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PubMed1978

Utilization of industrial and agricultural by-products for fungal amylase production.

Attempts were made for using industrial and agricultural by-products and wastes as carbon and nitrogen sources in fermentation medium for alpha-amylase production by Aspergillus niger NRRL-337. The original carbon source of the basal medium was replaced by one of the following materials: rice bran, wheat bran, corn bran, corn starch, cane molasses, and glucose syrup. Rice bran proved to be the best carbon source that secured the highest amylase activity. The nitrogen source of the basal medium was then replaced by different cheap materials, viz: dried yeast, corn steep liquor, gluten-30, gluten-50, and corn steep precipitate. Corn steep precipitate proved to be superior in amylase production. In consideration of these results an economical medium that secured high activity, containing the following ingredients, was suggested: 2.5% corn steep precipitate, 7.2% rice bran, 0.1% MgSO4, 0.1% KH2PO4, and 0.1% CaCO3. From this medium fungal amylase was precipitated and purified. The pure enzyme gave the highest activity at 40 degrees C and pH 4.3.

Amylases↗

PubMed1979

The influence of mutagenic chemicals on lactic acid fermentation by Lactobacillus bulgaricus AU.

Lactic acid fermentation from molasses by L. bulgaricus AU in the presence of caffeine and ammonium fluoride was studied. It was found that caffeine had a stimulating effect only at lower concentration (0.001%-0.002%), while at high concentration the acid-producing activity of the bacteria was considerably depressed. Ammonium fluoride, at a concentration of 0.001%-0.005%, had a stimulating effect on the activity of the bacteria, maximum activity was observed at a concentration of 0.003%.

Ammonium Compounds↗

PubMed1980

Production of oxytetracycline by Streptomyces rimosus 12,907 as an animal feed supplement.

Production of oxytetracycline by Streptomyces rimosus 12907 as an animal feed supplement was achieved with a fermentation medium, containing the following ingredients (g/litre): black strap molasses, 30; fodder yeast, 20; rice bran, 10; KH2PO4, 0.2; and tap water to 1,000 ml. The dry mash, containing oxytetracycline, was 50 g/litre of fermentation medium. The amount of oxytetracycline, present in the dry mash, was about 4.0%. The dry mash, containing oxytetracycline, contained the following amino acids: L-arginine, L-histidine, L-lysine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-phenylalanine, Dl-methionine, and L-tryptophan.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2001

Decolourisation of synthetic and spentwash melanoidins using the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium JAG-40.

Phanerochaete chrysosporium JAG-40 was isolated from the soil samples saturated with spilled molasses collected from a sugar mill. This isolate decolourised synthetic and natural melanoidins present in spentwash in liquid fermentation; up to 80% in 6 days at 30 degrees C under aerobic conditions. A large inoculum size stimulated fungal biomass production, but this gave less decolourisation of pigment; 5% w/v (dry weight) mycelial suspension was found optimum for maximum decolourisation in melanoidin medium supplemented with glucose and peptone. Gel-filtration chromatography showed that larger molecular weight fractions of melanoidin were decolourised more rapidly than small molecular weight fractions.

Alcoholic Beverages↗

PubMed2002

Influence of type and concentration of flavinogenic factors on production of riboflavin by Eremothecium ashbyii NRRL 1363.

A study was conducted to determine the effect of various low cost organic wastes as flavinogenic factors and the various concentrations at which they induced flavinogenecity resulting in higher yields of riboflavin. A high-yielding riboflavin strain; Eremothecium ashbyii NRRL 1363 was chosen to determine the flavinogenicity. Carbon source at 50 g l(-1) (dextrose equivalents) of molasses and nitrogen source at 50 g l(-1) (weight/volume) of peanut seed cake were found to be optimal levels to yield higher riboflavin. Among the organic wastes, (beef extract, hog casings, blood meal, fish meal) hog casings in association with fish meal supported the highest yield of riboflavin. Among the different recovery processes studied, a vacuum drying process was the most efficient allowing maximum yield, followed by drying at 90 degrees C and freeze-drying. It is apparent from this study that inexpensive or waste organic materials could induce E. ashbyii to synthesize and secrete riboflavin at higher levels in the medium and this could be purified using a vacuum drying process. This bioconversion process allows us to recycle the biomaterials and produce a value-added product of economic importance.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Effect of organic carbon shock loading on endogenous denitrification in sequential batch reactors.

