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PubMed2000

Evaluation of mycotoxin-contaminated cereals for their use in animal feeds in Hungary.

In the period between December 5, 1991 and September 17, 1998, 760 maize, 367 wheat, 119 soybean, 222 barley, 85 bran, 32 triticale, 60 oat, 14 rye and 22 sunflower samples were investigated for the presence and concentration of seven fusariotoxins (T-2 toxin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, HT-2 toxin, fusarenone-X) and OTA. The comparison of analytical data with those of the relevant literature revealed that although the incidence rate and/or concentration of Fusarium mycotoxins and OTA in Hungarian-grown cereals is occasionally considerable, the position of the country is not worse that the average of countries. Our findings indicate that soybean tends to be good substrate for trichothecene-producing fungi and the rate of contamination is regarded as substantial. The commodities were assorted into one of three quality categories. The proportion of objectionable samples was only 3.0, 2.2, 2.3 and 1.7% in maize, wheat, barley and soybean samples, respectively. However, this low rate of objection might still be a source of great economic loss. The proportion of objectionable samples was much higher in the case of bran, oat and triticale (7.1, 6.7, and 6.3%, respectively). The results of the present investigation indicate a need for regular screening for mycotoxins of importance and individual appraisal of each commodity from the point of their use in animal feeds.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2002

Detection of ochratoxin A in animal feeds and capacity to produce this mycotoxin by Aspergillus section Nigri in Argentina.

Ochratoxin A (OA) is a mycotoxin detected in a variety of food and feeds mostly from countries with a temperate climate because of the fungi that produce it, mainly Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium verrucosum. In Argentina, there is no available information about the natural occurrence of OA and ochratoxigenic fungi from feedstuffs. The aim was to evaluate the natural occurrence of OA in poultry, pig and rabbit feeds over 8 months. Likewise, the capacity to produce OA by Aspergillus section Nigri was investigated. Mycotoxin analysis showed that in some months of sampling, OA was detected in three feeds. OA was found in 38% of the poultry feed samples tested with levels ranging from 25 to 30 ng g(-1). From rabbit feed samples, 25% contained OA and the levels ranged from 18.5 to 25 ng g(-1). Only 13% of the pig feed samples were contaminated with similar levels of toxins. Ninety-four black Aspergillus strains from feedstuffs were tested for OA production. Among these, the tested species were A. niger var. niger, A. niger var. awamori, A. japonicus var. japonicus, A. japonicus var. aculeatus and A. foetidus. For the detection of OA, three methodologies were applied: the two TLC methods used for the fast screening of the filamentous fungi for the production of OA were not sensitive enough to detect OA in any of the black Aspergillus strains. When an HPLC methodology was used, the results showed that 46% of the black Aspergillus strains were producers of OA, with levels ranging from 13 to 25 ng ml(-1) culture medium. The highest percentage of ochratoxicogenic strains was isolated from rabbit feeds with 100 and 78% of A. niger var. niger and A. niger var. awamori, with mean levels of 15.5 and 14.6 ng ml(-1), respectively. From pig feeds, 61% of the A. niger var. awamori were producers of this toxin with mean levels of 16 ng ml(-1). In poultry feeds, the lowest percentage of OA producer strains was detected. The results for the occurrence of OA in feeds from different sampling months depended on storage and humidity-temperature conditions. Therefore, a good storage practice becomes very important to prevent OA production

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2005

DNA arrays, electronic noses and tongues, biosensors and receptors for rapid detection of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins: a review.

This paper presents an overview of how microsystem technology tools can be applied to the development of rapid, out-of-laboratory measurement capabilities for the determinations of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in foodstuffs. Most of the topics discussed are all under investigation within the European Commission-sponsored project Good-Food (FP6-IST). These are DNA arrays, electronic noses and electronic tongues for the detection of fungal contaminants in feed, and biosensors and chemical sensors based on microfabricated electrode systems, antibodies and novel synthetic receptors for the detection of specific mycotoxins. The approach to resolution of these difficult measurement problems in real matrices requires a multidisciplinary approach. The technology tools discussed can provide a route to the rapid, on-site generation of data that can aid the safe production of high-quality foodstuffs.

Biosensing Techniques↗

PubMed2006

Sample comminution for mycotoxin analysis: dry milling or slurry mixing?

