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At least 505 records · Page 28Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Rubella immune status of pregnant and non-pregnant women in Istanbul, Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: Rubella immunization rates are not optimal and infections during pregnancy still occur since many countries incorporate no rubella vaccine in their national immunization program. The evaluation of immunity to rubella virus relies on the presence of specific antibodies. This study was undertaken to determine in a cross-sectional survey whether rubella virus circulation in the Istanbul city, induces detectable immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies with a protective level, in a random group of pregnant and non-pregnant women. METHODS: One hundred and sixty women of 20-41-years of age (average 24-years) were grouped as follows: 1. Forty-eight married women. Among these were 41 pregnant women (33 delivered normally, 8 aborted). 2. One hundred and twelve single women. Samples were collected during the periods from October 2000 through to March 2001 and from November 2001 through to May 2002. Rubella specific IgG antibodies were detected (by the ELISA test) in all women tested. RESULTS: Quantitative analysis of the IgG levels showed noticeable variability that ranged between 24-143 IU/ml (average 94). One hundred and forty-five (91%) out of 160 women had rubella IgG levels of above 50 IU/ml with a range of 54-143 IU/ml (average 92) while 15 (9%) had a level between 24-46 IU/ml (average 38). Rubella IgG-avidity test revealed that 116 (73%) of women had high IgG avidity, 22 (14%) had intermediate avidity and 20 (13%) showed low avidity. Two women who were IgM positive, each had either high or intermediate IgG avidity. CONCLUSION: All women tested were seropositive for rubella specific IgG antibodies suggestive of natural virus circulation within the community. Although the majority appeared to possess protective level of such antibodies, screening for protective immunity appears always to be a necessity for future protection against reinfection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Thailand Expanded Program on Immunization: a ten-years review of coverage and impact on EPI target diseases.

The national immunization coverage in Thailand for all types of vaccine has been steadily increasing since 1978, when the EPI was formally launched. The coverage in 1987 was 96% for BCG, 75% for DPT, 74% for OPV, and 60% for TT. Measles vaccine, which started only in late 1984, had the lowest coverage, 51%, in 1987. During the period 1982-1987, the drop-out rates between the first and third dose of DPT and OPV decreased dramatically from 69% to 13% and from 42% to 13% respectively. Sampling surveys of immunization coverage showed higher coverage for DPT and OPV than those from reporting in all regions, especially in the capital city which has a high concentration of the private health sector. Only the northeastern region had less coverage from surveys than from reporting. Following the launch of EPI, the disease incidence demonstrated a clearly downward trend for diphtheria, poliomyelitis, and measles, while in the case of pertussis and neonatal tetanus, slower of still fluctuating declines were observed. The reported age-specific incidences per 100,000 population in 1986 for children 0-4 years were as follows: 4 for diphtheria, 0.9 for poliomyelities, 180 for measles, 14 for pertussis, and 10 for tetanus.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1994

[The supplementary effect of consulting vaccination in expanded program on immunization (EPI)].

This study was carried out in 420 of children aged 12-24 months in two counties of Gansu Province, China. The result showed that general consulting rate was 30.24% in county or township hospital. The average consulting time was 2.14. A formula was designed K = R x C (1-V) for detecting the effect of consulting vaccination in EPI. The maximum supplementary coefficients of initial immunization of outpatient children for the vaccines were as follows: BCG 0.3024, TOPV-3 0.0953, DPT-3 0.0929, MV 0.0643. And once immunization were BCG 0.3024, TOPV 0.2643, DPT 0.2381, MV 0.0643. The study also explores the supplementary effect of consulting vaccination in different vaccination times and immunization coverages.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1993

Strategies for the certification of the eradication of wild poliovirus transmission in the Americas. Expanded Program on Immunization, Pan American Health Organization.

Because it appears that the last case of poliomyelitis caused by transmission of indigenous wild poliovirus occurred 2 years ago on 23 August 1991 in Peru, the challenge for PAHO is to develop a methodology of certification that will convince the rest of the world that the eradication of poliomyelitis in the Americas has been achieved. To that end, the guidelines set forth here allow for a rigorous and standardized evaluation of the certification process by objective experts. As it was during the campaign to eradicate smallpox, epidemiologic surveillance (of acute flaccid paralysis [AFP] in the case of polio) will be the most important component of the certification process. It must be demonstrated that when cases of AFP occur, they will be identified, reported, and investigated in a timely manner to insure that if wild poliovirus is present, it will be identified.

Central America↗