This work was focused on the performance evaluation of sequential batch reactors (SBR) treating sewage, through a process of endogenous biological denitrification. Different operational conditions were carried out, and the behaviour under the effects of organic shock loading was examined. Three laboratory scale reactors were operated simultaneously and fed with similar wastewater. The substratum was molasses and nitrate, as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The three reactors were operated during different aeration periods (0, 15 and 30 min). Sudden changes (shock loading) in organic matter concentration were performed during the experiment. Thus, influent load was quickly increased threefold in relation to the original concentration. Results indicated that SBR reactors withstand adequately moderate shock loading. With regard to substratum degradation, nitrate elimination achieved was approximately 80%, while denitrification rate was approximately 0.87 mgg(-1)h(-1).

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMed2006

[Detection and kinetic characterization of Candida tropicalis contamination during fodder yeast production].

Candida tropicalis was identified as the etiologic agent of a severe contamination detected on an industrial fodder yeast production at the Cuban eastern region. After a detailed diagnostic task on raw material carried out on different factory sections, protocols to identify the contamination source and to isolate the microorganism were proposed. The identification was by comparison of the internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS4 from 5.8S ribosomal DNA nucleotide sequences. In parallel, propagation of production strain, Candida utilis NRRL Y-660, at lab scale (2.5 l) was performed. Similar results to those observed in the factory concerning to its kinetic behavior in aerobic propagation with contaminated molasses, were detected at this level. The identification and primary kinetic characterization led to the implementation of sanitary and technological measures to bring production at its normal operational conditions as well as the application of prophylactic surveillance methodologies to avoid future contaminations.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2001

Extraction and analysis of lead in sweeteners by flow-injection Donnan dialysis with flame atomic absorption spectroscopy.

Flow-injection Donnan dialysis is demonstrated for the extraction of lead in sweeteners using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS). For spiked concentrations in the low microgram per gram range, recoveries were greater than 90%, and the relative standard deviation was typically less than 10% for a 15-min dialysis procedure. The method detection limit is 350 ng/g. Donnan dialysis is shown to be successful for the extraction of lead in sucrose, corn syrup, and honey but limited in performance for molasses and artificial syrup. This paper also includes a comparison to other procedures for the determination of lead in sweeteners and presents options for realizing improved method performance with Donnan dialysis.

Dialysis↗

PubMed1998

Comparison of fermented dried blood meal and cooked dried blood meal as protein supplements for growing pigs.

In Kenya, protein supplements for use in pig feed manufacturing are usually in short supply. The available supplements are expensive. Blood, a by-product of livestock processing, is readily available and it can be processed into blood meal. Normally, blood from small slaughterhouses is wasted and adds to environmental pollution. Some pig farmers collect blood from these small slaughterhouses and cook it before feeding it to pigs. Fermentation in molasses has also been suggested as an alternative processing method. The objective of this experiment was to compare the value of cooked dried blood meal (CDBM) and fermented dried blood meal (FDBM) as protein supplements for growing pigs. The results indicated that both methods of processing could be applied by small-scale farmers. However, fermentation of blood is superior to cooking because FDBM supported a higher performance than CDBM when they supplied equal N levels especially at higher levels of N supply.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2001

Characteristics of activated carbon produced from biosludge and its use in wastewater post-treatment.

Experimental research into the bench-scale production of activated carbon from waste-activated sludge from water purification, sawdust, peat, and their mixtures, by carbonisation and activation was undertaken. The research work was carried out to determine possible methods of production of cheap activated carbon from local raw materials and to use it in water purification technology. Along with the samples produced, several commercial activated carbons (namely RB-1, F 100, CA (adsorbent from military gas masks), BAY (product of the USSR)) were tested to compare adsorption properties in the adsorption of phenols, xylidines, amines, methylene blue and molasses. It has been found that the activated carbon produced from waste biosludge was of higher quality than that produced from either sawdust or peat, and performed similarly to RB-1 and F100 in adsorption tests. It was also determined that the activated carbon produced from biosludge could possibly be used in the post-treatment of wastewater. Residual sludge from the biological treatment of the wastewater from the purification of oil-shale in the chemical processing industry could cover up to 80% of the need for activated carbon. Some of this activated carbon could be used in the post-treatment of the same water, adsorbing polyalcaline phenols from the initial content of 4 mg l-1 to the demanded level of 1 mg l-1.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2004

A study on the reduction of hexavalent chromium in aqueous solutions by vinasse.