A comparison was made between dry milling and slurry mixing as a comminuting step preceding mycotoxin analysis. Sample schemes of up to 30 kg are mandated by European Commission legislation. Cocoa, green coffee, almonds and pistachio samples of 10 kg were milled by a Romer analytical sampling mill and all three subsamples were analysed for aflatoxin B1 or ochratoxin A content. The homogenization process was evaluated in terms of the analytical results, coefficients of variation for different mills and particle size distributions. Coefficients of variation for the comminuting step were higher for dry milling than for slurry mixing. This difference was explained based on measured particle size distributions for both milling types. Measurements also showed slight differences in mycotoxin content of samples based on milling procedures. This might lead to lots being wrongly accepted or rejected based on an erroneous subsample result. It was concluded that sample comminution was best performed by slurry mixing, which produced smaller particles and, consequently, homogeneous samples with lowest coefficients of variation. Additional data are given on analytical results in 10-kg subsamples that originate from the aggregate 30-kg sample as described in Commission Directive 98/53/EC.

Aflatoxin B1↗

PubMed2006

Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) determination of phase II metabolites of the mycotoxin zearalenone in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.

The biotransformation products of zearalenone, a Fusarium mycotoxin, were elucidated using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. After treatment of plant seedlings with 50 microM zearalenone, both the liquid media and the plant extracts were analysed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). An array of 17 different metabolites, most prominently glucosides, malonylglucosides, di-hexose- and hexose-pentose disaccharides of zearalenone, and alpha- and beta-zearalenol, were detected in the samples. Time courses for the different zearalenone metabolites were recorded and they give a closer insight into the metabolism kinetics. A scheme proposing the zearalenone metabolism in A. thaliana is given. The aspect of food safety regarding the (potential) occurrence of masked mycotoxins in agricultural commodities is discussed.

Arabidopsis↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Incidence of mycotoxins in maize grains in Bihar State, India.

A regular survey of some maize-growing areas of Bihar state, India, for three consecutive years (September 1984 to September 1986) revealed heavy infestations of mycotoxin-producing fungi with different maize samples. Aflatoxin-producing fungi had the highest frequency of occurrence in all the cases and aflatoxins were the most common mycotoxins elaborated by these fungi. Maize samples of the Kharif crop had a greater incidence of aflatoxins (47%) than the samples of rabi crop (17%). Stored maize grains also had a high incidence of aflatoxins (43%). Most of the contaminated samples contained aflatoxins at levels above 20 micrograms/kg.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins of the 1990 barley crop in Korea.

During the barley harvest in June 1990, there was a great deal of rainfall and high humidity in the southern part of Korea, and natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins was suspected in barley samples. The samples of undergrade barley were obtained from four provinces and analysed for the presence of deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) by gas chromatography and zearalenone (ZEN) by high performance liquid chromatography. Of 37 samples, 33, 37 and 10 were positive for DON, NIV and ZEN, respectively. The husked barley contained 29-677 ng/g for DON, 114-1546 ng/g for NIV and 183-1416 ng/g for ZEN. The naked barley contained 38-645 ng/g for DON, 85-4569 ng/g for NIV and 40-1081 ng/g for ZEN. The average concentration of NIV in naked barley was higher than that in husked barley, but the average concentration of DON in husked barley was higher than that in naked barley. The survey indicates that the 1990 barley crop in Korea was heavily contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Fusarium mycotoxins nivalenol and 4-acetyl-nivalenol (fusarenon-X) in mouldy maize harvested from farms in Jos district, Nigeria.

Twelve random samples of mouldy maize collected during the 1991 harvest season from farms at different locations in Jos district, Nigeria, were screened primarily for contamination by the Fusarium mycotoxins nivalenol, fusarenon-X and HT-2 toxin. All the three mycotoxins were detected: nivalenol in three samples, (0.8-1.0 mg), fusarenon-X in four samples (3.0-15.0 mg) and HT-2 in only one sample (3.0 mg/kg). Deoxynivalenol (three samples) and T-2 toxin (one sample) were also detected. Deoxynivalenol and nivalenol co-contaminated the same samples, with nivalenol being present at much lower levels than the former. The maize samples were not destined for human consumption.

Food Microbiology↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Postharvest and stored corn in Brazil: mycoflora interaction, abiotic factors and mycotoxin occurrence.

