 0.05), but weaning age had no effect on anti-KLH responses (P > 0.05). Feeding the higher level of nutrition increased total protein (P < 0.05) and IgG2 concentrations (P < 0.01) in BAW. The results showed that variation in husbandry conditions that is within conventional limits affects humoral immune responses in young, artificially-reared calves.

Aging↗

PubMed1994

The humoral immune response after thermal injury: an experimental model.

BACKGROUND: Severe thermal injury is associated with major alterations in cell-mediated immunity. Because most B-cell responses are regulated or critically dependent on T-cell help, it is not surprising that many studies have also shown a variety of defects in humoral immunity after thermal injury. However, the nature of the relationship between the in vitro ability to produce antibody and subsequent in vivo responses remains unclear. METHODS: With a murine model of thermal injury, the primary and secondary humoral immune response to tetanus toxoid (TT) was examined during a 6-week period after sham burn or burn injury. Serum anti-TT titers and the numbers of anti-TT-secreting splenocytes were determined. RESULTS: Splenocytes from burned animals displayed normal or decreased TT-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) M plaque formation. In contrast, however, IgG plaque formation was persistently increased for up to 6 weeks after thermal injury, suggesting a switch from IgM to IgG antibody production. Conversely serum titers of TT-specific IgG antibody were persistently lower in burn, compared with sham groups. Changes in serum immunoglobulin levels did not account for this marked discrepancy between enhanced in vitro IgG plaque formation but impaired in vivo levels of TT antibody. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that thermal injury is associated with a diminished ability to propagate and maintain a normal IgG antibody response, despite the presence of normal or increased numbers of antigen-specific B cells.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Humoral immune responses in mice using gamma inulin preparations as adjuvants for hepatitis B vaccines.

There is an urgent need for new, powerful adjuvants suitable for use with sub-unit and peptide vaccines in humans. We have measured the humoral immune response in BALB/c mice to vaccine formulations using recombinant HBsAg antigens, and gamma inulin and alum adjuvants. Using Merck, Sharpe & Dohme (MSD) HBsAg at 10 micrograms/mL, high levels of anti-HBs were generated and geometric mean S/N ratios of 88, 133 and 107 were obtained for alum absorbed vaccine, gamma inulin, and a mixture of the two adjuvants, respectively. A dilution series produced ED50 values of 0.08, 0.15 and 0.22 micrograms/mL respectively. In a second series of experiments comparing alum and algamulin (a complex of gamma inulin and alum), MSD HBsAg induced anti-HBs levels of 81 and 52, and ED50 values of 0.3 and 0.4 when used in conjunction with alum and algamulin, respectively. SKF HBsAg induced anti-HBs levels of 126 and 111 with alum and algamulin, and ED50 values of 0.11 and 0.075. The class, subclass and level of antibody produced in mice boosted with a second dose of vaccine at 21 days was also examined. Both alum and gamma inulin induced higher levels of total antibody, IgG1 and minor IgG subclasses than algamulin, or HBsAg alone. Overall, gamma inulin appears to be an equivalent adjuvant to alum, although their mechanisms of action are different. Mixtures or complexes of the two adjuvants appear to be less effective in inducing humoral immune responses in mice than either alone.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed2006

Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to a virulent plasmid-cured mutant strain of Salmonella enterica serotype gallinarum in broiler chickens.

One-week-old Salmonella-free broiler chicks were subcutaneously immunized and subsequently boosted two weeks later with 2x10(7)cfu 0.5ml(-1) of an 85-kb virulent plasmid-cured spectinomycin-resistant mutant strain (SG9VP(-)Spc(r)) of Salmonella gallinarum 9 (S. enterica serotype gallinarum 9) along with a control group of mock-immunized chickens. The chicks were subcutaneously challenged at 5 weeks of age with 5x10(10)cfu 0.5ml(-1) (5xLD(50)) of wild-type S. gallinarum var. Duisburg (S. enterica serotype gallinarum var. Duisburg). The cellular and humoral immune responses were measured at weekly intervals post-immunization (PI) and post-challenge (PC) using lymphocyte stimulation test (LST), delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) test, serum tube agglutination test (STAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). High stimulation indices suggestive of a potent lymphocyte transformation response and high persistent serum IgG titres were recorded in immunized chickens at the termination of the experiment. These findings indicate that the live attenuated mutant vaccine induced a strong cellular and humoral immunity, which may play a role in the protection of fowl typhoid in broiler chickens.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed1994

Humoral immune responses in CD40 ligand-deficient mice.

Individuals with X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome fail to express functional CD40 ligand (CD40L) and, as a consequence, are incapable of mounting protective antibody responses to opportunistic bacterial infections. To address the role of CD40L in humoral immunity, we created, through homologous recombination, mice deficient in CD40L expression. These mice exhibited no gross developmental deficiencies or health abnormalities and contained normal percentages of B and T cell subpopulations. CD40L-deficient mice did display selective deficiencies in humoral immunity; basal serum isotype levels were significantly lower than observed in normal mice, and IgE was undetectable. Furthermore, the CD40L-deficient mice failed to mount secondary antigen-specific responses to immunization with a thymus-dependent antigen, trinitrophenol-conjugated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (TNP-KLH). By contrast, the CD40L-deficient mice produced antigen-specific antibody of all isotypes except IgE in response to the thymus-independent antigen, DNP-Ficoll. These results underscore the requirement of CD40L for T cell-dependent antibody responses. Moreover, Ig class switching to isotypes other than IgE can occur in vivo in the absence of CD40L, supporting the notion that alternative B cell signaling pathways regulate responses to thymus-independent antigens.

Animals↗