Hexavalent chromium introduced to the water ecosystem is an important issue due to the toxic effect it poses. The first step of conventional treatment of wastewaters containing hexavalent chromium is its reduction to chromium (III) which is less toxic. The use of industrial waste material for the reduction of chromium (VI) may be a new cost-effective alternative. In this study, Cr(VI) reduction characteristics of vinasse which is a waste material of alcohol production from sugar beet molasses was investigated. The parameters of pH, temperature, concentrations of initial Cr(VI) and vinasse on the reduction of Cr(VI) were examined as a function of time by applying batch tests. Cr(VI) was almost completely reduced within about 270 min in the concentrations of Cr(VI) and vinasse of 80 mg l(-1) and 200 ml l(-1), respectively, at pH 3.0 and 25 degrees C. The results showed that reduction time can be shortened by increasing acidity and vinasse concentration or decreasing Cr(VI) initial concentration. Cr(VI) reduction process was found be obey first order kinetic model of homogenous phase reactions. The temperature was found to have a positive effect on the reduction process and the activation energy of process was calculated as 46.07 kJ mol(-1). Although the detoxification of wastewaters containing Cr(VI) via reducing it to Cr(III) by using vinasse seems to be cost-effective, the resulting effluent to be produced necessitates a further treatment to reduce organic pollution.

Carcinogens, Environmental↗

PubMed1981

[The contribution of betaine and glutamic acid to nitrogen digestion and balance during feeding of vinasse to growing pigs].

A conventional balance trial was conducted with growing pigs to study to what extent betaine and glutamic acid contained in vinasse (condensed molasses solubles) contribute to N digestion and balance. Five pigs each were given either a basal diet (95% ground barley + 5% cellulose) or a mixed ration of 77% basal diet plus 23% vinasse, based on dry matter (DM). The vinasse contained, per kg DM, 29.6 g N, 27.7 g NPN, 22.5 g betaine, 32.9 g "free" total L-glutamic acid, of which 96% was pyrrolidone carboxylic acid plus glutamine. For these N fractions of the vinasse, mean apparent digestibilities were 44.7, 63.8, 99.8 and 97.6%, respectively. Accordingly, betaine and total glutamic acid contributed 20 and 23%, respectively, of the apparently digestible total N of the vinasse. The pigs given vinasse excreted, per day, 257 mg more betaine and 364 mg more trimethylamine-N-oxide with their urine than the group given the basal diet. The contribution of betaine N of the vinasse to the N balance of the pigs on the mixed ration amounted to 11%.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1985

Effect of defaunating the rumen on growth and carcass composition of lambs.

The effect of defaunating the rumen on growth performance and carcass composition of lambs fed a molasses-urea diet was investigated. Before the growth trial, all the animals were defaunated. Based on live weight and daily gain during a preliminar period, the animals were divided in two groups whereafter one group was refaunated. Defaunation caused a decrease in propionic acid percentage in the rumen. Daily gain and food conversion efficiency were better in the defaunated group, but only during the first five weeks. The response over the whole trial (0-9 weeks) remained positive however. There was a trend towards more meat and less fat in the carcass of defaunated lambs. The fact that two animals died during the defaunation procedure indicates the need for a completely harmless and effective defaunating agent.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2003

Treatability of 2,4 dinitrotoluene in anaerobic/aerobic sequential processes.

Lab-scale anaerobic upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) completely stirred tank (CSTR) activated sludge reactor system was used to investigate the treatability of 2,4 dinitrotoluene (DNT) using molasses as primary substrate in continuous fed mode. The treatment efficiencies in anaerobic and aerobic reactors were determined by monitoring the chemical oxygen demand (COD), DNT removals, total and methane gas productions. The effect of increasing DNT concentrations on bicarbonate alkalinity, volatile fatty acid accumulation and methane gas percentage were investigated in UASB reactor. Based on the anaerobic toxicity (ATA) test results, although 12 mg L(-1) of DNT is toxic to unacclimatized partially granulated sludge; over 85 and 90% COD and DNT removal efficiencies were obtained at loadings rates of 250 mg DNT L(-1) day(-1) in anaerobic reactor at a HRT of 0.5 day. Total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) accumulation is associated with methane productions as low as 40% of total gas, at loading rate as high as 500 and 1000 mg DNT L(-1) day(-1) through anaerobic DNT biodegradation. The treatment efficiencies in the aerobic reactor were determined by monitoring the COD and DNT removals. The intermetabolite products released through anaerobic and aerobic phases were detected. The TVFA, total aromatic amines, ammonia, total nitrogen and toluene concentrations were monitored. The aerobic step was used for the ultimate mineralization of the remaining COD, DNT, toluene and aromatic amines from the anaerobic treatment. The specific methanogenic activity (SMA) of DNT degrading granules were 2.2 and 0.43g CH4-COD g(-1) VSS day(-1) at DNT loading rates of 12 and 500 mg L(-1) day(-1), respectively. The anaerobic breakdown products of DNT were effectively oxidized in the CSTR reactor since the COD and DNT were ultimately mineralized under aerobic conditions. It can be suggested that DNT, the breakdown products and the COD were ultimately mineralized in combined UASB/CSTR reactor. More than 95% COD and DNT removal efficiencies were obtained in combined UASB,CSTR system at an initial DNT concentration of 125 mg/L(-1) and a loading rate of 250 mg DNT L(-1) day(-1).