The mycoflora of 130 samples of postharvest and stored corn was analysed throughout one year. The sample originated from Riberirão Preto, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The influences of abiotic factors (moisture content, relative humidity, temperature, rainfall) and mycotoxin occurrence were also verified. The isolation of the fungi was performed with Potato Dextrose Agar. Fungi were identified by using standard techniques. The determination of mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and fumonisin B1) was carried out by thin-layer chromatography. The Fusarium spp. was the most dominant fungi (83.8%) followed by Penicillium spp. (55.3%), Aspergillus spp. (40.7%) and 11 other filamentous fungi. All of these were isolated from grains with moisture contents of 12.3-17.8%, an average temperature of 18.4-24.1 degrees C, a relative humidity between 64.0 and 97.5% and rainfall of up to 337 mm. With regard to the number of colony forming units (cfu), Fusarium spp. was the main contaminant, varying from 545 x 10(3) to 1.5 x 10(3). The Simple linear correlation analysis showed significant positive correlation of the Fusarium genus with moisture content of grains, and a significant negative correlation in relation to the minimum and medium temperatures, rainfall and relative humidity. The linear correlation of the Penicillium and Aspergillus genera with the abiotic factors was not significant. In the samples analysed only one contained aflatoxin B1.

Brazil↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of mycotoxins in pet foods sold for domestic pets and wild birds using linked-column immunoassay clean-up and HPLC.

A technique referred to as 'linked-column immunoassay clean-up', was developed for the simultaneous determination of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in a range of dry cereal-based pet foods and wild bird food. In addition a method also based on clean-up using immunoaffinity columns was used for the determination of fumonisin mycotoxins in samples known or suspected to contain maize. One hundred samples of pet foods consisting of 35 samples of domestic bird seeds and 15 samples of wild bird food were examined for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 and ochratoxin A. Twenty samples of these samples were also examined for fumonisins B1 and B2. Limits of detection were about 0.5 micrograms/kg for each aflatoxin and ochratoxin A and 3 and 8 micrograms/kg for fumonisins B1 and B2 respectively. Eighty-four percent of the samples contained no measurable concentrations of mycotoxins. A low level of aflatoxin B1 was found in a sample of cat food and a concentration of 370 micrograms/kg aflatoxin B1 in one sample of peanuts marketed for wild birds. Ochratoxin A was detected in 10% of samples but in low concentrations, the highest of 7 micrograms/kg occurring in a sample of bird food. Fumonisins were found in 30% of the 20 samples tested with a maximum of 750 micrograms/kg total fumonisins being found in a sample of cat food. Five samples each of dog and cat foods were examined for mould count and fungal species as received and after storage under controlled simulated damp conditions. Mould counts in all 10 samples examined were very low when received. The samples in which moisture content had been increased contained visible mould after storage. Penicillium, Eurotium and Aspergillus were the predominant species. However, no ochratoxin A or aflatoxins were detected in these spoiled samples.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Natural co-occurrence of aflatoxins and Fusarium mycotoxins (fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone) in corn from Indonesia.

Sixteen corn samples collected from Indonesia were analysed for aflatoxins (AF), fumonisins (FM), trichothecenes and zearalenone (ZEA) using high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. AF were detected in 11 (69%) samples at a mean level of 119 ng/g (maximum 487 ng/g) and FM in all of the samples at a mean level of 895 ng/g (maximum 2970 ng/g). Deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and ZEA were each detected in two (12%) samples; 21 and 32 ng/g, 49 and 169 ng/g, and 11 and 12 ng/g, respectively. All of the AF-contaminated samples were co-contaminated with FM. Mycological study showed all of the AF-contaminated samples were infected with A. flavus/A. parasiticus, and the FM-contaminated samples were either infected with F. moniliforme (50%), F. proliferatum (12%), F. nygamai (6%) or F. decemcellulare (38%). Supportive mycological studies showed that Fusarium species isolated from Indonesian corn were capable of producing a mean level of 10,000 micrograms/g FM. Based on these results, the correlation between FM-producers and AF-producers on kernel infection and contamination of these mycotoxins in corn was discussed. This is the first report on the natural co-occurrence of AF and various Fusarium mycotoxins, including DON and NIV in corn from Indonesia, and also the first report on the natural occurrence of DON in corn from hot areas of Southeast Asia.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Fumonisin mycotoxins in human hair.

This study shows for the first time the accumulation of fumonisin mycotoxins in human hair of population clusters exposed to contaminated maize, and thus the feasibility of human hair analysis for the assessment of past fumonisin exposure. Composite hair samples were obtained from the Bizana, Butterworth and Centane districts within the Transkei region of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Following methanol extraction and strong anion exchange clean up, the fumonisins FB(1), FB(2) and FB(3) were detected using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS). Hair from Centane and Butterworth showed mean levels of FB(1) of 26.7 and 23.5 microg kg(-1) hair, respectively. FB(2) was only detected in hair from Centane and in one sampling point in Butterworth, with mean levels of 6.5 and 5.7 microg kg(-1) hair, respectively. Hair samples from Bizana, on the other hand, were found to contain higher levels of FB(1) (mean 33.0 microg kg(-1) hair) and FB(2) (mean 11.1 microg kg(-1) hair). No samples contained more than trace levels of FB(3). Recoveries from spiked hair samples using this method ranged from 81% to 101%, demonstrating the applicability of hair analysis in assessing human exposure to fumonisin mycotoxins.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed1978

Mechanism of Fusarium mycotoxin action in mammary gland.

The interaction of the Fusarium mycotoxins zearalenone and dihydrozearalanol with specific estrogen binding sites was studied by using cytosol preparations of mammary glands from lactating rats. Both substance inhibited [3H] estradiol-17beta association with its binding site in a competitive fashion. This inhibition was a result principally of an effect on estrogen binding by the 8S species of receptors separated by density gradient centrifugation. These data suggest that the biological action of Fusarium mycotoxins with estrogenic activity is mediated by intracellular estrogen receptors.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Occurrence of some mycotoxins (aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, citrinin, zearalenone and vomitoxin) in various Egyptian feeds.

Ninety five samples of various Egyptian feedstuffs were investigated for the aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2 means thin layer chromatography (TLC). Out of these samples 44.2% were positive (maize, rice crack, rice germ, rice germ cake, rice bran, wheat bran, cotton seed, cotton seed cake, peanut, and mixed feed for broilers, egg production, calf fattening and milk production). High percentage (90.5%) of the positive samples were contaminated with less than 100 ppb total aflatoxins. Peanut from "Ismailia" showed the highest contamination-mean of 400 ppb aflatoxin B1. The contamination relationship between kernels and shell of the same pods of the peanut was 1:7. The lowest contamination-mean was 5 ppb B1 in soya bean samples. All samples of horse bean and fish meal were negative. Aflatoxin B1 was present alone so frequently (in 76.2% of the positive samples). The relationship between the concentrations of aflatoxins B2:G1:B1 was 1:2.3:22.4. 51 different samples of foods and feeds from various Egyptian regions were collected and investigated for the nephrotoxic mycotoxin ochratoxin A means TLC. Twelve samples (23.5%) from them were designated as positive samples. The positive samples belonged to white maize, wheat, wheat bran, beans, rice germ, rice germ cake, broilers feed, egg production feed, and milk production feed; whereas the yellow maize (hybrid), soya beans, wheat soya meal, rice crack, cotton seed, cotton seed cake, and fish meal samples were negative. The contamination range was from 4 ppb to 577 ppb with an average of 58.2 +/- 22.9 ppb. Half of the positive samples was contaminated with 10-100 ppb whereas 41.7% from the positive samples had less than 10 ppb and 8.3% only had more than 100 ppb. Citrinin is existing in Egyptian food and feedstuffs. Out of 52 different samples--from various Egyptian regions-15.4% were positive. These were rice bran, rice germ, maize (white), wheat bran, cotton seed cake and fish meal. The highest contamination was in fish meal (40-70 ppb) whereas the lowest was in wheat bran (3 ppb). Mean of the contamination level was 25.9 +/- 3.4 ppb with a range of 3-70 ppb. For the first time in the Egyptian foods and feeds will be informed about the presence of the mycotoxin zearalenone with a high concentration. From several Egyptian places, 64 samples were collected (4 samples for each food or feed stuff).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed1990

Study on effects of feeding laying hens on separate mycotoxins (aflatoxins, patulin, or citrinin)-contaminated diets on the egg quality and tissue constituents.