Bacteria, Aerobic↗

PubMed2004

Ensilage of cardboard and date palm leaves.

Eight treatments of cardboard (CB) and date palm leaves (DPL) with or without alkali treatments plus molasses, dates, and ammonium sulfate were ensiled in laboratory silos. Latobacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae inoculants were added at an application rate of 10(5) cfu/g of silage to study their possible influence on the fermentation process. Silos were sealed and incubated at 30 degrees C. The anaerobic ensiling was evaluated for chemical and microbiological variables by opening the silos after 30, 60, and 90 days. After 90 days, significantly low pH values (5.2-3.5) were obtained. The percentages of hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, and ash were determined. Concentrations of reducing sugars, ether extract, and crude protein tended to be acceptable among treatments. Silages showed a significantly high lactic acid concentration (up to 4.3%) and only traces of butyric acid (below 1%). Also changes in acetic and propionic acids concentrations were determined. Lactobacillus populations remained almost static while yeast and molds populations tended to be lower after 90 days of ensilage. Neither alkali treatment nor microbial inoculants showed a relationship with the ensiling process. Thus, overall, it was concluded that CB and DPL can be effectively ensiled and the resultant silages are acceptable to merit their use as ruminant feed in arid regions.

Ammonium Sulfate↗

PubMed2006

Complete remission achieved in a case of both primary and recurrent adult acute myelogeneous leukemia by a novel nutritional therapy.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the possible clinical benefit of molasses-based dietary compositions (designated as MSQ 13, MSQ 15, and MSQ 18) in a case of both primary and recurrent adult AML. DESIGN: The design was a single case study. SETTINGS/LOCATION: The setting was in the home. INTERVENTIONS: The regime of dietary compositions initially was administered as follows: MSQ-13 1 tbsp t.i.d. for 1 mo, MSQ-15 2 tbsp t.i.d. for 3 mo. After recurrence, MSQ-18 was taken at 2 tbsp t.i.d. for 3 mo. OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical improvement and regression of AML were the outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with the MSQ dietary compositions resulted in disease regression and the reversal of clinical manifestations over two episodes of AML. Therefore, further studies are warranted to evaluate the utility of this approach for the clinical management of AML.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Thermostable alpha-galactosidase from Thermotoga neapolitana: cloning, sequencing and expression.

A gene encoding a thermostable alpha-galactosidase from the hyperthermophile Thermotoga neapolitana was cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis showed that the 552-amino acid protein is similar to Escherichia coli Raf type alpha-galactosidase and belongs to Family 36 of the glycosyl hydrolases. Recombinant alpha-galactosidase expressed in E. coli has a molecular mass of ca. 61 kDa, and an optimum activity at 93 degrees C at pH 7.0. The enzyme is highly thermostable and retains 75% of activity after heating to 80 degrees C for 4 h. The potential application of the enzyme to high temperature processing of soy molasses has been demonstrated.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1994

Continuous ethanol production by flocculating yeast in the fluidized bed bioreactor.

Continuous fermentation by a highly flocculant strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was carried out in a tower fluidized-bed bioreactor. The synthetic and molasses media with a total sugar concentration of 17% (w/v) were used for fermentation. Different dilution rates were tested. Stable cell densities of 50 kg m-3 (dry weight) were maintained for all dilution rates. The ethanol productivity was increasing linearly with dilution rates up to 15-20 kg m-3 h-1. Aeration of the culture stabilized flocculating activity and viability of yeast and also permitted long-term operation of the bioreactor.

Culture Media↗