Four groups (each of 8 laying hens plus one cock) were offered commercial laying mash contaminated with 100 ppb of aflatoxins, citrinin, patulin or uncontaminated (control) for 6 weeks. The mycotoxin-contaminated diets led to some significant changes in egg characteristics and composition such as ash and calcium contents of the egg shell. The noticeable changes including also the relative weights of adrenal glands. Blood profile reflected too alterations (P greater than 0.05) in urea content and activity of both glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase as well. The mycotoxins affected significantly moisture and fat contents of the red muscle and protein content, texture and percentage of lean meat in both types of muscles (red and white). Patulin toxicosis was responsible for the strongest alterations in moisture, fat and vitamin A contents of the laying hen's liver and for the lowest calcium content of egg shell besides the shape alteration of the eggs. Laying hens fed on aflatoxin-contaminated diet produced hatched chicks with higher weight (P less than or equal to 0.05) than those from the controls. Citrinin residues were 10 ppb in the fresh muscles and egg yolk and 6 ppb in egg white.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed2003

An environmental assessment of mold concentrations and potential mycotoxin exposures in the greater Southeast Texas area.

An assessment of indoor air quality in homes from the greater Houston and Southeast Texas area was sampled over a three-month period to ascertain the potential toxic exposure to molds and mycotoxins. In 2001 Houston experienced widespread flooding due to Tropical Storm Allison. The slow receding waters allowed molds to proliferate to great levels and affected many homes and businesses in and around the Houston area. Source (air) and surface (swab, tape, and bulk) samples were taken in fungal contaminated residences to measure the amounts of airborne and surface contaminants. Indoor airborne counts of fungal spores that were identified to be 80% or more of the outside counts of similar fungal genera were classified as indoor air contaminants. This study identified species of Aspergillus, Penicilliulm, and Cladosporium at levels ranging from 80% to 20 times greater than the corresponding outdoor readings in the greater Southeast Texas area. Aspergillus and Penicillium species are considered potentially toxic to humans at elevated levels due to their ability to produce mycotoxins. Cladosporium is considered nonpathogenic, but can still cause allergenic reactions from hyphal fragments. Surface sampling which is utilized for identification of visible mold contaminants, identified species of Aspergillus. Penicillium, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, and Stachybotrys ranging from 1 to 100 total colony counts (1-100% for tape and bulk noncultured assays) contingent upon the extent of visual contamination. The numerical values from surface sampling were used primarily to identify the degree of visual contamination, as well as, identify any molds that may have been too heavy to become aerosolized.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗

PubMed1984

Repair of DNA-protein cross-links induced by the mycotoxin botryodiplodin in mammalian cells.

Repair of DNA--protein cross-links (DPC) induced by the mycotoxin botryodiplodin in three cell strains (LF, VA and XP) was studied after removal of the drug and postincubation in fresh medium. Immediately after botryodiplodin was removed, DPC progressively disappeared with an efficiency which depended upon the dose of mycotoxin applied and the cell strain considered. Experiments using [14C]botryodiplodin suggested that DPC repair involved at least one splitting step, located between the DNA and the drug. Botryodiplodin also inhibited the replication process. After incubation of cells in fresh medium, DPC repair was not associated with concomitant resumption of DNA replication ability. Immediately after botryodiplodin removal, inhibition of DNA synthesis was strengthened for a few hours before DNA replication recovered. Possible mechanisms involved in the DPC repair process are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Induction of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations by the mycotoxin patulin in mammalian cells: role of ascorbic acid as a modulator of patulin clastogenicity.

Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by several species of Penicillium, Aspergillus and BYSSOCHLAMYS: Patulin is a common contaminant of ripe apples used for the production of apple juice concentrates and is also present in other fruits, vegetables and food products. Patulin has been reported to have mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic properties. Nevertheless, these properties are still a matter of debate. In this report, we further investigated the genotoxicity of patulin in mammalian cells by two different approaches. Firstly, we evaluated the induction of micronuclei in cytokinesis-blocked human lymphocytes. This approach is important because available data concerning the genetic toxicity of patulin in human cells is sparse. Secondly, we chose an established model for patulin genotoxicity, i.e. the chromosomal aberration assay in V79 Chinese hamster cells, to clarify whether concomitant exposure to ascorbic acid with the mycotoxin modulates or not the clastogenicity of patulin. The results unequivocally show induction of DNA-damaged cells by patulin as assessed by both cytogenetic assays. In addition, an almost complete abolition of patulin (0.8 microM) clastogenicity was observed in the presence of 80 microM ascorbic acid (P < 0.05), showing that although a genetic risk is present, ascorbic acid could somehow partially modulate this problem.

Animals↗